Mrs . [PERSON Walter E. Garrey] 

39 [MISC Orchard Avenue] 
[LOCATION Waban] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] 



USEFUL INFORMATION FOR THE [ORGANIZATION CONCHOLOGIST] 



> = 12 lines 



I inch ( [MISC English] ) 

I pouce ( [MISC French] ) 

I pollex ( [LOCATION Latin] ) 

[PERSON I ZoU] ( [MISC German] ) 

I Ligne ( [MISC French] ) =2.25 mm . 

I line ( [MISC English] ) = 2.11 mm . 

I linie ( [MISC German] ) =2.18 mm . 

3 ' 4 ' ' 6 ' " means 3 ft . , 4 inches , 6 lines 

I inch = 25.37 mm . 



I fathom = 6 feet 

I meter = 39.37 inches 

I nautical mile = 6,080 feet 

I statute mile = 5,280 feet 



degree latitude = 60 nautical miles or 



about 69 statute miles 



Temperature conversion ( [PERSON Fahrenheit-Centi-] 
grade ) 



Q = male 

V [MISC =] female 

Q = [PERSON hermaphrodi] 



¥ = ^c-{-r . 



C = ^ ( F-32 ) 




' 1 ' 


1 ( [PERSON >] 


1 


1 


1 1 


1 


' 1 1 


' 1 


' ' 1 


1 


1 


1 ' 


1 1 1 


' 1 ' 


[ORGANIZATION ■] 1 


1 1 


1 ' 


' 1 ' 


[ORGANIZATION INCHES] 






1 






2 






3 






4 




5 




6 


MM 1 

lllllll ! ! . . 


1 


2 




3 


4 

1 


S 

1 


1 


7 

1 


1 


8 


9 
1 


10 


11 

1 


12 


13 


14 
1 


15 

1 



[MISC AMERICAN] 
[ORGANIZATION ASHELLS] 



THE NEW ILLUSTRATED NATURALIST 



EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD 

[ORGANIZATION WILLIAM BEEBE] , [PERSON Sc D.] , [LOCATION LL] . [PERSON D.] 

Director Emeritus , [ORGANIZATION Depart] ? 7ieut of Tropical Research 
[ORGANIZATION New York Zoological Society] 

[ORGANIZATION AUSTIN H. CLARK] 

[ORGANIZATION Smithsonian Institution] 

ROBERT CUSHMAN [PERSON MURPHY] , [PERSON A.M.] , [PERSON Sc D.] 

Chairman , [ORGANIZATION Department of Birds] , 
[ORGANIZATION American Museum of Natural History] 

[ORGANIZATION FAIRFIELD OSBORN] 

President , [ORGANIZATION New York Zoological Society] 
President [ORGANIZATION , Conservation Foundation] 



THE NEW ILLUSTRATED NATURALIST 



n 



[MISC AMERICAN] 







[LOCATION BY] 



[PERSON R. TUCKER] ABBOTT , [PERSON M.S.] 

Pilsbry Chair of [LOCATION Malacology] 
Academy of Natural Sciences of [LOCATION Philadelphia] 



WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY 



FREDERICK [PERSON Al BAYER] , B.S. 

[ORGANIZATION United States National Museum] 
[ORGANIZATION Smithsonian Institution] 




[PERSON D. VAN] NOSTRAND COMPANY , [LOCATION INC] . 

[LOCATION TORONTO] [LOCATION NEW YORK] [LOCATION LONDON] 



[LOCATION NEW YORK] 

[PERSON D. Van Nostrand Company] , [ORGANIZATION Inc] . , 250 [LOCATION Fourth Avenue] , [ORGANIZATION New York] 3 

[LOCATION TORONTO] 

[PERSON D. Van Nostrand Company] ( [LOCATION Canada] ) , Ltd . , 25 Hollinger Rd , [LOCATION Toronto] 

[LOCATION LONDON] 

[ORGANIZATION Macmillan & Company] , Ltd . , [ORGANIZATION St Martin] 's Street , [LOCATION London] , [ORGANIZATION W.C.] 2 



Copyright , 1954, by 
[PERSON D. VAN] NOSTRAND COMPANY , [LOCATION INC] . 

Published simultaneously in [LOCATION Canada] by 
[PERSON D. Van Nostrand Company] ( [LOCATION Canada] ) , Ltd . 



All rights in this book are reserved . Without 
written authorisation from [PERSON D. Van Nostrand] 
[ORGANIZATION Company , Inc] . , 250 [LOCATION Fourth Avenue] , New 
[LOCATION York] 3, [LOCATION New York] , it may not be reproduced in 
any form in whole or in part {except for quota- 
tion in critical articles or reviews ) , nor may it 
be used for dramatic , motion-talking-picture , 
radio , television , or any other similar purpose . 



Library of [ORGANIZATION Congress Catalogue] Card No 54-5780 



[ORGANIZATION First Printing] , March ig^4 

Second {Prepiiblication ) Printing , March ig$4 

Third Prifiting , May /pjj 



printed in the [LOCATION united states] of [LOCATION AMERICA] 



To my children 
[PERSON Bobby] , [PERSON Carol] , and [PERSON Cindy] 



Preface 



This book wrote itself in response to the many hundreds of inquiries on 
seashells and other mollusks that have been sent to such museums as the 
[LOCATION Smithsonian Institution] . Our natural heritage of seashore treasures has always 
been of keen interest to Americans , and in recent years there has been such 
an increase in shell collecting and biological investigations of mollusks that 
the need for a book like this has become apparent . 

[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] belongs to the amateurs , for it is their enthusiasm in 
searching beaches and bays and their limitless curiosity into the ways of mol- 
luscan life that have dictated the contents of this book . How do shells grow ? 
How do they form their color patterns ? How do they breed and what do 
they eat ? are the kind of questions asked . But the greatest demand has been 
for a reliable and up-to-date identification work . This need has been felt 
not only by private collectors , but particularly by students of marine biology 
and those undertaking research in fisheries and ecology . In meeting these re- 
quirements , there has been an attempt to strike a balance between the palat- 
able , popular accounts and the more technical material . The illustrations , the 
standardization of popular names and the natural history accounts will be of 
particular interest to the beginner , and it is hoped that the monographic re- 
views , identification keys and the bibliographies will adequately serve the 
serious student . 

There are over 6000 species of mollusks living in [MISC North American] marine 
waters , and a thorough treatment of them all would call for a book many times 
the size of this . The conchologist will find that the 1500 species discussed or 
illustrated within these pages include every kind of shell likely to be found 
in shallow waters , whether collecting is done in [LOCATION Labrador] , [LOCATION Florida] or along 
the western shores from [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

While considerable original research went into many parts of this book , 
it should be kept in mind that a popular book covering such a vast fauna is 
merely an expression of the present state of knowledge of our science and 
that time and research by others will inevitably render sections of it obsolete . 

I would like to express my thanks to Dr [PERSON Leonard Carmichael] , Secretary 
of the [LOCATION Smithsonian Institution] , for granting permission to publish on and illus- 
trate specimens housed in the [LOCATION United States National Museum] . Although the 
efforts involved in this project did not encroach upon official time , I would 

vii 



viii Preface 

like to record my good fortune in being able to consult the [ORGANIZATION National Museum] 
collections on holidays and during after hours . [PERSON Austin H. Clark] stands fore- 
most as spiritual guide and counselor in the many intricacies of preparing a 
book for the public . Dr [PERSON Harald A. Rehder] , curator of the Division of [MISC Mol-] 
lusks , with whom I have been pleasantly associated for several years , has kept 
a weather eye on this project and in not a few instances has made valuable 
suggestions . I have gratefully and heavily leaned on the Minutes of the 
Conchological Club of [LOCATION Southern California] which represents the work of 
[PERSON John] Q. [PERSON Burch] , A. [PERSON Myra Keen] , [PERSON A. M. Strong] , [PERSON S. Stillman Berry] and many 
others . A4r . [PERSON Gilbert Voss] kindly helped me with the section on squid and 
octopus . This is also true of ] ohvsonia , a magnificent work produced by 
[PERSON William J. Clench] , [PERSON Joseph Bequaert] , [PERSON Ruth D. Turner] and others . I would 
also like to thank my friends in the National Museum for constant encourage- 
ment . 

The heaviest debt is to the countless amateur collectors of [MISC American] 
mollusks . Were it not for their enthusiastic pursuit of shells and their un- 
selfish desire to share their treasures with our leading museums , our scientific 
collections undoubtedly would be half their present size . It is my sincere 
hope that this book , by its usefulness , will measure up to their kindnesses and 
friendships . 

Illustrations make the book , and [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] could not have been 
successfully completed without the aid of [PERSON Frederick M. Bayer] , Associate 
Curator in the [ORGANIZATION National Museum] , who is responsible for the colored plates , 
including the lovely paintings of western [LOCATION Atlantic] nudibranchs . Most of 
the other photographs were also taken by him . Special thanks are due [PERSON William] 
[PERSON J. Clench] who made available all the photographs and drawings that have 
appeared in [LOCATION Johnsonia] . The colored paintings of [LOCATION Pacific] coast nudibranchs 
are taken from [PERSON F. M. MacFarland] 's " The [PERSON Opisthobranchiate Mollusks] from 
[LOCATION Monterey Bay] , [LOCATION California] , and [MISC Vicinity ,] " which appeared in 1906 in the [MISC U. S.] 
[ORGANIZATION Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin] 25. All of the exquisite pen drawings of shells , 
unless otherwise noted , were executed by the [ORGANIZATION U. S. Army Surgeon] , [PERSON John C.] 
[PERSON McConnell] , in connection with researches done by W illiam H , [LOCATION Dall] of the 
U. S. Geological Survey . Our photographs of [MISC Florida Thorny] Oysters are 
from specimens kindly sent on loan by [PERSON Leo L. Burry] of [LOCATION Pompano Beach] , 
[LOCATION Florida] . 

Notable credit is due Chanticleer Company of [LOCATION New York City] which took 
such pains in the preparation of the colored plates , and to the printer who 
retained with such remarkable fidelity the beauty of the original photographs . 

[PERSON R. T. A.] 

[LOCATION Washington] , [PERSON D. C.] 
September 15, 1953. 



Contents 



CHAPTER PAGE 

Preface vii 

List of [ORGANIZATION Plates xi] 

[LOCATION Foreword] by [PERSON H. A. Pilsbry xiii] 

Part I — The Natural History of Seashells 

I Man and [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 3 

II Life of the Snails 16 

III Life of the [ORGANIZATION Clams] 31 

IV Lives of the Other [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 46 

V Collecting [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 56 

VI How to Know [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 70 



Part II — Guide to the [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

VII Class Gastropoda ( [LOCATION Periwinkles] , Conchs and Other Snails ) 

VIII [ORGANIZATION Class Amphineura] ( Coat-of -mails and Other Chitons ) . 

IX Class Scaphopoda ( [PERSON Dentaliums] and Other Tusk-shells ) . 

X [PERSON Class Pelecypoda] ( [PERSON Scallops] , Oysters and Other Clams ) 

XI Class Cephalopoda ( Squid , Octopus and [MISC Cuttlefish] ) . 

XII Guide to the [ORGANIZATION MoUuscan Literature] 

[MISC Index] to Subject Matter and [MISC Common Names] . 
[MISC Index] to [MISC Scientific Names] 



91 

327 
332 
478 
490 

505 

517 



IX 



List of Plates 



PLATE 

BETWEEN PAGES I I4 AND II5 ( iN [LOCATION COLOr] ) 

1 The Five Classes of [PERSON Mollusks] 

2 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Abalones] 

3 [MISC Turbans] , Top-shells , [MISC Star-shells] 

4 Nerites , [ORGANIZATION Purple Sea-snails] , [MISC Sun-dials] 

5 Conchs , [PERSON Tritons] , and Moon-shells 

6 [ORGANIZATION Cowries] 

7 Sea-whip snails 

8 [ORGANIZATION Living Flamingo Tongues] on the [MISC Rough Sea-whip] , [PERSON Miiricea] 
[PERSON muricata Pallas] 

9 Bonnets , Tuns , and [MISC Frog-shells] 

10 [ORGANIZATION Murex Shells] and [ORGANIZATION Royal Tyrian Purple] 

1 1 [LOCATION Spindles] , Dwarf Olives and [PERSON Marginellas] 

12 [ORGANIZATION Olive Shells] 

13 [LOCATION Atlantic Tulips] , [LOCATION Spindles] and [PERSON Volutes] 

14 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Cones] 

1 5 [ORGANIZATION New England Nudibranchs] 

1 6 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Nudibranchs] 

BETWEEN PAGES 2IO AND 211 ( iN [LOCATION BLACK] AND [PERSON WHITe] ) 

17 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves — Limpets] and [ORGANIZATION Arenes] 

1 8 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Univalves — Limpets] and [PERSON Tegulas] 

1 9 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves] — [LOCATION Periwinkles] and [LOCATION Ceriths] 

20 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Univalves] — [ORGANIZATION ^Periwinkles] and [LOCATION Nassas] 

2 1 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves] — Worm-shells and [PERSON Trivias] 
2 2 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves] — Wentletraps and [ORGANIZATION Cones] 

[ORGANIZATION xi] 



xii List of Plates 

PLATE 

BETWEEN PAGES 2IO AND 211 ( iN [LOCATION BLACK] AND [PERSON WHITe] ) 

2 3 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves] — Conchs and [ORGANIZATION Whelks] 

24 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Univalves] — [PERSON Purpuras] and [ORGANIZATION Neptunes] 

2 5 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves] — Rock-shells and [ORGANIZATION Doves] 

26 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Univalves] — Miters and [PERSON Bubbles] 

27 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Bivalves] — Scallops and [ORGANIZATION Arks] 

2 8 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Bivalves] — Oysters and [ORGANIZATION Astartes] 

29 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Bivalves] — [PERSON Mussels] and [ORGANIZATION Semeles] 

30 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Bivalves] — [PERSON Lucines] and [ORGANIZATION Tellins] 

3 1 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Bivalves] — Cockles and [ORGANIZATION Venerids] 

3 2 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Bivalves] — Venus and [PERSON Macomas] 

[ORGANIZATION BETWEEN PAGES] 402 AND 403 ( iN [LOCATION COLOr] ) 

33 Large [PERSON Scallops] 

34 [ORGANIZATION Small Scallops] 

35 Pearl Oysters and [PERSON Mussels] 

36 Thorny Oysters 

37 [MISC Jewel Boxes] 

38 [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Oysters] , [PERSON Lucinas] and [MISC Venus Clams] 

39 Venus Clams and [PERSON Cockles] 

40 [ORGANIZATION Semeles] and [ORGANIZATION Tellins] 



[ORGANIZATION Foreword] 



[ORGANIZATION Shell] collecting is now taking its place as one of the major outdoor 
diversions . It has advantages over such pursuits as bird watching or fishing , 
for you may have even more pleasure in studying your catch at home than 
in the time spent afield . The thrill of finding a shell new to you , or of watch- 
ing some rare snail going about its watery aff^airs , is ample reward for the 
sunburn and stifi " neck you may have from wading around too long with a 
water-glass . Hours sieving dredgings are counted well spent if a fine volute 
or turrid turns up in the seaweed and rubbish . 

[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] gives a comprehensive and well-rounded view of the 
[PERSON Mollusca] in nontechnical language . It is easy reading for the beginner , but it 
contains also material indispensable to the advanced malacologist . The chap- 
ters on nudibranchs and pteropods are especially welcome , for these beautiful 
animals have always been slighted in [MISC American] books . In chapters on the 
life of the snail and the clam , with the author we " listen in " to the current 
of molluscan life . The shells become living things , moving and breathing , 
feeding and mating . 

One perplexity of the novice is that different books may give different 
names for the same shell . The causes of this diversity are explained on a 
later page . With the facilities of the largest museum in [LOCATION America] , the author 
has been able to speak with authority in those matters of nomenclature . 
When the problem is zoological and still to be solved by further collections , 
or by the study of living moUusks , then the cooperation of the keen collector 
may give the answer sought . Professional malacologists are few . Their work 
is largely in museums with dead animals . The interesting but long task of 
collecting from a thousand miles of coast , and observing mollusks alive , has 
always been in large part a labor of love by private naturalists . Our science 
owes nearly as much to them as to the work of professional zoologists . 

The author belongs to the younger group of malacologists , but he has 
cultivated the society of mollusks in many lands , from [LOCATION East Africa] , the 

xiii 



[LOCATION Foreivord] 

XIV 



[ORGANIZATION A.AV] 

of all of us who hunt the elusive moUusk . 



[PERSON Henry A. Pilsbry] 
Curator of [PERSON Mollusks] 
[ORGANIZATION Academy of Natural Sciences] 
of [LOCATION Philadelphia] 



PART I 



The Natural History 
of [ORGANIZATION Seashells] 



CHAPTER I 

Man and [PERSON Mollusks] 



[PERSON Seashells] and man were closely associated even before the dawn of civiliza- 
tion when primitive man gathered snails , oysters , and other kinds of mollusks 
along the seashore for food , implements , ornaments , and money . The many 
kitchen-middens and burial sites in nearly every comer of the world reveal 
the great extent to which early peoples were dependent upon mollusks . On 
some coral islands , as , for instance , [LOCATION Barbados] , where there was no available 
stone , nearly all domestic utensils , including knives and axes , were made from 
seashells . As civilization became more complex , specialization in the use of 
mollusks increased . From them were obtained dyes , inks , textiles and win- 
dowpanes . In the [MISC Mediterranean] region there was a long period when an 
entire commercial empire owed its origin and continued success to the [MISC Tyrian] 
purple obtained from a seashell . Later , in [MISC Roman] times , the farming of 
oysters and edible snails became a major enterprise . 

Today the uses of moUuscan shells are legion . Jewelers , artists and but- 
ton manufacturers; biologists , geologists and archaeologists; bird and aquarium 
dealers; all daily use mollusks or their products . In recent years there has 
flourished m [LOCATION Florida] a five-million-dollar-a-year seashell industry . Through- 
out the country , the hobby of shell collecting is enjoyed by countless thou- 
sands , and it now rivals the popularity of coin collecting . Local and federal 
agencies arc investing millions in research directed toward the more efficient 
cultivation and utilization of commercially important mollusks . 

From another standpoint of perhaps even greater importance mollusks 
have influenced the activities and welfare of man . Some are extremely de- 
structive to wooden structures in the sea , and others are a serious menace to 
health , mostly as intermediate hosts to dangerous parasites or as carriers of 

3 



4 [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 

poisonous micro-organisms . Prior to the advent of ships with metal hulls no 
vessel on the seas was safe from the borings of molluscan " shipworms . " 
Many ships have disappeared at sea as a result of being weakened by the 
attacks of these creatures . Even today damage to the extent of millions of 
dollars is done every year to wharf pilings , small craft , and hemp lines by 
these bivalves . In many parts of the world the health of millions is seriously 
menaced by mollusks . It was not until the turn of the century when modern 
research was directed toward tropical diseases that the full importance of 
snails as carriers was appreciated . Six major parasitic diseases have been 
shown to be transmitted by fresh-water mollusks . Thousands of people die 
each year in [LOCATION China] and [LOCATION Egypt] from the blood-fluke disease alone . No fatal 
snail-borne disease is present in [LOCATION North America] proper , but visitors to the 
[LOCATION West Indies] and northern [LOCATION South America] are warned to keep out of ponds 
and flooded ditches in these regions . 

In other respects , mollusks are of minor medical importance . A number 
of parasitic diseases of sea birds and fish are carried by marine shells , such as 
the [LOCATION periwinkles Littorina] and [PERSON Tectarius] and other shore species . During cer- 
tain seasons of the year , usually in late summer , these snail hosts shed thou- 
sands of microscopic larval worms into the sea water . Although normally 
destined to penetrate the skin of birds , these tiny creatures sometimes attack 
man and cause an uncomfortable rash or " swimmer 's itch " which is often 
mistaken for [MISC jellyfish] sting . 

Among the most dangerous inhabitants of the coral reefs in the tropical 



[ORGANIZATION SIPHON] 




[ORGANIZATION TeNTACLE] 



/ 



/ 

\ / 

\PR060StlS . 

\ I 

[ORGANIZATION RRDULHR] 
[MISC Tooth] 




Figure i. The large cone shells of the [MISC Indo-Pacific] , and possibly those of the 
[LOCATION Atlantic] , can inflict a serious , and at times fatal , sting . The venom leaves the poison 
sac and , together with the tiny , harpoon-like tooth , is ejected from the snail 's pro- 
boscis and stabbed into the skin of the victim . 



Man and [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 5 

Indo-Pacific are the cone shells {Conns ) , the sting of which is as powerful as 
the bite of a rattlesnake . Although the beautiful cone shells are among the 
commonest of [MISC Indo-Pacific] mollusks , the total number of authentic cases of 
death from their sting is surprisingly small . No [MISC American] species have been 
recorded as harmful to man but , because all cones possess the necessary 
apparatus , it would be wise to be careful in handling [MISC American] specimens 
over two inches in size . 

The number of cone stings is few because of the shy nature of the ani- 
mal . Invariably a snail will withdraw into its shell when disturbed and , unless 
the cone is held quietly in the palm of the hand for some minutes , there is 
little likelihood of the collector being stung . The apparatus for the injection 
of the venom into the skin of the victim is contained in the head of the 
animal . Bite , rather than sting , is perhaps more descriptive of the operation . 
The long , fleshy proboscis or snout is extended from the head and jabbed 
against the skin . Within this tube are a number of hard , hollow stingers , as 
long and slender as needles . These are actually modified radular teeth , com- 
monly used in other snails to rasp their food . Under a high-powered lens the 
teeth of the cone shell resemble miniature harpoons . As the teeth are thrust 
into the skin , a highly toxic venom flows from a large poison gland located 
farther back in the head , out through the mouth , and into the wound through 
the hollow tube of the tooth . In some cases , death has taken place in four to 
five hours after the patient was stung . Not all cases are serious . [PERSON Andrew] 
[PERSON Garrett] , a famous shell collector of the latter half of the nineteenth century , 
reported that he was stung by a tulip cone that caused a " sharp pain not un- 
like the sting of a wasp . " 

While in recent years the cone shells have received perhaps an undue 
amount of notoriety as dangerous creatures , they are best known as an aris- 
tocratic family of beautiful shells which have been favorites for years among 
the most discriminating of collectors . For hundreds of years the sound of the 
auctioneer 's gavel has been heard at the sale of valuable collections of sea- 
shells , but no shell has created such fevered interest as the [ORGANIZATION Glory-of-the-Seas] 
cone . Its present-day value is in the neighborhood of $400 to $600. This 
species seems to possess the ideal combination of features which brings high 
prices — beauty , size , rarity and , above all , mystery or legend . Although the 
legends connected with the Glory-of-the-Seas are for the most part untrue , 
the mere mention of its name will invariably cause the blood pressure of shell 
collectors to rise . 

The first published reference to the Glory-of-the-Seas was in 1757. 
Today the whereabouts of each of the twenty-three specimens is known . 
The most famous finding was made by the renowned shell collector , [PERSON Hugh] 
[PERSON Cuming] , in 1838 when he found three specimens at low tide on the reefs at 
[LOCATION Jacna] on [LOCATION Bohol Island] in the [LOCATION Philippines] . The myth has often been repeated 



6 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

that [PERSON Cuming] returned for more only to find that the reef had sunk during an 
earthquake , and that since then no other specimens have been found . How- 
ever , the species is apparently widespread throughout the [MISC East Indian] region . 
[PERSON Specimens] have turned up since Cuming 's day at [LOCATION Cebu] in the [LOCATION Philippines] , Am- 
[LOCATION boina Island] , and [LOCATION Piru Bay] in the [MISC Dutch East Indies] . A four-inch specimen 
was found on the shore at [LOCATION Wahaai] , [LOCATION Ceram Island] , after a storm in 1896. In 
addition to the existing twenty-three specimens , three were destroyed during 
World War II and eight , formerly known to exist , are missing . A search in 
grandmother 's attic or along some [MISC East Indian] beach will doubtless bring 
others to light . 

Collectors of fancy seashells are constantly in search of specimens of 
outstanding qualities , and although a number of species are well-known for 
their high value or unusual beauty , the standards by which we judge their 
rarity and attractiveness are considerably varied . The differences in our 
appreciation of beauty are natural enough , for the colors , forms and textures 
of seashells are numerous enough to offer appeal to almost any type of aesthetic 
appreciation . The man who covets a brilliantly patterned Olive shell of rich 
golden-red colors may see little in a tiny white shell which another collector 
treasures for its intricate snow-flake sculpturings . 

For many conchologists rarity is gauged by the top price that a specimen 
may bring; for others the important judging point is the scarcity of the spe- 
cies in nature or perhaps the rarity of specimens in collections . Left-handed , 
double-mouthed or distorted specimens , like misprints in stamps , are highly 
valued by many veteran collectors . There are literally hundreds of truly rare 
species , but most of these are deep-sea shells , some of which are known only 
from a single specimen . Most of these are small and not particularly attrac- 
tive . The high-priced shells are found among the showy genera , like the 
cones , [LOCATION Pleurotomaria] slit-shells , volutes , murex shells , scallops and cowries . 
The [MISC Golden Cowrie] is the most popular among the so-called rarities , the 
present-day price ranging from $20 to $60. Some species may be considered 
rarities for years and command very high prices , until they are collected in 
large quantities . The Goliath Conch ( [PERSON Stromhus] goliath ) is worth about 
$200 today , but collecting in northern [LOCATION Brazil] would undoubedly bring them 
to light in great quantities and hence would lower the price to a few dollars . 
The Precious Wentletrap [ORGANIZATION Shell {Epitonium] seal are or pretiosum ) of the 
western [LOCATION Pacific] was in such demand years ago that [MISC Chinese] found it profit- 
able to make counterfeits out of rice paste . The species is now considered 
reasonably common and is low-priced , but genuine rice counterfeits are now 
rare and equal in value to the price of the first-known shell specimens . 

Some of the most interesting threads of man 's early history have been 
woven around the trade routes of primitive peoples and their dispersal of 
shells . The discovery by archaeologists in 1895 of the [ORGANIZATION Red Helmet Shell] 



Man and [ORGANIZATION Molhisks] 7 

( [PERSON Cypraecassis] rufa ) in a grave of the prehistoric [MISC Cro-Magnon] man in the 
caves of [LOCATION France] was of considerable importance in tracing former trade 
routes . This species is found only in the [MISC Indian] and [LOCATION Pacific] oceans . Its pres- 
ence substantiated other archaeological evidence that extensive trade routes 
for great distances existed among early [MISC European] man . The [ORGANIZATION Tiger Cowrie] 
[PERSON {Cypraea] tigris ) , another [MISC Indo-Pacific] species , has been found in a prehistoric 
pit-dwelling at [ORGANIZATION St Mary Bourne] at [LOCATION Hants] , [LOCATION England] , and the Panther Cowrie 
( [PERSON Cypraea] pantherina ) , a [LOCATION Red Sea] species , has been found in [LOCATION Saxon] women 's 
graves , excavated in several localities in [LOCATION Kent] , [LOCATION England] . 

The seashell with perhaps the widest dispersal by the ancients and 
modern man is the small , yellow Money Cowrie {Cypraea moneta ) which 
was for many centuries the accepted currency in many parts of the world . 
Although its natural biological distribution is hmited to the vast areas of the 
[LOCATION Indian Ocean] , the [LOCATION East Indies] and the islands of the tropical [LOCATION Pacific] , its use 
as currency or for ornamentation has been almost worldwide . The three 
most unusual records are those located in [LOCATION North America] . 

When the aboriginal sites along the [LOCATION Tennessee River] were being investi- 
gated at the beginning of this century , five [ORGANIZATION Pacific Money Cowries] were un- 
earthed from one of the graves of the [PERSON Roden Mounds] in [LOCATION Alabama] . Evidence 
points to the fact that these burials had been made before the mound makers 
had any intercourse with white man . The shells were sent to the [ORGANIZATION United] 
[ORGANIZATION States National Museum] by their discoverer , and Dr [PERSON William H.] Dall wrote 
the following interesting reply : — 

I should incline to the belief that the cowries were imported in or 
about the time of [ORGANIZATION Columbus] ' voyages . Bound , as they supposed , for the 
[LOCATION Indies] , where the cowry was formerly ( like our wampum ) a staple article 
of barter , the exploring vessels would have undoubtedly carried cowries 
as well as other articles of trade we know they carried . It would not have 
taken them long to find out that cowries did not pass as currency with 
[MISC American] natives , and reporting this on their return to [LOCATION Spain] later traders 
would not have carried them for barter . The necklace or bracelet you 
obtained may have passed from hand to hand as a curiosity ( as I have 
known such things to do ) until it reached a people who knew nothing 
of whites 'till much later . In fact your cowries may have come off one of 
[ORGANIZATION Columbus] ' own vessels . 

If not from one of [ORGANIZATION Columbus] ' ships , these shells more than likely were 
brought over from [LOCATION Europe] soon afterward by early [MISC Spanish] explorers . It 
does not seem so plausible to assume , as some ethnologists do , that these shells 
were brought by migrating tribes from eastern [LOCATION Asia] to [LOCATION America] via the [LOCATION Bering] 
Straits lonsr before the time of [LOCATION Columbus] . 

The [PERSON Lewis] and [ORGANIZATION Clark Expedition] brought back in 1 805 a handsome dress , 
possibly of [MISC Cree] origin , which was adorned with four dozen [ORGANIZATION Money Cowries] . 



8 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



Another [PERSON Money Cowrie] was unearthed near the so-called [MISC Onatonabee Ser-] 
pent Mound of [LOCATION Peterboro County] in [LOCATION Ontario] , [LOCATION Canada] . It is most hkely that 
in both of these cases the shells were the remnants of the [LOCATION Hudson] 's [ORGANIZATION Bay Com-] 
pany 's shell stock which was bartered with the [ORGANIZATION Cree] and other [MISC Indians] well 
before the time of the [PERSON Lewis] and [ORGANIZATION Clark Expedition] . 

A hvely trade in marine shells took place for centuries among the pre- 
[MISC Columbian] peoples of southwestern [LOCATION United States] . Archaeological studies in 
that area have been able to confirm the existence of trade routes which then 
existed from three principal geographical areas , one along the coast of south- 
em [LOCATION California] , a second from the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] , and the third on the 
[LOCATION Atlantic] side from the coast of the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 




Figure 2. [MISC Major] sources of trade shells used by the early [MISC American] [MISC Indians] . 
a , tusk-shells . Dentalium , used for money; b , abalone shells , [PERSON Haliotis] , and the neck- 
lace shells , Olivella; c , [PERSON Glycymeris] clams for bracelets; d , olive shells , helmet shells , 
Cassis , and many others; e , large whelks , [PERSON Biisyco] ? i , and [PERSON Venus] clams; f , wampum 
from the Venus clam , [LOCATION Mercenaria] mercenaria . 

Marine shells were used primarily as ornaments . Beads of glossy 
[PERSON Olivellas] and Olive shells were by far the most popular throughout the esti- 
mated 1000-year span of trading . [PERSON Pendants] , bracelets , rattles , trumpets and 
carved shells were popular in that order . [LOCATION Pacific Coast] shells were passed on 
from settlement to settlement to a limited extent by the early Basket Makers 
( ? -50o A.D. ) and , with the rise of the late Basket Makers ( 500-700 A.D. ) , 
trading increased from both the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] and the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 



Man and [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 9 

It was not until [LOCATION Pueblo] times that the [LOCATION Atlantic] trade reached the southwest 
when the [LOCATION Pacific] trade was also at its zenith . 

For years archaeologists were puzzled by the absence in [LOCATION New Mexico] 
of residue shell material which ought to be present wherever bracelets of the 
[PERSON Gly] cymeris clam appear . Not until 1930 were the hundreds of ancient manu- 
facturing centers discovered along the [LOCATION Sonora] coast of the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 
There the early [MISC Indians] sawed out patterns and ground down the clams to a 
smooth finish . The existence of this industry in the areas where the clams live 
illustrates one of the fundamental problems of prehistoric trade where beasts 
of burden were unknown and all goods were carried on men 's backs . The 
finished product was not only much lighter , but also brought a better price . 

The [PERSON Mohaves] used a trade route from the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] in the vicinity 
of [LOCATION Los Angeles] across the mountains into [LOCATION Nevada] and [LOCATION Utah] , and they perhaps 
have the rightful claim to the title of the " [MISC Phoenicians] of the [LOCATION West] . " Several 
routes extended from the [LOCATION Sonora] coast of the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] up to the 
[LOCATION Gila basin] to [LOCATION Pecos] in northwestern [LOCATION New Mexico] . Around this area there is 
evidence that the [LOCATION Pacific] and [LOCATION Atlantic] trade converged during [LOCATION Pueblo] times . 
It is quite likely that [ORGANIZATION Pecos] was a trading pueblo between the southwestern 
peoples and the plains tribes . 

In the midwest of the [LOCATION United States] an entirely separate trade route ex- 
isted from the [ORGANIZATION Mound Builders of Illinois] ( [LOCATION Cahokia] group ) south to the [LOCATION Gulf] 
of [LOCATION Mexico] . Among the mounds of these prehistoric people the [ORGANIZATION Cameo Hel-] 
met [ORGANIZATION Shell {Cassis] ) , the [MISC Fighting Conch] {Strombus ) and the [ORGANIZATION Apple Murex] 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] have been discovered — all species from southern [LOCATION Florida] or the warmer 
waters of the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

In recent times , the dispersal of mollusks has been little short of spec- 
tacular , particularly so if we may mention in this connection the many large 
collections that have been assembled in natural history museums . For the last 
200 years there has been a steady flow of specimens to these study collections 
from all lands . Probably the largest mollusk collection in existence , that 
housed in the [LOCATION United States National Museum] in [LOCATION Washington] , contains over 
9,000,000 specimens and represents about 45,000 kinds . This collection is 
the result of a century of labor on the part of thousands of ardent enthu- 
siasts who collectively have stooped to pick up mollusks in over 100,000 
localities throughout the world . 

Added to the scientific traffic of material among dozens of natural his- 
tory institutions , is the constant and spirited exchange of specimens among 
thousands of private shell collectors . It is little short of miraculous that in a 
small [LOCATION Connecticut] town one can find in an amateur collection a rare , ivory- 
like [LOCATION Thatcheria] shell from 200 fathoms in [MISC Japanese] waters or a 200-pound 
valve of the giant clam from the Great Barrier Reef of [LOCATION Australia] . In a small 
cabinet of land mollusks in [LOCATION Boonton] , [LOCATION New Jersey] , you may find a giant Afri- 



10 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

can snail from the [LOCATION Belgian Congo] or a tiny ground snail , no larger than a 
grain of rice , from the [LOCATION Himalaya Mountains of India] . The locaHty labels 
attached to many of the shells in museums are milestones in recent history — 
[PERSON Tobruk] , [PERSON Bizerte] , [PERSON Anzio] — [LOCATION Port Moresby] , [LOCATION Guadalcanal] , [LOCATION Leyte Gulf] — [LOCATION Pusan] , 
the [LOCATION Han River] , and [ORGANIZATION Peking] . 

Accidental dispersal of marine shells , even in large quantities , is not un- 
common , and many unusual cases have been recorded in newspapers and 
scientific journals . In the days when the beautiful ear shells or abalones of 
the [MISC Cahfornian] coast were used extensively for cabinet inlays , a sailing vessel 
bound for [LOCATION New York] with a cargo of these shells went down in a storm just 
off [LOCATION Santiago] on the south coast of [LOCATION Cuba] . For several years , these magnificent 
shells were being cast ashore on the beaches , much to the delight of local 
collectors and small children . 

A similar case occurred in 1873 when the " [LOCATION Glendowra] , " a four-masted 
vessel , homeward-bound from the [LOCATION Philippine Islands] on a cowrie expedition , 
was wrecked off the coast of [LOCATION Cumberland] , [LOCATION England] . She had on board more 
than 600 bags of [ORGANIZATION Money Cowries] destined for use in the [MISC African] trade and , 
during a heavy fog , ran ashore near [LOCATION Seascale] . For years these shells were 
picked up in excellent condition on the nearby beaches . Many collectors , 
unaware of their history , regarded them as native to the [MISC British Isles] . 

The necessity of taking on ballast to make up for light cargoes on return 
sailing voyages has been responsible for many introductions of exotic shells 
to [LOCATION United States] ports . The [ORGANIZATION Money Cowrie] has been picked up on one of 
the beaches of [LOCATION Cape Cod] and was presumably jettisoned there by a sailing 
ship returning from the [LOCATION Indian Ocean] . [LOCATION Ballast Point] in [LOCATION San Diego] was years 
ago a fairly good place to collect [MISC Hawaiian] shells and , during World War II , 
a dozen or more species of [MISC British] marine shells brought in ballast could be 
found in the vicinity of [LOCATION Long Island] , [LOCATION New York] . 

[PERSON Wliolesale] dispersal of marine shells has been carried out purposely by 
man on several occasions . With malice toward none , it may be said that con- 
siderable competition for the tourist trade exists between the [LOCATION Atlantic] and 
[LOCATION Gulf] coasts of [LOCATION Florida] . Lackinq- the abundance of attractive seashells which 
are now considered prime tourist bait , the [LOCATION Atlantic] coasters have made up 
for it by their aggressive ingenuity . It is reported that some [LOCATION Miami] hotel 
owners have sent trucks to the rich beaches of the [LOCATION Gulf Coast] , loaded them 
with molluscan spoils and brought them back to dump on their o\mi relatively 
shell-less beaches . 

[PERSON Mollusks] have been used extensively in art and literature , and through- 
out history we find numerous uses of shells as symbols . In many parts of the 
world , and especially along our motor highways , the scallop shell is a familiar 
trademark to motorists . The " [ORGANIZATION Shell] " Transport and [ORGANIZATION Trading Company] had 
its origin in [LOCATION London] , [LOCATION England] , during the middle of the last century when 



Man and [ORGANIZATION Molhisks] 11 

shell ornaments on boxes , screens and frames were popular in Early Vic- 
torian drawing rooms . The founding brothers , [PERSON Marcus] and [PERSON Samuel Samuel] , 
traded in shells from all parts of the globe , but as a side line they began to 
deal in the sale of kerosene . With the advent of the new " parafine oil " lamps 
and , later , the combustion engine , it was not long before they were market- 
ing oil exclusively . Soon afterward their company was merged with the 
[MISC Royal Dutch] interests . Until 1904 they used a trademark emblem patterned 
after the Sun-rayed Tellin ( [PERSON Tellina] radiata of the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , but this was 
later replaced by the now world-famous emblem of the [ORGANIZATION European Jacob] 's 
Scallop {Fecten jacobaeus ) . The scallop on the letterhead of the company 's 
stationery is a fossil species from [LOCATION California] . 

The 200-odd oil tankers of the [ORGANIZATION Shell Oil Company] are named after 
various genera of mollusks , the first ship launched being christened the [LOCATION S. S.] 
[PERSON Murex] . Aboard each vessel , a specimen of her namesake mollusk is mounted 
in a glass exhibit case . Naming and securing shells for the first hundred ships 
was comparatively easy , but recently the choice of new names has resulted 
in the unfortunate selection of obscure genera based on rare and , in some 
cases , microscopic species . Some ships bear names based on the same genus 
— nautical synonyms ! 

The use of the scallop is a very ancient one . As a source of food and 
as an eating dish it was used in prehistoric times . It is pictured on the coins 
of the early [MISC Phoenician] outpost of Saguntum ( now [PERSON Murviedro] , [LOCATION Spain] ) . All 
through the middle ages the scallop shell was used as a religious symbol , espe- 
cially in connection with pilgrimages to the shrine of [PERSON Saint James] at Com- 
postella and the crusades to the Holy Land . Three different popes granted 
a faculty to the Archbishops of [ORGANIZATION Compostella] to excommunicate all who sold 
scallop shells to pilgrims anywhere except in the city of [LOCATION Compostella] . Today 
many of the family shields of [LOCATION England] bear scallop shells , indicating that 
their ancestors made pilgrimages to the Holy Land . 

It is interesting to note that one of the earliest shell collections known 
to us contained a [PERSON Jacob] 's Scallop . This was unearthed from the ruins of 
[LOCATION Pompeii] , together with [ORGANIZATION Comis] textile and the Pearl Oyster of the [MISC Indian] 
[LOCATION Ocean] , in what appears to have been a natural history collection . It is not 
beyond the realm of possibility that this was the remains of the [MISC Natural His-] 
tory [ORGANIZATION Society of Pompeii] , of which the distinguished naturalist , [PERSON Pliny] , was 
probably a member . It was [PERSON Pliny] who first recorded the swimming activ- 
ities of the scallop , and he observed that it was able to dart above and skip 
along the surface of the water . 

In our modem age of synthetic dyes and highly mechanized textile 
industries , we little appreciate the part played by dye-producing mollusks 
in the history of the ancient civilizations of the [MISC Mediterranean] . The power 
and fame of the [MISC Phoenicians] , who were the great traders , navigators and 



12 America} ! Seashells 

colonizers of that region as early as 1500 B.C. , were largely due to their 
monopoly of the [MISC Tyrian] purple dye . The ancient cities of [LOCATION Tyre] and [LOCATION Sidon] 
( now Souro and [PERSON Saidi] in [LOCATION Lebanon] ) became great banking centers and the 
crossroads of commerce between [LOCATION Asia] , [LOCATION Africa] and western [LOCATION Europe] . Although 
archaeological findings indicate that purple dye from species of [ORGANIZATION Murex] was in 
use in [LOCATION Crete] as early as 1600 B.C. and in [LOCATION Egypt] by 1400 B.C. , these two 
[MISC Phoenician] cities had managed to monopolize the industry and to expand 
their prosperous enterprises by 1000 B.C. The continual search for new beds 
of [ORGANIZATION Murex] is probably one of the reasons for their later colonization of [LOCATION Malta] , 
[LOCATION Sicily] , [LOCATION Utica] , [LOCATION Carthage] and [PERSON Gades] ( now [LOCATION Cadiz] ) . These ports served as trad- 
ing stations and , as evidenced by the great piles of unearthed Murex shells , 
as subsidiary purple dye factories . The imperial coins of grateful [LOCATION Tyre] bore 
for many years the imprint of the Murex shell . It is interesting to note that 
the name [LOCATION Phoenicia] comes from the [MISC Greek] phoenix , " red , " which may well 
allude to the red or magenta color variations of the molluscan purple . 

It is now the general consensus that three species of marine snails were 
used in the [MISC Mediterranean] . Although all three were present in many areas , 
the city of [LOCATION Tyre] employed in the main [MISC Murex] brandaris , while the great 
banks of shells discovered near [LOCATION Sidon] in recent times were almost exclusively 
made up of Murex trunculus ( see plate 10, figs , i and j ) . The " buccinum " 
of the [MISC Roman] naturalists probably was [MISC Thais] haemastovm . 

The high cost of the purple dye was largely due to the long and arduous 
process of manufacture . A recent experimenter used about 12,000 specimens 
of Murex brajidaris before obtaining 1.5 grams of pure dye , and he estimated 
that one pound of dye in ancient times was worth from $10,000 to $12,000. 

The dye-producing fluid is exuded from an elongate gland which is 
situated on the inner wall of the mantle between the rectum and the gills . 
The fluid is colorless to milky-white when first produced , but when exposed 
to direct sunlight , it changes immediately to bright yellow , then passes 
through shades of pale-green to bluish and finally red-purple . During this 
photochemical process a strong odor is given off which resembles rotting 
garlic . The [MISC Tyrians] collected vast quantities of living snails and ground up 
the smaller specimens in caldron-shaped holes in the rocky shore . Larger 
specimens were cracked open and the gland-supporting mantle ripped off 
and thrown into the holes . [LOCATION Salt] was added to this juicy mass to prevent excess 
rotting , and then the sun was allowed to act on it for two or three days . 
This material was transferred to vessels of tin or lead and then diluted with 
five or six times its bulk in water . A ten-day period of moderate boiling fol- 
lowed , during which time the scum was constantly removed . Test pieces of 
wool were allowed to soak for five hours to ascertain if the desired strength 
of dye had been reached . 

Our modern concept of purple is quite different from that of the 



Man and [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 13 

ancients . They understood it as several colors ranging from dull crimson 
and [LOCATION magenta] to violet-purple . The most expensively dyed cloth was made 
in [LOCATION Tyre] and was more on the order of a dull red . In [LOCATION Sidon] , where [PERSON Miirex] 
trunculiis was mainly used , the color was closer to our modern idea of purple . 
The wide range in hues of [MISC Tyrian] purple was brought about by different 
strengths of , and varied techniques in making , the dye , including the double- 
dip system of dibapha in which the first bath consisted of extracts from [MISC Thais] 
and the second dip taking place in Murex dye . The type of cloth and weave 
also produced wide variations . 

There is no question that cloth dyed with [MISC Tyrian] purple was extremely 
valuable and at times vied in value even with gold . Hence it was reserved 
for the use of the wealthy and the hangings of temples . The [MISC Babylonians] are 
said to have used it for the dress of their idols . A few of our museums pos- 
sess small pieces of [MISC Egyptian] mummy wrappings which were dyed with 
[MISC Tyrian] purple . However , it is necessary to make a chemical analysis to prove 
the presence of this dye , for the ancients were able to produce a similar color 
by double dyeing with indigo and madder . 

The Bible makes several references to this valuable purple . [PERSON Moses] used it 
for the works of the tabernacle , as well as for the clothing of the high priest . 
Among the presents which the [MISC Israelites] made to [PERSON Gideon] were purple rai- 
ments that belonged to the kings of [LOCATION Midian] . Much later , according to Acts 
1 6, verse 14, a seller of purple from [PERSON Thyatira] was converted by [ORGANIZATION St Paul] at 
[PERSON Phihppi] . 

[PERSON Aristotle] and [PERSON Pliny] both gave fairly detailed accounts of the industry 
widespread throughout [LOCATION Asia A4inor] . Plutarch records that when [PERSON Alexander] 
took possession of [ORGANIZATION Susa] he found among the treasures of [PERSON Darius] 5000 talents 
in weight ( 290,000 pounds ) of purple cloth . Athenaeus states that the dye 
was extensively used as a cosmetic and was applied as a lipstick and rouge 
in [LOCATION Rome] . At the fateful battle of [LOCATION Actium] , the ship of [PERSON Marcus Antonius] and 
[PERSON Cleopatra] was distinguished from the rest of the fleet by having sails solidly 
dyed in [MISC Tyrian] purple . It is difficult to believe , as many authorities claim , 
that the Tyrians kept the process a secret even for a short time , for we find 
that factories existed throughout most areas in the [MISC Mediterranean] . 

In [LOCATION Rome] only senators were allowed to wear a broad purple stripe ( latus 
clavus ) around the opening of the tunic . Laws were finally introduced by 
[PERSON Nero] and again by [PERSON Theodosius] ( 379-395 A.D. ) prohibiting the wearing of 
[MISC Tyrian] purple except by the [ORGANIZATION Emperor himself] . Except for its later use by 
the Christian church , especially in cardinal cloaks , the crimson color ceased 
to be worn or manufactured after the fall of the [MISC Roman Empire] and the con- 
quest of [LOCATION Tyre] by the [MISC Arabs] in 638 A.D. It would scarcely pay to revive the 
industry except perhaps as a novelty item for tourists . The color is not par- 
ticularly exciting to the modern eye , and , in addition , it may be synthetically 



14 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

produced at low cost , so that one has no assurance that a souvenir textile is 
actually dyed with molluscan purple . 

The [MISC Mediterranean] area and the west coast of [LOCATION Africa] were not the only 
regions where mollusks were used for dyeing . In the [MISC British Isles] the art 
seems to have been known from very early times . The Celts of [LOCATION England] and 
the [LOCATION Lake Dwellers of Ireland] ( about looo B.C. ) used the common Thais 
[PERSON Japilhis] which is also abundant on [LOCATION New^ England] shores . As late as the eight- 
eenth century this species was used for marking linen in [LOCATION England] , [LOCATION Scotland] , 
[LOCATION France] and [LOCATION Norway] . The [MISC French] used molluscan purple to dye the parch- 
ment of rare books , some examples of which are still bright after 800 years . 

Had the [MISC Phoenicians] possessed the compass and ventured to the [LOCATION West] 
Indies , they would have marveled at the abundance of our Wide-mouthed 
[LOCATION Purpura] , [PERSON Fiirpura] patuJa , and its large production of rich violet dye . [MISC Collec-] 
tors who have put live specimens in a cloth bag will recall the bright , durable 
stains that have appeared soon afterward in the fabric . Many shell collections 
contain this species in which specimens still retain purple stains on the out- 
side of the shell . The subspecies , pansa , was used in prehistoric times for 
dyeing cotton on the northwest coast of [LOCATION South America] and the west coast 
of [LOCATION Central America] . Even today the [MISC Tehuantepec Indians] of [LOCATION Mexico] use the 
[ORGANIZATION Pansa Purpura] for dyeing cotton threads . The natives have put into effect a 
plan of conservation and , instead of crushing the shells , they carefully " milk " 
the living specimens by pressing in the animal to squeeze out the juice . They 
then return the mollusks to the rocks and revisit them at a later date . The 
cotton threads are individually drawn through the liquid to obtain the fast 
dye . 

In 1 7 1 1 [PERSON Reaumur] accidentally discovered that the t^g capsules of [MISC Thais] 
lapilhts were a simpler and more abundant source for the purple dye . As 
Miirex egg capsules mature , they take on a characteristic purplish hue . It is 
possible that this was the secret , if such existed , that the Tyrians guarded so 
jealously . Latest experiments indicate that the purple dye is a derivative of 
indigo containing bromide . 

Probably most , if not all , species of [ORGANIZATION Murex] , [MISC Thais] , [PERSON P^irpiira] and other 
members of the [PERSON Muricid] family produce this bromide , dye-giving secretion . 
It has been suggested by some workers that this secretion serves as an anes- 
thetic on various oysters , clams and chitons upon \\ 'hich they prey . How- 
ever , the presence of purpurase in the Qgg capsules does not favor this view . 
In addition , the dye-producing gland is closely associated with the reproduc- 
tive system and not with the salivary glands or any other organs of the 
proboscis . Many other carnivorous families which attack other living mol- 
lusks in a manner similar to that of the A4uricids do not produce this dve . 

Inks and dyes are produced by many other mollusks , the Sepia cuttlefish 
being an outstanding example . Purple dye has been recorded in the [ORGANIZATION Purple] 



[ORGANIZATION Ma7J] and [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 15 

Sea Snails , ] anthina , in the [LOCATION Wentletraps] , Epitonium , in some of the [PERSON Mitras] 
and [MISC Olive shells] and in the sea hares , [LOCATION Aplysia] . These substances are known 
to be irritating to fish and other would-be predators , and its purpose as a 
defense mechanism seems most likely . Probably future experiments will show 
that the egg capsules of [LOCATION Mjirex] , loaded as they are with purpurase , are dis- 
tasteful to fish and have an unusually high survival value . 



CHAPTER II 

Life of the [MISC Snails] 



The private lives of the snails , or gastropods as they are more correctly 
called , are almost as varied as the different kinds of seashells that are found 
along our beaches . More than half of the 80,000 species of existing snails live 
under marine conditions , the remainder being air-breathing land species or 
inhabitants of fresh water . In their evolutionary struggle for existence , they 
have shown an amazing diversity in adapting themselves to nearly every con- 
dition found in the sea . There are snails that creep , jump , swim , burrow , 
some that are permanently anchored to rocks and a few that live inside other 
marine creatures . In a few cases , as in some conchs and top shells ( Troclms ) , 
the snail may play host to small fish and tiny crabs . 

Gastropods have experimented in all manner of forms , colors and sizes . 
In size they vary from the two-foot-long Horse Conch of [LOCATION Florida] {Pleuro- 
ploca gigantea ) to the microscopic [LOCATION Vitrinellas] that scarcely exceed the size 
of a grain of sugar . Some species display unusual ornamentation and , as in 
the Murex shells , produce long , delicate spines . There are few objects in 
nature that can vie in beauty with the glistening sheen found in the shells of 
the ohves and cowries . On the other hand , the beautiful sea slugs or nudi- 
branchs may entirely lack a shell . The [ORGANIZATION Carrier Shell] , [PERSON Xenophora] , has ac- 
quired the strange habit of collecting shells , bits of coral and other hard 
objects , and cementing them to its own shell . 

WHERE THEY LIVE 

From the high levels of the coastal cliffs to the canyons of the ocean 's 
bottom , a thousand kinds of habitats have been adopted by marine gastro- 

16 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Snails] 17 

pods . A few species of nerites and periwinkles are known to ascend trees 
near the seashore , although tree-dwelling is best known among certain tropi- 
cal land snails . In the tropics , the [PERSON Tectarius] prickly-winkles habitually live 
in or near splash pools along the rocky coast where spray from the waves and 
drenching rains are constantly changing the temperature and salinity . When 
the pools are dry the snails are often able to withstand weeks of hot sun 
and parched conditions . 

Three kinds of snails in [MISC American] waters are forever destined to wander 
at large on the surface of the open ocean . The purple Janthina snails are 
born , live and , in most instances , die at sea . These pelagic snails live upside 
down and remain at the surface by means of a small raft of bubbles . Small 
bubbles of air are entrapped in a special mucus secreted by the animal . This 
clear fluid congeals upon contact with salt water and air , and it adheres to 
the foot . The entire float has much the appearance of crumpled cellophane . 
The female attaches her small eggs to the underside of the float where they 
are partially shaded from the sun 's rays . The Janthinas live off the coasts of 
our southern states , and during certain seasons they are commonly cast ashore 
in [LOCATION California] , [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . Specimens have been blown off 
their [LOCATION Gulf Stream] course and been washed ashore in [LOCATION New England] and even 
the [LOCATION British Isles] . 

As is the case with so many other pelagic creatures , the shell surface of 
Janthina which faces downward ( the spire of this upside down shell ) is 
colored a light , milky blue . This is probably a protective coloration which 
blends with that of the surface of the sea , which to an underwater observer 
is similarly colored . For some unknown reason Janthinas are completely 
blind . 

Two other groups of gastropods live at the surface of the ocean and , 
like [PERSON Jantlmia] , live an upside down existence . These are the tiny brown 
[ORGANIZATION Litiopa] snails which adhere to floating sargassum seaweed by means of a 
silken thread of mucus , and the heteropods or fin-footed sea snails which 
remain afloat by paddling a wide , fin-shaped foot . The latter group includes 
the rare and highly prized [LOCATION Carinaria] , the [LOCATION Atlanta] shells and the shell-less 
[PERSON Firoloida] . 

Not all pelagic mollusks live solely at the surface . The transparent , 
delicate-shelled sea butterflies or pteropods ( pronounced tero-pods ) remain 
several fathoms below the surface during the daylight hours but move up- 
ward toward the surface at night . In many equatorial areas pteropods exist 
in great numbers , and the steady rain of the sinking shells of the dead mol- 
lusks litter the ocean 's bottom many feet deep . Among the sea slugs , one 
species of nudibranch ( [ORGANIZATION Scyllaea] ) is always pelagic , while the small and beau- 
tiful [ORGANIZATION Bat Sea Slug , Gastropteron] rubrum , makes nocturnal trips from the 
bottom of the shallow bay to the surface . The two pancake-shaped lobes of 



18 



A 'tnerican [ORGANIZATION Seashelh] 



the foot of this snail are flapped up and down much in the manner of a bat 
in flight . 

However , the pelagic habitat and the ability to swim are the exception 
among the snails . The intertidal zone which is intermittently flooded and 
drained by the moving tides is well stocked with many kinds of creeping 
snails . [ORGANIZATION Adany Nassarius Mud Snails] live exclusively on the warm , flat mud- 




[ORGANIZATION FiGURE] 3. a , The [ORGANIZATION Nassa Mud Snail] , [PERSON Nassarius] , crawling under the sand with its 

siphon extended into the water above; b , cutaway view of a prosobranch snail 

showing the direction of water currents ( arrows ) down the siphon , over the gills 

and out from the right side of the body . ( After [PERSON Ankel] 1936. ) 

bars of quiet bays . Among the carnivorous snails , we find that their ecologic 
stations are determined by the location of the worms or bivalves upon which 
they feed . One or two species of Terebra and [ORGANIZATION Polinices Moon Shell] are found 
burrowing in the sand of beach slopes where they are able to find their favor- 
ite clams , but the majority of these snail genera are found from low-tide mark 
to a depth of several fathoms . Since most marine gastropods are nocturnal in 
habit and shun bright sunlight , many species spend their time hidden in crev- 
ices under rocks . This affords protection to themselves and their eggs from 
predators , bright sun and violent wave action . 

A great number of species live in deep water , and frequently their verti- 
cal distribution is limited to relatively narrow ranges . From some 500 dredg- 
ing samples taken off southeastern [LOCATION Florida] by the late [PERSON J. B. Henderson] 's yacht 
" [PERSON Eolis] , " [ORGANIZATION Bayer] 's [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Olive] ( [PERSON Olivella] bayeri ) was found in depths ranging 
from 25 to 115 fathoms . On the other hand , the [ORGANIZATION Greenland Moon Shell] has 
been found from twelve feet to over two miles in depth . 

In their experimental search for new living places , a few gastropods have 
evolved strange associations with other marine animals . [PERSON Tlie] dwarf Cypho- 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Snails] 19 

[PERSON ma {Smtnia] ) lives on the latticed blades of seafans , while the root-like bases 
of the same seafans may be honeycombed with pockets of the [ORGANIZATION Coralliopbila] 
shells . Some species of Trivia cowries not only live with the compound as- 
cidians or sea squirts ( Botryllus ) but also feed upon them . Deep holes are 
eaten into the ascidian in which the female snail deposits her flask-shaped egg 
capsules ( fig . 9 ) . Among the [PERSON Eulima] and tiny [LOCATION Pyram] snails there are many 
species which parasitize sea urchins and certain kinds of clams . Several spe- 
cies of Sty lifer live embedded in the flesh of starfish , and only a wart-like 





Figure 4. Three stages of parasitism , a , the [ORGANIZATION Pyram Snails] , [PERSON Brachystoviia] , make 
daily visits to tap the body fluids of the mussel , Mytihis; b , the adult of the 
[PERSON Stylifer Snail] becomes encased in the tissues of the starfish; c , the [ORGANIZATION Entocolax Snail] 
is embedded in the flesh of a holothurian sea-cucumber and has lost shell , oper- 
culum and mouth parts . 

swelling and a bit of shell spire projecting above the surface reveal their pres- 
ence . One species of [LOCATION Eulima] lives inside the intestinal tract of the sea cucum- 
ber and obtains its food by tapping the nutritious juices of its host by means 
of a modified , syringe-like snout . 



HOW THEY GROW 

In most cases the shell material in the snails is secreted by special glands 
located along the edge of the fleshy mantle of the animal . Within the aper- 
ture or mouth of the shell a certain amount of reinforcing material may be 
secreted by the roof of the mantle , especially in the case of the heavy trochid 
shells which are nacreous within the aperture . The foot is often the source 
of shell material , not only as the site of the formation of the hard trapdoors 
or opercula of the [MISC turban] and natica shells but also as an important addition 
to the shell itself . The actual formation of calcium carbonate and the forma- 
tion of the various layers are discussed in more detail in the chapter on clams . 

In some groups of gastropods , particularly certain wentletraps and liotias , 
the mantle edge is capable of producing exquisitely fine filigree or porous 
shell structure whose intricate designs and overlapping layers can best be 
seen with the aid of a magnifying glass . In the cowrie shells , the mantle has 
two large extensions which are spread at will over the entire outside of the 



20 



A77ierjca ? i [ORGANIZATION Seas] he Us 



shell . This covering mantle continually adds thin paintings of shell material 
over the entire outer surface of the adult shell . In these groups , where the 
outside of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is protected by the mantle , there is no production of pro- 
tective , horny periostracum . This is a tough , mat-like and often hairy cover- 
ing to the shell which prevents acids and marine growths from doing damage . 




Figure 5. Four stages in the growth of the [LOCATION Keyhole Limpet] , [PERSON Fissiirella] , showing 

how the spire gradually disappears and the marginal slit becomes an apical hole . 

a , b , c , highly magnified; d , natural size . ( After [PERSON Boutan] 1886. ) 

In [LOCATION contrast] to the bivalves , many gastropods exhibit certain modified 
shell structures when they become reproductively mature . In many instances 
adulthood of an individual is accompanied by the formation of a thickened 
or flaring apertural lip . It is most pronounced in the Strombus conchs . Peli- 
can [PERSON 's Foot] ( [PERSON Aporrhais] ) , marginellas , cowries and others . Such development 
is unknown in the cone shells , [PERSON Busycon] whelks , abalones and a host of others . 

Growth of the gastropod shell is more rapid in young individuals . Some 
species apparently continue to grow in size during their entire life span , while 
others cease once sexual maturity is reached . In the murex shells and frog 
shells ( Cymatium ) and certain Cassis helmet shells a strong varix or thick- 
ened rib may be formed at the edge of the shell lip at regular intervals regard- 
less of sexual or seasonal conditions . Each thick varix represents a resting 
period in growth . Collectors may have noticed that they seldom find murex 
shells in a growth stage between varices . This is because over ninety percent 
of the snail 's life is spent in the varix stage and because additional growth 
between varices takes place in less than two days . 

The color pattern of shells is a graphic representation in time of the 
secretory activity of the pigment-producing cells located along the mantle 
edge . The ground color is produced by the whole line of cells; banding is 
produced by the special activity of groups of cells , often sharply localized . 
Where the activity of these groups is cyclical , blotching results; where the 
active focus moves up and down the mantle edge , or where activity spreads 
from a focus , there may be formed zigzag , V-shaped or circle patterns . A 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Snails] 21 

review of the biochemistry of shell pigments has been made by [ORGANIZATION Alex Com-] 
fort ( 195 1 ) . 

Rate of growth and span of life in gastropods vary according to the 
species and ecologic conditions . The maximum age of marine species is very 
imperfectly known . Undoubtedly many species live for only two , three or 
four years . The common [MISC European] periwinkle {Littorina littorea ) found in 
[LOCATION New England] has been kept alive in captivity for twenty years . Large speci- 
mens of the Horse Conch , the Queen Conch ( [PERSON Strojnbus] gigas ) and the 
Cameo King Conch ( Cassis ) probably represent ten to twenty-five years of 
growth . The nudibranch sea slugs are believed to be short-lived , and [PERSON Aeolis] 
and [PERSON Goniodoris] have been shown to survive only into the second year . It is 
quite likely , though , that the [LOCATION Aplysia] seahares and the [ORGANIZATION Bulla Bubble Shells] 
live for at least five years . 

The ultimate size of individuals in species in which the sexes are sepa- 
rate may be influenced by the sex of the individual . In many groups , such 
as the buccinid and [PERSON Busycon Whelks] , the [PERSON Strombus] conchs , periwinkles and 
others , the shells of the females are always considerably larger . In the [LOCATION Pale] 
[PERSON Lacuna Periwinkle] ( [PERSON Lacuna pallidula] ) , the females are from five to ten times 
as large as the males . 

Considerable variation in size results from the diet of mollusks . It has 
been experimentally shown that the Ovster Drill snails ( [PERSON Urosalpinx] cinerea ) 
eating My a clam and oyster meat show the greatest increase in growth , while 
those feeding on barnacles and Mytilus mussels show the least amount of 
growth . It has also been found that snails of this species living in [MISC brackish] 
water grow to a larger size than those living in pure sea water . Colonies of 
snails exhibiting these ecologic characters have been erroneously considered 
new species by some workers . 

[ORGANIZATION HOW THEY FEED] 

The gastropods are much more imaginative in their selection and man- 
ner of acquiring food than the bivalves and other mollusks . Unlike the 
clams , most snails travel in search of their food . A great proportion of the 
marine gastropods are carnivorous , but some are detritus feeders , others are 
vegetarians , and a few , like their bivalve relatives , are suspension feeders . 

Among the flesh-eating snails , there have been many modifications in 
the structure of the mouth parts , including the proboscis and the teeth . In 
some the snout has remained very simple , and the snail merely pushes the end 
of its mouth against its food and tears off bits with the tongue-like radula or 
row of teeth . But in others a remarkably long , tube-like extension is devel- 
oped which , when not in use , is retracted within the snout or head of the 
snail . When a living [ORGANIZATION Melongena Crown Conch] is quickly picked up , one can 



22 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

frequently see the three-inch-long , tubular proboscis being withdrawn into 
the snail 's head . This indicates that a clam or worm , upon which the snail 
was feeding , is located at that spot one or two inches below the surface of 
the mud . 



Figure 6. The open mouth of the [PERSON Moon Snail] , [LOCATION Natica] , showing the [PERSON radula] ribbon 
and its teeth . X3. ( [PERSON Redrawn] from Ankel 1936. ) 

In the [ORGANIZATION Natica Moon Shells] , there is a muscular disk on the under surface 
near the end of this extensible proboscis , which serves as a suction disk while 
the [PERSON radula] is at work on the clam shell . No evidence of the presence of acid 
has been presented so far . Once the clam is perforated , the long proboscis is 
wiggled down into the flesh of the clam and the moon shell is able to remove 
most of the flesh without opening up the valves of the clam . Some [ORGANIZATION Murex] 
Snails and the [ORGANIZATION Busy con Whelks] open their clam victims by applying suction 
with the sole of the foot and by prying apart the valves with the edge of the 
outer lip of the shell . 

The large group of rachiglossate snails ( those having three large teeth 
in each radular row ) are for the most part predators . The Tun Shells and 
Cassis Helmet Shells feed upon live sea urchins . The Xancus Chanks , [PERSON Busy] con 
[PERSON Whelks] and others feed upon live clams . The [MISC Nassa Mud Snails] , however , 
are purely scavengers , and their ability to detect the odor or taste of spoiled 
meat in the water is highly developed . Among the toxoglossate snails ( those 
with tiny , needle-like , harpoon-shaped teeth as shown in figure i ) , the cones 
and [PERSON Terehra] shells have a highly developed poison gland and duct which are 
presumably used in quieting their prey . 

Vegetarians are found among the more primitive gastropods . All of the 
[PERSON Hmpets] , nerites , trochids and [MISC turban] snails graze on seaweeds . However , many 
of the " middle-class " snails , among them the ceriths , [PERSON Modulus] , and some 
periwinkles , limit their feeding to swallowing mud detritus on the bottom 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Snails] 23 

from which they obtain small algal cells and diatoms . The common [LOCATION Atlantic] 
[ORGANIZATION Shpper Shell] feeds in the same manner as the oyster , and its stomach is found 
to contain the same diatomaceous food . Just as in the oyster , a food current 
of water is set up in the mantle cavity and the pectinate gill acts as a food 
sieve . The food particles are entrapped on the gills by a mucus secreted by 
an endostyle which is located at the base of the gill . Tiny cilia move the 
food along a groove on the side of the body to a pouch located near the 
mouth where it is then taken in up through the proboscis . Turritella com- 
rminis of [LOCATION Europe] buries itself in mud and has a ciliary feeding habit . This 
snail remains for days in one spot just below the surface of the mud . An 
inhalant depression in the mud is made by lateral movements of the foot , and 
the action of thousands of [LOCATION cilia] creates a current which brings food-laden 
water into the mantle cavity . There is a unique exhalant siphon constituted 
by two overlapping folds , and through this are expelled water and fecal 
pellets without disturbing the surrounding mud . 

The most extreme modifications in the entire molluscan phylum have 
occurred in connection with the feeding habits of certain parasitic snails . For 
years the [ORGANIZATION Entoconcha] snails found inside the [LOCATION Synapta] sea cucumbers were 
thought to be some form of parasitic worm . The " head " of the mollusk is 
attached in leech-like fashion to a blood vessel of the host , and its worm-like 
body is embedded in the gonads of the sea cucumber . The adult parasite has 
no shell , sensory organs , nervous system or [PERSON radula] . It is little more than a 
tube adapted to absorbing the blood of the host and carrying on self-fertili- 
zation . Were it not for the tiny young found inside the adult with their 
small shell and operculum , it is doubtful if these creatures would ever have 
been thought to be mollusks . 

The passage of food from the buccal cavity , through the esophagus to 
the stomach is facilitated by muscular contractions of the wall of the alimen- 
tary tract and by saliva produced by the two salivary glands . The hind end 
of the esophagus may be modified into a gizzard , and in many Bubble Shells , 
especially [PERSON Scaphander] , there are several large , cucumber-shaped plates armed 
with hard corrugations which grind the food into small particles . The stom- 
ach proper consists of a simple enlargement of the digestive canal . Its wall 
may be smooth , furrowed , or lined with spines . As in most bivalves , some 
snails possess a jelly-like crystalline style which projects into one corner of 
the stomach and dissolves off digestive enzymes . The so-called " liver " of the 
snail which forms most of the upper part of the soft , coiled viscera is actually 
a digestive gland where food material is broken down and absorbed into the 
blood stream . 



24 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

HOW THEY BREATHE 

Breathing by most aquatic marine snails takes place through the gills 
where oxygen is obtained from the sea water and where the waste gases are 
dissolved . The numerous gill leaflets are usually located on the inner side 
of the mantle . Except in the primitive snails with a pair of gills , water is 
brought into the mantle cavity through the siphonal canal or through the 
region to the left of the head . It then bathes the gills and passes out on the 
right side of the body . The current of water is maintained by thousands of 
microscopic , lashing , hair-like cilia mostly on the gill leaflets . 

Like the bivalves , the snails display a wide variety of types of gills . The 
most primitive groups , such as some of the Keyhole Limpets , Slit-shells , 
[PERSON Pleurotomarias] and abalones have two pairs of gills . They are of equal size 
in the Keyhole Limpets , but in some others the right one is considerably 
smaller . In the higher groups of snails , the left [PERSON gill] is the only one remaining . 
In the Cerithidea snails , the gills are reduced to mere stumps , and respiration 
takes place in the mantle skin itself . The sea slugs have lost their ctenidia 
but have evolved very complicated and beautiful gill-like organs on the sides 
and back of their bodies . Many of these gills have taken on the shape of 
miniature shrubs and trees . 

HOW THEY REPRODUCE 

The subject of reproduction among the gastropods is a fascinating study 
of many important phases of biology . Our final concepts of the formation of 
species , our understanding of zoogeography , distributional methods and the 
basis of sex determination are dependent on a fuller knowledge of reproduc- 
tion . The manner of assuring fertilization of eggs , the various methods of 
egg-laying and brooding of young and the interesting types of larval devel- 
opment are horizons of research that are now being expanded . 

The gastropods exhibit nearly every possible modification of sexuality . 
Two of the three orders of snails , the opisthobranchs containing the sea slugs 
and the land snail pulmonates , combine a complete set of male and female 
organs in the same individual . The [LOCATION gonad] produces both sperm and eggs , 
but there are separate ducts for the products of each sex . Despite the dual 
sex life , all mature individuals experience the mating instincts of both sexes , 
and during copulation there is a mutual exchange of sperm . In some sea 
slugs , the tectibranchs , several individuals may form rows or a ring of copu- 
lating snails . In some fresh-water pulmonates , self-fertilization is sometimes 
practiced , and some experimenters liave bred over ninety generations , extend- 
ing over twenty years , without cross-fertilization between individuals . 

The marine gastropods contain representatives of several categories of 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Snails] 25 

sexuality . Dual sexuality or hermaphroditism as found in the pulmonates is 
also known in some species of Acmaea Limpets , [LOCATION Janthina] , [LOCATION Odosto7nia] , [PERSON Stilifer] , 
[PERSON Valvata] and the Paper Moon Snail , [PERSON Velutina] . The sexuality of this type , 
however , is more of the consecutive type , in which the gonads at first pro- 
duce sperm and later in the season only eggs . 

Sex reversal is especially characteristic of the [ORGANIZATION Slipper Shell] family . The 
best known examples belong to the Cup-and-saucer Shells , [LOCATION Calyptraea] and 
[PERSON Crucibulum] , and the true Slipper Shells , [PERSON Crepidula] . Individuals function as 




Figure 7. Sex reversal in the Slipper Shells , [PERSON Crepidula] . a to e , animal with shell re- 
moved to show the development of the verge in the male phase; f and g , atrophy 
of the verge and the change to the female phase; h , a group of attached [PERSON Crepidula] 
forjiicata , showing the smaller males ( ( J ) at the top and the females ( $ ) below; 
i , [PERSON Crucibidum] spinosum with the small male attached to the female . ( After [PERSON W. R.] 

[PERSON Coe] 1943. ) 

the male sex when young and as females when fully grown . The change-over 
may be gradual with the individual being ambisexual for a short period , or 
the male phase may suddenly disappear with the loss of its associated organs , 
and the female organs may then quickly develop . The males are much 
smaller than the females . In most species , each young male tends to creep 
about until it finds an individual of the same species in the female phase , 
whereupon it attaches itself to the dorsal side of the female 's shell in a posi- 
tion adjacent to the female copulatory organs ( fig . [PERSON yi] ) . In other species the 



26 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 




[PERSON COLUMBELLft] 



Figure 8. Gastropod egg cases . 



Life of the [MISC Snails] 



27 




[ORGANIZATION IMASSARIUS] 



[ORGANIZATION APLY5IA] 



Figure 9. [PERSON Gastropod] tgg cases . 



28 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

males usually occupy positions in the vicinity of the female and move to the 
mating position at night . Occasionally bachelors are found which either by 
chance or choice remain solitary throughout the entire male phase . 

Soon after hatching from the tgg , and in one species ( [PERSON Crepidula] adunca 
[PERSON Sowerby] from [LOCATION Panama] ) even before hatching , a slender copulatory organ , 
the verge or phallus , grows out from the body behind the right tentacle ( fig . 
7 ) , As the female phase develops later in life , the verge begins to shrink and 
is finally absorbed as the female organs take form . [ORGANIZATION Associated] with these 
changes is a marked alteration in behavior , whereby the wandering individ- 
ual , which was so characteristically masculine when young , now becomes 
strictly sedentary . She receives her mate , lays her eggs in capsules beneath 
her foot and broods her young until they are prepared for their own inde- 
pendence . 

In our [ORGANIZATION Common Slipper Shell] , [PERSON Crepidula] fornicata , those individuals 
which live on muddy bottoms where there are no solid objects to which 
they can attach themselves , frequently pile up in groups of six to twelve or 
more . These groups continue from year to year , newly arrived young in the 
male phase attaching themselves to the top of the pile as the old , female- 
phase individuals die at the bottom . 

Most marine prosobranchs , however , are of separate sexes ( dioecious or 
unisexual ) . While some species in which the sex products of both sexes are 
discharged freely into the water have no outward morphological features , 
there are a great number of gastropods in which the male has an external 
copulatory organ or verge . The shape and position of the verge are often 
used in classifying families , genera or species . 

Depending upon the species , and sometimes the genus , the females take 
care of their young in a variety of ways . In some there is no motherly 
instinct , and the eggs are liberated directly into the water where they float 
away on the chance of being fertilized by the free-swimming sperm from a 
nearby male . ( See fig . 9 with Tectarms and [PERSON Littorina] . ) In other types the 
eggs are fertilized and undergo development to the adult-like form in the 
uterine portion of the oviduct . Others have developed a kangeroo-like pouch 
in the tissues of their back where the young are allowed to develop to the 
adult form . Once liberated , however , the young do not return to the pouch . 
[ORGANIZATION Viviparity] or the giving birth to young alive ( technically ovoviviparity ) is 
known in [LOCATION Planaxis] , [PERSON Littorina] saxatilis and a number of fresh-water species in 
several different families . 



The [ORGANIZATION Egg Cases of Snails] 

Among a large proportion of the marine gastropods , the females form 
special egg cases or capsules into which the eggs are placed , and where the 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Snails] 29 

eggs may develop in an undisturbed , food-laden medium . Very frequently 
extra eggs ( nurse eggs ) are added which serve as food for the young that 
hatch first . The young may emerge from the egg cases as miniature replicas 
of their parents and commence a life of crawling and feeding , or they may 
escape as free-swimming larval forms . The latter are known as veligers and 
possess special organs for swimming . The larval shell is often quite different 
from the adult shell and , in some species , there may be an extra shell or 
[LOCATION echinospira] encasing the entire veliger . 

There are many types of tgg cases , and some of these are illustrated in 
figures 8 and 9; others are briefly described under the generic or family 
discussions in the identification section . Several types of egg-laying may be 
found within a single family or even genus . 

1. Eggs Laid in Capsules and Attached to the Bottom : 

[PERSON Rissoidae] , [PERSON Caecum] , [PERSON Epitomum] , [MISC Thais] , [PERSON Miirex] , [PERSON Coins] , [PERSON Neptunea] , Busy- 
con , [PERSON Buccinum] , [PERSON MeloTigena] , [LOCATION Nassarius] , [PERSON Bela] , [LOCATION Mangelia] , [PERSON Voluta] , [PERSON Conus] , Co- 
lumbella , [PERSON Fusinus] , [LOCATION Cancellaria] , [PERSON Marginella] , [PERSON Neritidae] and others . Of these , 
some have nonpelagic development : some Murex , [PERSON Cojjus] , [LOCATION Natica] and most 
Marginella; others have [PERSON pelagic] , free-swimming young : [PERSON Nerita] , some 
[PERSON Murex] , some Conus and some [LOCATION Natica] . 

2. Eggs Laid in Gelatinous Masses or Strings : 

[LOCATION Acmaea] , [PERSON Gibbula] , [PERSON Fissurella] , [PERSON Lacuna] , [PERSON Littorijia] obtusata , some Turri- 
[PERSON tella] , [PERSON Bittium] , [LOCATION Triphora] , Cerithium , [PERSON Capulus] , [PERSON Strombus] , [PERSON Aporrhais] , [PERSON Cassis] , 
all opisthobranchs and heteropods . 

3. Eggs Laid in Capsules and Protected by the Female : 

[LOCATION Crepidula] , [LOCATION Calyptraea] , [LOCATION Janthina] , [LOCATION Cypraea] , [PERSON Hipponix] , [PERSON Vermetus] . 

4. Eggs Laid in [LOCATION Sandy Collars] : 

[ORGANIZATION Folinices] and [LOCATION Natica] . 

5. Eggs Shed and Developing Suspended in Water : 

Some [LOCATION Acn/aea] , some [PERSON Gibbida] , [PERSON Tectarius] , some [LOCATION Littorina] , [PERSON Haliotis] , and 
the heteropods , [LOCATION Atlanta] and [PERSON Oxy] gyrus . 

In some groups of snails which are more or less sedentary , the tgg cap- 
sules may be protected by the female . In the cap-shell , [PERSON Hippojiix] , the under- 
side of the foot of the female has a tough , reinforced ridge of flesh to which 
she attaches her gelatinous tgg sacs . In some worm-shells , [PERSON Verv^etus] , whose 
shells are permanently attached to the rocks , the eggs are deposited on the 
inside of the female 's own shell . 

The time and length of breeding differs among mollusks depending 
mainly on the geographical locality , the temperature of the water , phases of 
the moon and the inherent characteristics of the species . Some species spawn 
once a year for a few weeks only , while others may produce eggs half of 
the year as long as the temperature is suitable . 

The eggs , larvae and young have been described for many species by 



30 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

famous workers such as [PERSON Gunnar Thorson] , [PERSON Marie Lebour] and others . The 
common [ORGANIZATION European Periwinkle {Littorina Httorea] ) will serve here as an ideal 
example of the pelagic type of development . The female spawns two to 
twelve hours after copulation by the male . About 200 single q^^ capsules 
are shed during the night . During the entire breeding season of six months , 
the total number of tgg capsules per female is estimated at about 5000, and 
a half dozen copulations are necessary to ensure fertilization of all the eggs . 
The helmet-shaped capsules are shed freely and float about in the water . 
Each contains from one to nine eggs . The free-swimming young , called 
veligers , hatch on the sixth day and remain afloat for two weeks or more , 
depending upon temperature conditions , then sink to the bottom and begin 
an adult snail 's life of crawling . They reach maturity on the second or third 
year and may live for five to ten years . 

In [LOCATION contrast] to this mode of spawning , the Left-handed Whelk of [LOCATION Florida] 
[ORGANIZATION {Busycon] contrarhmi ) lays its horny strings of t 'g^g capsules during a rela- 
tively short period of a few weeks . On the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] egg-laying 
usually takes place in the spring . The female digs down well below the 
surface of the sand and attaches the first few capsules to a buried rock or 
broken shell . As the process of extrusion of the t^g capsules continues , the 
female moves toward the surface until its siphon can protrude into the water 
to allow easy respiration . As more capsules are made , the string may loop 
out into the water above the hidden adult . From five to fifteen cases may 
be formed each day , and a completed two-foot-long string may have nearly 
a hundred capsules . Within each case there may be two to twenty-five eggs 
which in a few weeks will develop to quarter-inch-long young . These minia- 
ture replicas of the adults eat their way out of the case at a special " door " 
and commence crawling and feeding immediately . The [MISC Left-handed Whelk] 
begins spawning at a relatively early age , commonly when no larger than 
three inches . In such cases the capsules are only a half inch in diameter , 
while larger females may produce capsules about the size of a half dollar . 



CHAPTER III 

Life of the [MISC Clams] 



Of the approximate 15,000 species of existing clams or bivalves , four fifths 
live in the sea , while the remainder are inhabitants of fresh-water rivers , lakes 
and ponds . Throughout the seventy or so famihes of this class , the clams 
show an amazing diversity of ways of adapting themselves to almost every 
kind of aquatic environment . There are clams that swim , burrow , dangle by 
silken threads , others that are permanently cemented to rocks and corals , 
some that live a sedentary life of attachment to other marine creatures . In 
size , they vary from the 500-pound giant [PERSON Tridacna] clams of the [LOCATION East Indies] , 
which reach a length of over four feet , to the pinhead-sized [ORGANIZATION Amethyst Gem] 
Shells {Gemma ) , which so heavily populate some of our intertidal flats . In 
ornamentation and coloration the clams are almost unexcelled in their wide 
range of beautiful hues and bizarre shapes . 

WHERE THEY LIVE 

The bivalves have selected a wide variety of ecological stations in life . 
While many must live in strictly marine waters , a few have adapted them- 
selves to the brackish waters and estuaries and inland bays . One species , the 
'Coon Oyster of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] , has " taken to the trees " and 
is able to withstand exposure to the air for several hours , or even days , 
between high tides . In its early , free-swimming stages , the oyster is carried 
by the rising tide in among the roots , trunks and overhanging boughs of the 
mangrove trees where it settles and attaches itself . Feeding , growth and 
reproductive activities take place only during the few short hours of high 

31 



32 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

tide . The [ORGANIZATION Coquina Clam] , [PERSON Donax] , is faced with much the same problem of 
making the most of high tides but , in [LOCATION contrast] to the sedentary hfe of its 
oyster cousin , it leads a very active existence on the sandy beaches along the 
open ocean . It is an attractive sight when a scouring wave suddenly studs 
the white beach with dozens of brightly hued clams . The tumbling motion 
and sudden exposure to light act as a stimulus to the clam which instantly 
thrusts out its small muscular foot and rapidly pulls itself down into the 
sand again . During the three or four hours in which the waves are sweeping 
the middle and upper sections of the beach , the tiny clams may be uncovered 
and obliged to burrow down again several hundred times . 

While many clams prefer clean sand as a habitat , others are habitual 
mud-dwellers . The handsome [PERSON Angel Wing] , [PERSON Barnea] costata , is usually found 
in mud so soft and deep that [LOCATION Florida] collectors find it extremely difficult to 
reach them . The [PERSON Angel Wing] is usually located one or two feet below the 
mud surface and maintains its connection with the bay 's waters with its long 
siphon . Because of its popularity as a souvenir and collector 's item , methods 
have been devised to collect them at high tide from a boat or barge . Power- 
ful jets of water are forced through hoses , the mud is swept away from the 
clams , and then hand-nets are employed to gather them . In more shallow 
regions where a mixture of sand in the bay bottom permits walking , the 
exposed [ORGANIZATION Angel Wings] are gathered by hand at the next low tide . 

The majority of marine clams live in a substrate of sandy mud , but a 
few have become specialized to the extent of making burrows in exceedingly 
compact clay , as in the case of the [MISC Arctic Saxicave] , [PERSON Hiatella] arctica , and 
the False Angel Wing , [ORGANIZATION Petricola] . A few groups such as the [PERSON Date Mussels] , 
[PERSON Lithophaga] , and the [ORGANIZATION Piddocks] , [PERSON Pholas] , burrow into corals , other shells or 
soft rocks such as sandstone and limestone . The shipworms , [PERSON Teredo] and 
[LOCATION Bankia] , are expert at drilling out their long , tube-like homes in wooden 
planks of ships , wharf pilings , and [LOCATION manila] hemp . So too is the [ORGANIZATION Wood Piddock] 
or [PERSON Martesia] . 

A large proportion of bivalves are found in shallow water , but many 
others are typically deep-water dwellers . The bathymetric range for some 
species may be narrowly defined in the case of certain scallops . Dipper 
[LOCATION Clams {Cuspidaria] ) and astartes . On the other hand , some species found in 
a few feet of water may also occur in depths of over two miles . One species 
of [ORGANIZATION Abra Clam] , [PERSON Abra] projundorum [PERSON E. A. Smith] , has been dredged in the 
[LOCATION mid-North Pacific] at a depth of 2,900 fathoms — over three miles ! 

HOW THEY GROW 

The shelly valves of clams are the product of the fleshy mantle . This 
thin , leaf-like organ covers the animal as the flyleaves cover the body of a 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Clams] 3 3 

book and , by its physiological activities , secretes the hard valves of calcium 
carbonate , which thus come to occupy the position of the covers of the 
book . In the simplest form of mantle the edges are free except on the back , 
where the hinge of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is located , corresponding to the arrangement of a 
book . Sea water may enter the cavity enclosed by the mantle at almost any 
place . In many groups of bivalves , however , the mantle edges may be fused , 
not only along the back where the valves are joined together but along all 
or most of the lower margins . Openings are usually present to accommodate 
the foot and siphons when such organs are developed . 




Figure io . Structure and layers of a clam shell [PERSON {Tellma] tenuis ) , a , [PERSON Diagrammatic] 

representation of a small piece of shell; [ORGANIZATION b] , [MISC Cross-section] of shell showing the loose 

end of periostracum around the margin of the shell . ( After [PERSON Trueman] 1942. ) 



From its food supply the clam absorbs minerals into its blood system 
which are then carried to the mantle . A certain amount of shell deposition 
takes place along the thickened borders of the mantle , although a small 
amount , including pearly or nacreous material in some species , is laid down 
by other parts of this organ . The liquid secretion of lime salts becomes 
crystallized when mixed in a colloidal albumen which is also produced by 
the mantle . Several types of [PERSON shelly] material are laid down in definite layers , 
and the structure and composition may vary depending upon the family or 
genus of mollusks . The structure of a layer may be prismatic ( made up of 
tiny , individual , closely packed prisms ) , foliated ( layers built up of over- 
lapping leaves ) , nacreous ( mother-of-pearl ) , granular ( like grains of sugar 
stuck together ) , crossed laniellar ( a common type in which the long lamellae 
are rectangular ) , or it may be homogejieous with no visible structure . The 
mineral character of these layers may be calcite ( 2.7 times as heavy as water ) 
or aragonite ( 2.9 times as heavy as water ) , both of which are forms of 
calcium carbonate . 

The shell of the tellin clam ( [LOCATION Tellina] ) , for instance , is made up of three 
layers of calcium carbonate and the horny periostracum . The latter con- 



34 America} ! Seashells 

sists of a very thin layer of conchiolin , probably not more than 0.003 n^ " ^- 
in thickness . In other clams , such as Area , it may be many times as thick . 
It is normally secreted from a group of cells situated just under the tip of the 
mantle . The three shell layers are : ( i ) The outer layer of shell which 
consists of elongate radial prisms of calcite . These are arranged in concen- 
tric bands which are plainly visible on the outer surface of the shell . ( 2 ) The 
middle layer which is entirely composed of aragonite in the form of " crossed 
lamella . " This specialized structure is peculiar to mollusks . ( 3 ) The inner 
layer which is a homogeneous layer of porcellaneous material . 

The Pen Shells of the genus Pi72na commonly found on the west coast 
beaches of [LOCATION Florida] offer an excellent demonstration of prismatic structure . 
When the surface is examined with a high-powered lens , it appears to be 
honeycombed . What you see are the ends of the needle-like prisms of 
calcite which , although closely packed together , are separated from each 
other by a thin varnish of conchiolin . By examining the edge of the broken 
shell you can make out the prisms in side view . 

Most clams continue to grow in size during lifetime , but the greatest in- 
crease takes place during the first year or two . A species may show con- 
siderable variation in its manner of growth under different living conditions 
at various localities . Thus the [ORGANIZATION Pacific Razor Clam] ( [PERSON Siliqiia] patula ) in its 
southern range in [LOCATION California] grows much faster and reaches a length of 
about five inches in three years . In [LOCATION Alaska] , however , it grows more slowly , 
taking five to eight years to reach the same size . Yet the northern colonies 
continue to grow for a greater length of time , some living for fifteen to 
eighteen years and eventually reaching a length of over six inches . This 
is also true of the [LOCATION Pacific Cockle] [PERSON {Clinocardhmi] nuttalli ) which in ten years 
grows to three inches in length in [LOCATION California] , but in [LOCATION Alaska] it survives six- 
teen years to reach a length of five inches . 

The maximum age is known for a few species of clams . It is believed 
that the giant [MISC Tridacna] clam of the [MISC Indo-Pacific] lives for perhaps a hundred 
years , but this has not been confirmed by experiments or accurate calcula- 
tions . The average age of the [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Bay Scallop {Aeqiiipecten] irradians ) 
is about sixteen months , its maximum age only two or three years . The 
average age of a five-inch [ORGANIZATION Pismo Clam] ( [PERSON Tivela] stidtonim ) on the [LOCATION Pacific] 
[ORGANIZATION Coast] is about eight years , its maximum age twenty-five years . The Com- 
mon [ORGANIZATION Blue Adussel] ( [PERSON Mytilus] edulis ) grows to about two inches the first year , 
to four inches the second year but , beyond this , it grows very little although 
it may live for a total of seven or eight years . The [ORGANIZATION Soft Shell Clam] {My a 
arenaria ) takes about five years to reach an edible size of three or four inches 
and may live for ten years . The [ORGANIZATION AVashington Clam] {Saxidounis imttalli ) lives 
ten to fifteen years or longer , while [PERSON Nuttall] 's [ORGANIZATION Gaper Clam {Schizothaenis] 
nuttalli ) may survive for seventeen years . 



Life of the [LOCATION Cla] ? ns 



[ORGANIZATION HOW THEY FEED] 



35 



Normally one does not think of clams and oysters as being very active 
feeders and certainly , in comparison with the voracious methods of fish 
and squid , the bivalves are rather peaceful eaters . Yet in their characteristic 
way they are highly efficient and , in proportion to their size , possess a large 
and varied menu . Most clams feed on minute plants and , in a relatively short 
time , can filter from the sea water an extraordinary number of living diatoms 
and dinoflagellates — microscopic , swimming plants — and protozoa of the 
ocean . A few genera , such as the small [LOCATION Cuspidaria] and [ORGANIZATION Foromya] clams , are 
carnivorous and feed upon small living or dead animals , usually crustaceans 
and annelid worms . 




Figure i i. Extended animals of some bivalves , showing various types of siphons . 

a , [PERSON Mya] arenaria Linne; b , [PERSON Tellina] agilis Stimpson; c , [PERSON Tagelus] plebeius Solander; 

d , [PERSON Eiisis] directus [PERSON Conrad] . ( From [PERSON A. E. Verrill] 1873. ) 

The bivalves fall into two general classes of feeders — suspension feeders 
which merely pump water through their mantle cavity and thus obtain free- 
swimming or suspended creatures from the water; or deposit feeders which 
suck up food from the muddy bottom with their long , mobile inhalant si- 
phons . Among the suspension feeders are the oysters , scallops , venus clams , 
cockles , the shipworms and many others . They may or may not possess 
siphons , but when present these are generally short . The deposit feeders 
include such forms as [LOCATION Tellina] , [PERSON Macoma] and [ORGANIZATION Abra] which all have long siphons . 

Whether food is taken in through the inhalant siphon as in the tellins or 
through a slit in the mantle as in the scallops , it must pass over the gills . These 
filament-like organs are covered by a thin sheet of mucus . Food passing 
through the gills becomes ensnarled in the mucus which is transported by 
water currents and myriads of tiny , hair-like cilia . [PERSON Mucus] is constantly be- 



36 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



ing secreted and carried to the food grooves bordering the gills , along which 
the food-laden strands are carried to the mouth . 

Our common Atlantic Oyster and those in [LOCATION France] are frequently found 
with green gills . The " green oysters " of [PERSON Marennes] , [LOCATION France] , are famous 
for their supposed medicinal qualities . Americans are incHned to shy from 
* 'green oysters , " because they fear the color may be a sign of spoilage . 
Oysters feeding upon the small diatom , [PERSON Navicula] ostrearia , digest these single- 
celled plants and absorb from them large quantities of blue pigment . In the 
tissues of the oyster 's gills the pigment appears in the form of a sickly but 
quite harmless green . Occasionally , however , our oysters may take on a 
general greenish tint , not due to diatoms but to an increase in the amount 
of copper in the tissues . Such oysters have a rather brassy taste . 



\ I 




Figure 12. [PERSON Siphons] of bivalves projecting above the sand bottom . [PERSON Mya] ( [ORGANIZATION b] ) is a 

suspension feeder , the others deposit feeders , a , [PERSON Tellina] and [PERSON Macoma;] b , [PERSON Mya;] c , 

Gari; d , Donax; e , Tr achy car dhim . ( After [PERSON C. M.] Yonge 1949. ) 

The clam has considerable choice in what it wishes to eat , and it can 
reject undesirable particles of sand or oversized pieces of food . The gills 
and the two fleshy palps , or flaps guarding the mouth , help in sorting out 
the right-sized organisms . Acceptable food is taken into the funnel-shaped 
mouth , passed through a short esophagus and enters the stomach . Inside the 
stomach , a further selection of food may take place with indigestible matter 
being passed on immediately through the intestine . The best food passes from 
the stomach into the digestive gland where it is broken down chemically 
and absorbed into the blood stream . 





[PERSON TELLINI\] CHLf\MYS MYTILUS [ORGANIZATION VOLSELLA] 

[PERSON Fi] ( [PERSON ;i] ! KK 13. [PERSON Fecal] pellets of niollusks are characteristic in shape and may aid in 
identification of genera and species . ( After [PERSON H. B. Moore] 193 1. ) 



Life of the [LOCATION Cla] ? ns 37 

Lying close to the stomach is a sac which contains a cucumber-shaped , 
jelly-hke crystaUine style . The end of this style projects into the stomach . 
It rotates clockwise and dissolves its enzymes in the stomach which aid in 
digesting the food , that is , in converting starch into sugar . The style , numer- 
ous ciha and the furrows on the stomach wall aid in churning the food . 

The fecal pellets of mollusks are often very distinctive for the various 
genera and species . Some are cylindrical rods , others elongated strings or 
ribbons , and a few consist of strands wrapped up in round balls . In cross- 
section , some rods are characteristically bi- or trilobed . 

Feeding is not done at all times , although a great part of a bivalve 's life 
is spent in securing food . The oyster , for instance , spends from seventeen 
to twenty hours of each 24-hour period in taking in water for the purpose 
of feeding and breathing . Individuals living in the intertidal zone and left 
dry by receding tides or exposed to water heavily charged with silt spend 
considerably less time feeding . During cold periods , when the water tempera- 
ture falls below 40° [PERSON F] , the oyster goes into a state of hibernation , and it 
ceases to feed because of the lack of coordination of the ciliary motion along 
the surface of the gills . Under ideal conditions , the [ORGANIZATION Giant Pacific Oyster] 
( [PERSON Crassostrea] gigas ) filters 5% quarts of water per hour at 77° F ( i quart at 
34° [MISC F] ) . In a year , the total amount would fill a 1 0,000-gallon tank car . 

Perhaps the most startling modification of obtaining food nutrients is 
exhibited in the giant [MISC Tridacna] clams of the [MISC Indo-Pacific] reefs . These clams 
literally " farm " colonies of brown-colored algal plants ( [LOCATION Zooxajitbellae] ) in 
their huge , exposed mantle edges . Unlike most clams , the [PERSON Tridacnas] spread 
their valves open and expose their mantles to as much sunlight as possible 
for the benefit of these single-celled seaweeds . In addition , small , fleshy 
tubercles grow on the surface of the mantle in which are located lens-like , 
clear cells . Sunlight can thus penetrate down into the flesh and be diffused 
into areas which otherwise would not receive enough light for the algae . 
Surplus plant cells are engulfed by phagocyte blood cells of the clam and 
transported to the digestive gland for absorption as food . The giant clams 
also feed in the conventional gill-to-mouth manner and are therefore not 
entirely dependent on the algae . The algae , however , must have a clam 
as a host in order to survive . This peculiar symbiosis is found to a lesser 
extent in the [ORGANIZATION Bear Paw Clam] ( Hippopus ) , the [ORGANIZATION Heart Cockle] ( [ORGANIZATION Corculum] ) and 
the nudibranch , [PERSON Phestilla] . This phenomenon is not to be confused with the 
pathologic entry of the parasitic blue-green algae in fresh-water mussels , 
[PERSON Anodonta] and [ORGANIZATION Unio] . 

While the gills are the main organs for catching , sorting and transporting 
food in the majority of clams , they are limited to respiratory functions in 
a few groups . The smallest and most inefficient gills are found in the primi- 
tive protobranchs [ORGANIZATION {Nuctila] , [PERSON Nuculana] , etc . ) and in the small , highly evolved 



38 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

septibranch clams ( [LOCATION Poromya] and [LOCATION Cuspidaria] ) . In order to make up for the 
loss of efficient food-gathering gills , the palps near the mouth have become 





Figure 14. The pair of proboscides in the Nut Clams , [LOCATION Nucula] , sweep up food and 
transport it to the mouth . The gills are not used in gathering food as in the majority 
of clams , a , X5; b and c , ends of the proboscides . Xio . ( After [PERSON K. Hirasaka] 1927. ) 

very specialized . In the [ORGANIZATION Nucula Nut Clams] , a pair of strong , muscular , con- 
tractile organs serve as food gatherers . These proboscides are very flexible , 
moving about freely in all directions . Food material is picked up by the tip 
and is carried swiftly down a large groove in the proboscis to a palp pouch 
and then to the stomach by means of minute cilia . [PERSON E. S. Morse] very aptly 
described the action of these appendages in our [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Nut Clam] , [PERSON Nucula] 
proxima : 

Without seeing the behaviour of these appendages it is difficult to appre- 
ciate the remarkable action of these feeding organs . The graceful move- 
ments of these beautiful and translucent appendages , exceeding the length 
of the shell , sweeping rapidly the bottom of the dish in which they are 
confined , or even turned back and feeding on the surface of the shell , are 
a most curious and interesting sight . 

HOW THEY BREATHE 

Oddly enough , the gills of the bivalves are not primarily used for respira- 
tion , despite their conspicuous size . As has been noted , their main function 
is in connection with feeding . Some experts deny their role as respiratory 
organs entirely , claiming that the mantle with its extremely effective blood 
supply serves as the main place of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange . 
It has been found that blood coming from the mantle to the heart is com- 
pletely charged with oxygen received from the sea water . Undoubtedly , 
however , the gills do absorb oxygen to some extent . [PERSON Indirectly] , the gills 
are extremely useful in respiration , since they produce the all-important 
currents which bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide dissolved in the 
water . 



Life of the [LOCATION Cla] ? ns 39 

A certain amount of respiration may take place even when the valves 
of certain bivalves are completely shut during exposure to dryness or to 
heat from the sun . What little air may be trapped within the mantle cavity 
of the animal is soon used up . [LOCATION Oxygen] is then obtained anerobically ( with- 
out contact with air ) by cleavage of reserve glycogen substances stored in 
the clam 's tissues . Carbon dioxide builds up and is dissolved in the fluid 
in the mantle cavity , and the resulting increase in acidity may dissolve or 
etch away portions of the shell . Shells of oysters and the [ORGANIZATION Patella limpets] 
vv^hich are kept dry on the rocky coast for unusually long periods show 
considerable etching on the inside . Shells of the Date Mussels {Lithophaga ) , 
which live in a small volume of water in their rock burrows , are etched in 
this manner , while those specimens which live in the same volume of well- 
aerated water are not etched . 

[ORGANIZATION Bivalves] can be forced to cease respiration for several days without 
succumbing , but they are very susceptible to polluted waters and excess 
amounts of silt . The " red tide " caused severe destruction to the marine fauna 
on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] in 1946, and for several years afterward the 
" shelling " on famous [LOCATION Sanibel Island] was little better than it is on [ORGANIZATION Coney] 
[LOCATION Island Beach] , [LOCATION New York] . " [MISC Red tides] " have occurred from time to time in 
[LOCATION California] , [LOCATION Washington State] , [LOCATION Japan] , [PERSON Austraha] and elsewhere . They are caused 
by an unusual increase in the numbers of single-celled dinoflagellates , Gony- 
aiilax . It is believed that billions of these organisms not only deplete the 
oxygen supply but also clog the gills of fish , moUusks and other animals which 
die in vast numbers and further befoul the ocean . Fortunately , these " red 
tides " spend themselves out , and the coastal waters return to normal in a 
few years . 

Another species of [PERSON Gojiyaulax] ( [PERSON G. catanella] ) may be ingested by mus- 
sels and clams and , although it does no harm to the mollusk , it is highly toxic 
to humans who may eat the infected shellfish . A number of deaths have 
occurred on both of our coasts from this type of mussel poisoning . There 
is no way of distinguishing poisonous from sound mussels by their appear- 
ance , and heat does not destroy the poison . [PERSON Mussel] poisoning occurs along 
the [LOCATION California] coast from May 15 to October 15. There is another such 
center in [LOCATION Nova Scotia] . 

Among the various schemes of classification of the bivalves , the type 
of gill structure has been used by many students of phylogeny ( the study 
of molluscan ancestral trees ) , such as [PERSON Lankester] , [PERSON Pelseneer] , [PERSON Ridewood] and 
others . Opponents to this system , such as [PERSON Neumayr] , [PERSON Munier-Chalmas] , [LOCATION Dall] , 
[ORGANIZATION Cotton] and others , have based their classification on the hinges of the shell 
valves . Neither system is without its weaknesses , and in some modern schemes 
the two systems are employed together . 

There are four main types of gills : ( i ) Protobranch , in which the gills 



40 



American Se ash ells 



are flat , plate-like , unreflected lamellae and are regarded as the most primi- 
tive ( [LOCATION Nucula] , [LOCATION Yoldia] , etc . ) ; ( 2 ) [PERSON Filibranch] , in which the gills are long 
curtains folded back against themselves and held close to each other by the 




Figure 15. [PERSON Diagrammatic] cross-sections of clams showing the major types of gill 
structure , a , protobranch; b , filibranch; c , eulamellibranch; d , septibranch . 

interlocking of the tiny cilia on the surface of the gill filaments ( arks , mus- 
sels , scallops , etc . ) ; ( 3 ) [PERSON Eulamellibranch] , similar to the filibranchs except that 
the gill curtains are united by cross-channels ( astartes , cardiums , venus clams , 
tellins and many others ) ; ( 4 ) Septibranch , which have very degenerate gill 
structures consisting of two pallial chambers with only gill slits or very 
reduced gill filaments acting as windows to the chambers ( [LOCATION Cuspidaria] and 
[LOCATION Poromya] ) . 



HOW THEY REPRODUCE 

The staid bivalve has made his share of contributions to experiments in 
sex and reproduction , and throughout the class we find varying degrees of 
sexual differentiation , as well as all manner of ways of insuring proper fertili- 
zation , protection of the young and thus the continuation of the species . 

The pelecypods have no copulatory organs or other external sexual 
characteristics , with the exception that in certain species of fresh-water 
mussels , the marine astartes and a few other genera , the two sexes can be 
distinguished by the shape of the adult shell . The majority of the bivalves 
as a group are predominantly of separate sexes , but at least four percent of 
those adequately studied are known to deviate from the strictly dioecious , 
or unisexual , condition . 

A few species are true hermaphrodites in which the same individual 
contains both female and male sex organs which may produce eggs and 
sperm simultaneously . In this group are found certain species of [LOCATION Pecten] , 
[PERSON Tridacna] ( the [ORGANIZATION Giant Pacific Clam] ) , [PERSON Kellia] , [PERSON Dinocardiwn] , [PERSON Gemma] , [PERSON Tivela] 
( the [MISC Pismo Clam] ) , [PERSON Tlyracia] , [LOCATION Porojnya] , the shipworm [MISC Teredo] diegensis and 
the fresh-water genera [PERSON Anodonta] , Pisidium and [LOCATION Sphaeriwn] . In some of these 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Clams] 41 

the eggs are fertilized within the mantle cavity , and the young complete 
development to the adult form in brood pouches on the gills of the parent . 
Usually self-fertilization does not occur , for in the majority of these species 
the sperm is discharged before the eggs are mature in the same individual 
( protandric hermaphroditism ) . 

Other kinds of bivalves are accustomed to practicing sex reversal in 
which the early part of their lives is spent as males and their " adulthood " 
as females . In the [LOCATION Quahog {Mercenaria] mere en aria ) , nearly all individuals 
experience a male phase in which functional sperm is produced while the 
clam is only a few months old . Following this initial male phase , about half 
of the population turns female to produce eggs , while the other half remains 
male . No further sex change takes place . 

Sex reversal is apparently very popular among some of the oysters , 
such as our native [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Ostrea liirida] . In this species there is a series 
of male and female phases . There may be three changes within a single 
year . Usually the male phase comes on first . Alternating sexuality also 
occurs in our [LOCATION Atlantic Oyster {Crassostrea] virginica ) , but the early sex organs 
are capable of turning toward either male- or femaleness . It is not known , at 
present , to what extent environmental conditions determine the direction 
of sex chan^-e . It has been shown , however , that under unfavorable circum- 
stances , when circulation of water is poor and the food supply low , there are 
more female oysters in a colony . When conditions improve , the percentage 
of males increases considerably . 

[PERSON Thorough] studies have now been made to show that normally no sex 
reversal occurs and that the sexes are separate and of equal numbers in a 
given colony in the following species : [PERSON Modiolus] deviissiis , [PERSON Mytihis] calif orni- 
anus , [PERSON Septifer] bifurcatus , [PERSON Anomia] sivtplex , [PERSON Mytihis] edtilis , [ORGANIZATION Fetricola] pholadi- 
forfnis , [PERSON Donax] goiildi , [PERSON Mya] arenaria ( [MISC Soft-shell Clam] ) and the [PERSON Angel Wing] , 
[PERSON Barnea] costata . 

The number of eggs produced by the female bivalve may vary consider- 
ably depending upon the species and environmental conditions . Species 
which retain the fertilized eggs within their bodies for further development 
invariably produce fewer eggs than those species which discharge them into 
the water . The oysters are probably among the greatest molluscan producers 
of eggs . [PERSON C. R. Elsey] estimates that one female Crassostrea gigas of [LOCATION Japan] 
and our northwest [LOCATION Pacific Coast] may discharge into the water each year 
eggs numbering looo to the eighth power . If all survived in five generations , 
the aggregate would be large enough to make eight worlds like ours . Need- 
less to say , enemies and unfavorable conditions kill off most of the young . 

In [LOCATION contrast] to this prodigious eflFort on the part of the oyster , the Dwarf 
[ORGANIZATION Turton Clam] ( [LOCATION Turtonia] iimmta ) deposits only 12 to 20 eggs which are 
neatly encased in oval tgg masses of gelatinous material . While most species 



42 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



of [ORGANIZATION Nucula Nut Clams] discharge their eggs freely into the water , one New 
[LOCATION England] species , [PERSON N. delphinodoiita] , deposits from 20 to 70 tiny , opaque 
brown eggs in a gelatinous sac which is attached to the posterior end of the 
valves of the shell . Small bits of debris and mud stick to the outside of this 
sac , which probably serve as a camouflage . Many bivalves keep the develop- 
ing young within the mantle cavity or in the meshes of the gills until the 
tiny shells are quite well advanced in development . With the aid of a high- 
powered lens one may readily see tiny juvenile clams inside the translucent 
adult shells of such genera as [PERSON Gemma] , [PERSON Fardstarte] , [LOCATION Psephidia] , [PERSON Transennella] , 
[PERSON Kellia] , [PERSON Lepton] and [PERSON Lasaea] . The odd Dwarf Milner Clam of [LOCATION California] {Mil- 
[LOCATION Jieria] minima ) incubates about 50 young in a peculiar external pouch . The 
valves are indented on the ventral margins to form a neat exterior pocket . 
To prevent the young from dropping out , a sheath of periostracum is 
stretched over the entrance . When the small clam shells have grown suffi- 
ciently to fend for themselves , the sheath is " unzipped , " and all tumble out 
into the free world . 




Figure 16. The shipworm , [LOCATION Bavkia] goiildi , in the act of fertilizing its neighbor . 
The spotted siphons are shown projecting from the wood in which these bivalves 
live . [ORGANIZATION Arrows] indicate the direction of water currents . X5. ( [PERSON Redrawn] from [PERSON W. F.] 

[PERSON Clapp] 195 1. ) 

In practically all cases , the sperm from [LOCATION bivalves] is liberated into the 
water where it comes in contact with unfertilized eggs that have been pre- 
viously released . In cases where eggs are retained by females , the sperm is 
sucked in through the inhalant siphon of the mother . Only one instance of 
pseudo-copulation is known . In 1951 workers at the [PERSON W. F. Clapp] Labora- 
tories observed [PERSON Gould] 's [ORGANIZATION Shipworm {Teredo] ) placing their exhalant siphons 
down into their neighbors ' inhalant siphons and discharging what is pre- 
sumed to have been sperm . 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Clams] 43 

HOW THEY SENSE AND SEE 

Bivalves are the least " brainy " of the moUusks and , although the central 
nervous system forms a rather complicated latticework throughout the body , 
its three pairs of " brains " are merely swellings or ganglia in the larger nerves . 
The pair of so-called cerebral gangUa control the actions of the lip palps 
near the mouth , parts of the mantle , and they also receive " nerve notices " 
from the tiny organs of balance , the otocysts . The second major pair of 
ganglia are the pedals which supply the foot . This pair is large in the clams 
that use the foot for digging or burrowing , but it is extremely small or 
aborted in the oysters in which the foot is not used . The third pair , or vis- 
ceral ganglia , is usually the largest and supplies the adductor muscles and 
the visceral mass . The remarkable eyes of the scallops are connected with 
this pair of visceral ganglia . 

Many of the bivalve larvae possess true paired eyes , but in all cases these 
are lost when the animal transforms into the adult stage . The adults of a 
number of clams and mussels have developed pigment spots sensitive to 
changing light , but in the scallops true eyes are well-developed . When the 
shell of a scallop is open there can be seen just within the margin of each 
valve a line of small , brilliant , emerald-like dots on the mantle , each of which 
is a small eye fully equipped with cornea , focusing lens , receptive retina and 
conducting nerves . 

HOW THEY BURROW AND [ORGANIZATION SWIM] 

There are bivalves that swim , leap , crawl and burrow deeply in mud , 
sand or clay , and some that bore into [PERSON wood] , rock and even lead casings of 
submarine cables . Even the rock-bound oyster and the stuck-in-the-mud 
clam have their days of wandering about as free-swimming lan^ae before 
they settle down to a life of permanent attachment or clumsy crawling . 

The habit of swimming among adult bivalves is rare . The scallops and 
the [ORGANIZATION Lima File Clams] not infrequently swim . Only under the abnormal condi- 
tion of finding themselves " unearthed " do the [ORGANIZATION Eiisis Razor Clams] and the 
[MISC Solemya Veiled Clams] practice jet propulsion through the water . The Razor 
Clam swims backward in quick , short jerks by first extending its long cylin- 
drical foot out from the shell and then suddenly withdrawing it with great 
force . This action , together with the closing of the shell valves , quickly 
forces the water within the mantle cavity out through the openings at the 
anterior or foot end . Thus the razor clam darts through the water with its 
pumping foot to the rear . In [LOCATION Solemya] , the foot is in front of the animal 
as it swims . In this case the water is admitted around the foot but is ex- 
pelled from the opposite end through the siphons . 



44 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



The highly developed swimming ability of the scallops accounts for 
the migratory powers of the great schools of these active bivalves . One 
would normally expect the direction of swimming taken by a scallop snap- 
ping its valves together to be " backward " in the direction of the hinges . 
Although that type of movement is on rare occasions used as an escape 
measure , the typical swimming movement is in the opposite direction with 
the free edge of the shell going in front , so that the animal appears to be 
taking a series of bites out of the water . This odd action is made possible 
by the vertical , curtain-like edges of the muscular mantle . When the valves 
are snapped shut by the powerful adductor muscle , water is driven out , not 
past the mantle curtains but through the regions around the hinge or ears of 
the shell . By manipulating these curtains , which can be extended or with- 
drawn locally , the scallop is able to vary the amount and position of exodus 
of water and hence can direct its course . If accidentally turned over onto 
the wrong valve , the scallop can execute a neat flip and regain its normal 
position . 

While the scallop always swims with its valves in a horizontal plane , 
the Lw/^ File Clams most frequently progress edgewise , that is , with the 
breadth of the valves vertical or slightly oblique . The long , colorful tenta- 
cles of the [ORGANIZATION Lifna] keep the animal momentarily suspended in water while 
the valves are being opened in preparation for another " bite " forward . The 
[PERSON Li7na] is a poor swimmer and , because of its habit of building nests under 
rocks , apparently has no incentive to undertake migrations as is done by 



--FOOT 



. 6HELL 




Figure 17. The mode of locomotion in tlie bivalve , Yoldia Intiatnla . a , the foot is 

thrust forward; b , the muscular flaps are spread apart to form an anchor; c , the 

foot is withdrawn , thus pulling the animal forward; d , by closing the flaps together , 

the foot is made ready for another thrust forward . ( After [PERSON Drew] 1900. ) 



Life of the [ORGANIZATION Clams] 45 

the scallops . Scallops of the genus Chlamys are equally poor swimmers and , 
unlike adult [LOCATION Pecten] , spin small byssal threads for attachment to the bottom . 

[PERSON Burrowing] in sand and mud is accomplished by the foot of the bivalve . 
The principle is the same in all digging clams . The foot is slowly protruded 
with the pointed tip wriggling down into the mud . During this extension 
the end of the foot is kept small , but when it reaches its greatest extension 
the end is suddenly swelled into a great bulb and the whole foot becomes very 
rigid . This is accomplished by injecting blood into the foot . The bulbous 
end serves as an anchor while the clam withdraws the foot and pulls its 
entire shell deeper into the mud . In the case of the [ORGANIZATION Razor Clam] , this action 
is accompanied by a jet of water against the mud ahead . The dislodged mud 
is washed up the sides of the shell and out the burrow . The action is similar 
to the pile driver that opens a way for the pile by a somewhat similar stream 
of water . 

Because of its long , powerful foot the [ORGANIZATION Razor Clam] is capable of leaping . 
Generally , when this clam is lying on the surface of the mud , the foot is 
bent back under the shell and is then suddenly made rigid with the result 
that it is straightened out with great rapidity . In some cases the animal 
may turn itself end over end . 

Many types of clams are especially adapted to boring into hard clay , 
shale , sandstone and concrete . The [PERSON Date Mussels] , [PERSON Lithophaga] , possess acid- 
secreting glands as an aid to penetrating limestone . The shell of the clam 
would of course be dissolved by this acid were it not for the thick , protective 
covering of periostracum . The [PERSON Saxicave Borers] , [PERSON Hiatella] , may live attached 
by a byssus on surfaces that they cannot penetrate , or they may bore into 
soft rock . The boring of the adults is wholly mechanical and is accomplished 
by rubbing the edges of their shell valves against the rock . [PERSON Hiatella] stays near 
enough to the surface to allow its siphons to protrude just outside its cone- 
shaped burrow . In three years the burrow is only three fourths of an inch 
in length and , after eight years of constant grinding and new gowth of 
shell , it is only one and a half inches in length . 

The shipworms burrow long distances into the wood but retain contact 
with the " outside world " by means of the long fleshy , tube-like extension 
of the body . Boring is accomplished by the two valves at the anterior end of 
the tunnel . The denticulated ridges of the shell are the cutting tools , and 
the foot and muscles aid in rotating the shells back and forth . [PERSON Burrowing] 
may progress at the rate of as much as four inches a month . In the genus 
[PERSON Bankia] , at the posterior end of the worm-like animal there are two tiny , 
feathery pallets . These are used to plug the entrance of the burrow , thus 
giving protection from enemies , changes in salinity or other adverse condi- 
tions . When the shipworm is undisturbed , the pallets are drawn inside 
and the siphons extended into the water for breathing and feeding . 



CHAPTER IV 

Lives of the 
Other [MISC MoUusks] 



In addition to the bivalves and snail classes , the mollusks include three other 
groups which are not so frequently seen at the seashore and whose combined 
number of living species probably does not exceed two thousand . Two 
of these classes , the [LOCATION Amphineiira] or [PERSON Chitons] and the [LOCATION Scaphopoda] or Tusk- 
shells , are among the lowliest and most sluggish of the mollusks , but the 
third class , the well-known [ORGANIZATION Cephalopoda] , including the squid and octopuses , 
contains the largest , fastest and most ferocious of all backboneless animals . 

[ORGANIZATION THE SQUID] AND OCT 0 ? \JSYS— CEPHALOPODA 

The octopuses and the giant squid have been spine-chilling characters 
in adventure tales from the days of the ancient [MISC Greeks] to the undersea film 
thrillers of [LOCATION Hollywood] . Nothing seems more appropriate for a horror scene 
then the sudden appearance of a tentacle-lashing , beady-eyed octopus just 
as the hero-diver finds the long-lost treasure chest . And few authors of 
strange sailing voyages can resist retelling the numerous instances in which 
gigantic squid have wrapped their arms about the riggings and dragged ship 
and hapless crew to the bottom . 

But despite the fanciful nature of most , if not all , of these stories , there 
arc enough scientific facts to convince the skeptic of the ferocity , speed 
and unusual intelligence of these creatures . [MISC Canadian] and [MISC American] fisher- 
men have long been familiar with giant squid and have often captured 

46 



Lives of the Other [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 47 

crippled individuals and used them for bait . A number of these giants have 
been brought into museums , and others , stranded on beaches after storms , 
have been measured and recorded by reliable observers . Architeuthis of the 
[LOCATION North Atlantic] waters is know^n to reach a total length of 55 feet . The 
longest arms of this specimen are 3 5 feet , while the length of the body from 
tip of tail to the base of the arms is 20 feet . The greatest circumference 
of the body is 1 2 feet . Sperm whales which feed upon smaller squid have 
often been locked in battle with these giants . The skin of these whales is 
sometimes heavily marked with circular scars caused by the suckers of the 
squid . 

The octopus does not reach a very large size . The largest known species 
occurs on the west coast of [LOCATION North America] where , in [LOCATION Alaska] , Octopus 
punctatus attains a length of 16 feet or a radial spread of nearly 28 feet . 
However , the arms are very small in diameter , and a specimen of such long 
proportions has a body length of not more than a foot . The octopus oc- 
casionally found in the [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] is usually less than three feet 
in radial spread . A dead specimen cast on a beach near [LOCATION Nassau] , [PERSON Bahama] 
[LOCATION Islands] , was reported to have an arm length of five feet , and it was estimated 
that the entire creature weighed about 200 pounds . This , however , is with- 
out verification . Recent reports of octopus holes 100 feet across seen in 
the [LOCATION Bahamas] from the air were made by untrained observers . There is no 
satisfactory evidence that any of these species of Octopus has ever inten- 
tionally attacked man , or that any person has ever been seriously injured 
by one . The octopus is a rather sluggish and timid creature , seeking shelter in 
holes and crevices among the rocks , and is usually small . It feeds mainly on bi- 
valve mollusks but will also eat snails , fish and [PERSON Crustacea] . Its hideouts along the 
shore can usually be detected by the presence of empty shells . 

Locomotion among the cephalopods varies from a slow , " tentacle-walk- 
ing " pace , both in and out of water , to the rapid , jet-propulsion darts which 
are so characteristic of the squid . The so-called aerial " flight " of squid , like 
that of the flyingfish , is actually a gliding operation and largely depends 
upon the initial speed attained under water . Squid have frequently landed 
on the decks of ships a dozen or more feet above the surface of the ocean . 
When a school of squid is alarmed by an approaching ship or by [ORGANIZATION marauding] 
fish , the fleeing squid dart from the water simultaneously and all in one 
direction rather than individually fanning out in several directions in the 
manner of flying fish . 

The squid darts backward , forward , or in any other direction by means 
of the reaction of the jet of water which is ejected with great force from 
the siphon , and direction of movement is controlled by the bending of the 
siphon . Even when it is confined to a limited space , as in a fishpound , it is 
not an easv matter to capture it with a dip-net , so rapid is its movement . 



48 American Se ash ells 

When it is darting rapidly , the lobes of the caudal fin are closely wrapped 
around the body , and the arms are held tightly together to form a streamlined 
outline . Except when attacking or escaping , the squid swims less strenuously , 
using the caudal fin as a balancing organ . 

There are few sights as interesting as that of squid engaged in capturing 
and devouring young mackerel . During the summer this chase may be 
observed from certain wharves in [LOCATION New England] . In attacking mackerel 
the squid darts backward among the fish with the velocity of an arrow , and 
then turns obliquely to one side and seizes a fish , which is almost instantly 
killed by a bite in the back of the neck by the squid 's sharp beak . The bite 
is always made in the same place , cutting out a triangular piece of flesh , and 
is deep enough to penetrate to the spinal cord . The attacks are not always 
successful and may be repeated a dozen times before one of the wary fish 
can be caught . Between attacks a squid may suddenly drop to the bottom 
and , resting on the sand , change its color to that of the sand so perfectly 
as to be almost invisible . Ordinarily , when swimming , it is thickly spotted 
with red and brown but , when darting among the mackerel , it appears trans- 
lucent and pale . The schools of young mackerel often move close to shore 
where the water is shallow and offers more protection . In their eagerness 
to capture fish , the squid frequently force themselves up on the beach where 
they perish by the hundreds . At such times they often discharge their ink 
in large quantities . 

Many species of octopuses and squid possess an ink sac and , in moments 
of great excitation they may expel a large cloud of black or brown liquid 
through the siphon . The ink is of a caustic nature and , in addition to its 
use as a " smoke screen , " it is believed to be distasteful to hungry fish . Two 
sources of sepia ink are a species of squid found along the southeastern 
coast of [LOCATION China] and another found in the [LOCATION Mediterranean Sea] . 

Many geologic eras ago the cephalopods possessed large and showy shells . 
Today , however , shells produced by this class are a rarity . The most spec- 
tacular shell is found produced by the [ORGANIZATION Indo-Pacific Chambered Nautilus] , 
[PERSON Naiitihis] p077ipiliiis . On our shores , the small , white , spirally coiled shell of 
[LOCATION Spirilla] is frequently encountered on southern beaches . The three-inch-long 
[LOCATION Spirula] squid which produces this shell is a denizen of deep water . In other 
squid the internal shell has been reduced to a simple slab of chalky material 
( the [MISC cuttlefish] bone fed to canaries ) or , in the case of the Loligo squid , to 
a thin , elongate shaft of transparent , horny material . 

By an odd turn of fate , squid are heavily preyed upon by adult cod , 
mackerel and other fish , and no doubt some young mackerel which have 
escaped by a tentacle 's breadth have lived to devour later their would-be 
assassins . Squid are taken in large quantities in nets and weirs each year , and 
they constitute one of the main fish baits on the Grand Banks . They are 



Lives of the Other [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 49 

frequently eaten by peoples of the [MISC Mediterranean] area and the [ORGANIZATION Orient] but to 
a much lesser extent by Americans . 

In [LOCATION contrast] to the speedy squid , the octopus is relatively a slow-moving 
creature , although it can swim away at a fairly rapid rate by using the same 
water-jet system of propulsion; it lacks the caudal fins of the squid . The 
underside of the eight arms of the octopus are studded along their entire 
lengths with cup-like disks or acetabula . When a sucker is pressed against 
any smooth surface , the center is withdrawn to create a vacuum which en- 
sures a powerful attachment . An octopus can " tentacle " along with remark- 
able agility and at night may even take to short excursions out of water . I 
have known of an octopus kept in a small aquarium in [LOCATION Bermuda] to push the 
lid off the top , crawl down the table and off the veranda in an attempt to 
reach the ocean . It crawled more than a hundred feet toward the sea before 
it succumbed and was attacked by ants . There have been many authentic 
accounts of encounters with octopus on exposed tidal reefs , and a few ob- 
servers state that the octopus can keep up with a man in a brisk walk . 

Even more astounding than the locomotive powers of the cephalopods 
are their amazing displays of bright , glowing lights and color changes . The 
shallow-water species have embedded in their skin chromatophores whose 
expansion and contraction are controlled by the nervous system . Emotion , 
excitation or response to the color of surrounding objects will effect the 
color changes in the octopus . Among the deep-water squid , many of which 
are phosphorescent , gorgeous underwater pyrotechnics are frequently dis- 
played which far outshine the brightest of fireflies and glowworms . [PERSON Specimens] 
of [LOCATION Lycoteuthis] brought up from considerable depths and kept alive in chilled 
water have had their photographs taken by their own light . The body looks 
as if it were adorned by a diadem of brilliant gems . The middle organs of 
the eyes shine with ultramarine blue , the lateral ones with a pearly sheen . 
Those toward the front of the lower surface of the body give out a ruby-red 
light , while those behind are snow-white or pearly , with the exception of 
the middle organ which is sky-blue . Some squid have astonishingly com- 
plex bull 's-eye lanterns; others have mirrored searchlights . A species of Heter- 
oteuthis is able to spurt out a luminous secretion from its funnel and the 
jet of water following it draws out the bright globules into long , shining 
threads . 

The sexes in the cephalopods are separate , except for two or three 
isolated examples . In most of the species females are much more numerous , 
the ratio of females to males being loo to 15 in some species of the [LOCATION Loligo] 
squid and 100 to 25 in some of the Octopus . The most outstanding feature 
is the morphological differences between the two sexes . In the [LOCATION Argonauta] 
or Paper Nautilus , the females are 10 to 15 times as large as the males which 
completely lack the beautiful shell used by females for storing eggs . The 



50 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

female also differs in having its two dorsal arms enlarged at the end to form 
a veil or mold with which she secretes a shell . In a vast number of species , 
the males are characterized by having one of the arms modified to form a 
copulatory organ . This arm is known as the hectocotylus . In certain octo- 
pods , including the [LOCATION Argonauta] , this arm is broken off and left in the female 
to fertilize the eggs . In all the other groups the hectocotylus is simply held 
inside the female until copulation is complete . It is interesting to note that 
more than 2000 years ago [ORGANIZATION Aristotle] recorded the presence of the hecto- 
cotylus arm in the octopus and correctly associated it with its sexual purpose . 

In the males the sperm is gathered into large sacs or spermatophores 
of several inches in length . These sacs find their way in some unknown 
manner into the hectocotylus arm . Each sac contains a tiny , coiled , spring- 
like filament which spews the ripe sperm out of the sac . 

The eggs of the cephalopods are laid in various ways . They may be 
single and floating in the pelagic species , such as [ORGANIZATION Oegopsida] , congregated 
together in a [PERSON shelly] nest as in [LOCATION Argonmita] , laid in jelly tubes as in the [LOCATION Loligo] 
squid , or anchored in grape-like bunches under rock ledges as in the Octo- 
pus . The embryo emerges from the tgg fully developed and does not have 
a free veliger stage . With the aid of a lens it is possible to see the beautiful 
splotches of bright chromatophores in the skin of the tiny young even before 
they hatch . About a hundred eggs are laid at one sitting by the octopus; 
the squid tgg strings from one female may contain over 40,000 eggs . Some 
species of octopuses take pains to watch over their brood of eggs and from 
time to time may carefully go over them with their tentacles to remove dirt . 

THE [ORGANIZATION CHn01<iS—AMPHINEURA] 

Amateurs and professionals alike have found the chitons or coat-of-mail 
shells an extremely interesting and fruitful field of study , and no collection 
is complete without at least three or four representatives of this strange 
group of mollusks . The chitons closely resemble the gastropods except that 
they bear eight shelly plates . For those who wish to excel in a more serious 
study of a relatively small class of mollusks , no more inviting series of species 
awaits the collector than our chitons of the rocky shores . They are dealt 
with in this book in some detail , for no popular shell book has hitherto at- 
tempted to open the doors to this supposedly " difficult and poorly known " 
group . 

There are nearly fifty species in our [LOCATION Atlantic] waters and perhaps twice 
that number on the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] , and yet this represents fewer species 
than are found in the single family of Wentletraps or Epitonium . Some 
private collectors , such as the late Dr R. [PERSON B. Bales] , were able in a few years 
to make larg^er and finer collections of [LOCATION Florida] chitons than are found even 



Lives of the Other Molliisks 51 

now in our leading museums . [PERSON Hitherto] unknown species await the enthusi- 
astic speciahst in chitons . 

Except for the more easily recognized and common species , such as 
the [LOCATION Pacific Coast Katherina tunicata] and [PERSON A7mcula] stelleri , most identifica- 
tions require a simple understanding of the various parts of the shells and 
the patience to remove one or two of the eight valves for observation under 
a hand lens . Tourist collectors have little time to devote to the special but 
simple methods of collecting and preserving chitons , and unless they are 
willing to take to the shore a bucket , penknife , some thin slabs of wood or 
small glass plates and some soft twine , it w ould be best for them to concen- 
trate their searches on the olives and cowries . 

No one man has done more for the encouragement of chiton collecting 
in [LOCATION America] than Dr S. [PERSON Stillman Berry] of [LOCATION Redlands] , [LOCATION Cahfomia] , and we can- 
not do better than to follow his simple directions . Curled-up specimens 
in collections signify ignorance of methods or lack of time while in the 
field . The chitons are easily flipped from the rock surfaces by quickly in- 
serting a knife blade beneath the edge of the animal . If the [LOCATION chiton] is then 
quickly transferred to the wet surface of a piece of shingle or glass of the 
appropriate width , it may be possible to flatten the creature before it curls 
into a ball . [PERSON Wood] and chiton should be tightly wound with twine or strips 
of cotton cloth , so that the animal will die in this flattened position . The 
bound [PERSON chiton] may be soaked in 60 to 80 percent alcohol for an hour or more , 
or in fresh water , for killing . [PERSON Unbind] , scrape the meat away from the under- 
side , being careful not to damage the outer rim or girdle . Rewrap on the 
wood and set in the hot sun or oven to dry thoroughly . If scientific study 
is to be done at a later date , it is best to keep a few specimens permanently 
in a jar of about 70 percent alcohol . When specimens roll up before they 
can be straightened against your piece of [PERSON wood] , they may be dropped into 
the bucket of sea water where they will eventually straighten out and allow 
a second attempt of transfer . 

Habitats of chitons are usually specialized for each species , some being 
found only on the underside of rocks between the tide levels , others on 
wave-dashed headlands , a few in tidepools , others only in deeper waters 
off-shore . [LOCATION Phiiia] pen shells recently cast ashore often have tiny chitons at- 
tached on the outside of the shell . Those who do not have dredging facilities 
may acquire the latter species through exchange or by purchase from several 
of our excellent shell dealers . A watchful eye and variation in collecting 
localities will soon bring familiarization with the various habitats of most 
of the species . 



52 



A7/ierica ? i Seashells 



Identification of [PERSON Chitons] 

It is essential for accurate identifications to refer to one or more ot the 
ten technical terms used in describing the various parts of the chiton . A few 
minutes ' study of figure i8 will prepare the reader for the photographs , 
identification drawings and descriptions of the species . Jumping to conclu- 
sions from the photographs instead of ascertaining the family or genus first 
will lead to discourag-ino- results . 



[ORGANIZATION EXTERIOR] 



[ORGANIZATION INTERIOR] 




[ORGANIZATION ORRNuLes] 



f^NTeRioR vAt-ve 

[ORGANIZATION Rl^OlftLLY RtftftEO] 



nEDiftN vftLvea 

[ORGANIZATION LftTERRU M«E«] 

[PERSON RftOlADiALuY NOOi^LOse] 

[ORGANIZATION DlVftRlCAT] | [ORGANIZATION N& LINES] 
[ORGANIZATION TU&UM] 

Pleural tract 
central area 

[PERSON MUCRo] 
[ORGANIZATION POSTtRiOA] V ( \LVE 




[ORGANIZATION INSERTION] 

pLAie TEETH 



5VJTU8R1. [PERSON Pl_flr£] 




Figure i8. Parts of the chiton shell . 



All the chitons discussed in this book bear eight shelly valves which 
cover the body of the creature and are bound together by a leathery girdle . 
The chitons without valves ( [ORGANIZATION Aplacophora] ) are too rare to be conveniently 
included here . A view of the underside of a living chiton will show the 
rather small , separate head and its mouth and , behind this , the larger , ob- 
long foot . On each side of the foot is a straight row of closely packed gills . 
The head bears no tentacles or eyes , although the valves of many chitons 
bear numerous shell eyes . 

Each chiton possesses three types of valves : ( i ) the anterior valve at 
the head end , ( 2 ) six intermediate valves , and ( 3 ) the posterior valve at 
the hind end . The shape and ornamentation of these valves are used for 
identification purposes , and for this reason the various areas of the valves 
have been named . Removal of the last two valves by the soaking of dried 



Lives of the Other [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 53 

specimens in warm water for five or ten minutes will usually afford sufficient 
information . The upper surface as well as the under surface of each valve 
has characteristic areas which aid in identification . 

In one family of chitons , the [PERSON Chitonidae] , the upper surfaces of the valves 
of some species bear microscopic eyes which consist of an eye capsule , 
cornea , [PERSON iris] , lens , retina and optic nerve , but they are probably useful only 
in sensing changes of light intensity and passing shadows . 

The girdle is the leathery rim which encircles the eight valves . In 
some species the girdle entirely or partially covers the valves . The surface of 
the girdle may be covered with beautiful little scales or with spines , hairs or 
tufts of bristles . Unfortunately these characters vary among individuals 
and cannot always be used to separate species , although the general types 
are fairly reliable in distinguishing genera . 

The radula or ribbon of teeth is very long , and is composed of thick 
and dark amber-colored teeth . There are usually about seventeen teeth in 
each transverse row , in the following order reckoned from the center : one 
simple , small central; flanked on each side first by a translucent minor lateral 
and then by a major lateral which bears a conspicuous black cusp; next , two 
boss-like uncinal plates; then a twisted spatulate uncinal; and , finally , three 
scale-like external uncini . The radula of the chitons have not been demon- 
strated as useful characters in separating species because of their great vari- 
ability , although some workers claim that the major laterals are useful . 

The sexes are separate in the chitons . Some species lay eggs in a glu- 
tinous , indistinct mass . There may be a free-swimming veliger stage in some 
species . In other species the young live under the mantle edge of the mother 
for protection . 

[ORGANIZATION THE TUSK-SHELLS— SCAPHOPODA] 

To our [MISC Northwest Pacific Indians] and our early pioneers the tusk-shells 
were a familiar form of wampum , but today few Americans would recog- 
nize one on sight . The 200-odd known living species are for the most part 
inhabitants of deep water , although a few of our [MISC American] species live in rela- 
tively shallow water and are frequently washed ashore . The shells resemble 
miniature elephant tusks open at both ends , and the sluggish creature lives 
embedded obliquely in sand and mud , with only the small end of the shell 
projecting above the surface of the substrate . 

Like many gastropods , the scaphopods possess a single shell and a set 
of radular teeth but , like the bivalves , they have a nonlobed velum in the 
larval or veliger stage , and in adulthood have a wedge-shaped foot and lack 
a definite head . They lack gills but absorb oxygen from the sea water 
through the tissues of the mantle . Water is first taken in through the small 



54 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



posterior end of the tube-like shell . The water slowly builds up inside the 
mantle cavity of the animal over a period of about ten mmutes; then , after 
a short period of rest , the water is suddenly expelled in the opposite direction . 
As in the manner of feeding among the bivalves , ciliated ridges within the 
mantle ensure passage of food particles to the region of the mouth . How- 
ever , the primary method of feeding is by means of a number of long , ce- 
phalic filaments or captacula which are anchored to the two flattened lobes 
flanking the mouth . The club-shaped ends of these tiny filaments are tactile 
and prehensile and are capable of capturing [LOCATION Foraminifera] and other similar 
minute organisms . These captacula project out in all directions from the 



[ORGANIZATION -CftPTPiCULUM] 




Figure 19. a , [PERSON Diagrammatic] drawing of the internal anatomy of [PERSON Deiitalmm;] b , 
radular teeth of Dentalimn; c , the central tooth found in the radula of the 

[PERSON Sipho] ? iodentalndae . 



larger , anterior end of the shell . Frequently , they are broken or torn off in 
the searchings through the sand but are soon regenerated . This accounts 
for the difference in length of the captacula in many specimens . 

The embryonic shell or prodissoconch of the scaphopods is cup-shaped 
and consists of two shelly valves , which subsequently unite to form a tube . 
They may still be seen at the initial end in some specimens of Siphonoden- 
talium , but are always absent in adult Dentalium . The adult shell is open 
at both ends . It is added to at the larger , anterior end by the mantle edge , 
while at the posterior end there may be a gradual loss of shell through wear 
and absorption . The tiny posterior slits or notches that are characteristic 
of some species are formed by reabsorption of the previously solid shell 
wall . The shell wall is made up of three thin layers of calcareous material; this 
is in [LOCATION contrast] to the similar-appearing worm-tubes that have only two layers . 
In cross-section , the shell may be round , slightly elliptical , octagonal or 
polygonal in shape , depending upon the species . The presence or absence of 



Lives of the Other [ORGANIZATION Mollusks] 55 

microscopic longitudinal or concentric riblets and the nature of the apical 
slits are often useful for identification . Few of our [MISC American] species , other 
than a few pinkish or yellowish forms , can boast of colorful shells; but in 
the [LOCATION East Indies] such forms as [LOCATION Dentaliwn] elephantinum [ORGANIZATION Linne] are brightly 
hued in various shades of emerald green and jade . Some species of Dentalium 
have a terminal pipe projecting out of the posterior end . 

There are only two families in the class [ORGANIZATION Scaphopoda] — the [LOCATION Dentaliidae] 
and the [PERSON Siphono] dentaliidae . Both families are well-represented in our waters , 
the former by numerous species of [LOCATION Dentaliimt] , the latter by members of the 
genus Cadulus . 

[LOCATION Dentaliidae] : [ORGANIZATION Shell] tusk-shaped , increasing in size regularly with the greatest 
diameter at the mouth end . Foot conical . Central tooth of [PERSON radula] twice 
as wide as long . 

[LOCATION Siphonodentaliidae] : [ORGANIZATION Shell] bulbous near the middle with the mouth end 
generally contracted . Foot vermiform , capable of expansion into a 
rosette-like disk at the end . Central tooth of [LOCATION radula] almost square . 



CHAPTER V 



Collecting 
[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



Instructions for collecting seashells are much akin to revelations of the 
secrets of good cooking . Everyone has his favorite methods and , despite 
the most expert advice one may obtain from books , experience is the surest 
path to success . There are , however , a number of fundamentals which will 
help guide the collector in obtaining a representative series of our seashells 
with the least trouble . The hints offered here are more in the order of how 
collecting problems may be solved than a revelation of how and where to 
find rare specimens . 

The most successful collectors mix together four ingredients to obtain 
what appears to most of us " unusual luck " in finding good shells . These 
are a knowledge of the habits of mollusks , a familiarization with the physical 
conditions of the ocean and the seashore , a sensible choice of collecting equip- 
ment and , perhaps most important , a large proportion of perseverance . The 
first three of these may be acquired , to some degree at least , from books and 
from the advice of veteran collectors , but only keen observation in the field 
and many hours of trial collecting will develop satisfactory techniques . It 
is true , of course , that strolling the more productive beaches at certain times 
of year will produce encouraging results , but soon the common species have 
been collected and more often than not the remaining specimens are far 
from perfect . The moment a collector ceases to be a beachcomber and begins 
to search for living mollusks in their natural haunts he has opened unlimited 
possibilities of acquiring a remarkably beautiful and complete collection . 

56 



Collecting [ORGANIZATION American Seashells SI] 

It is most surprising how many treasures within arm 's reach are lost to 
the uninitiated . A waterlogged board if kicked aside may be found to con- 
tain three or four kinds of interesting wood-boring clams; a rock unturned 
at the end of the beach may still shelter a pair of cowries or a nest of orange- 
tentacled [LOCATION Lima] Clams; or the seafan momentarily admired and cast aside may 
be the holdfast for a colony of rare , purple [MISC Simnia] snails . All mollusks have 
their particular ecological niches or favorite haunts , whether a very limited 
type of locality or more extensive areas such as mud flats , rocky shores or 
the open ocean . To be forearmed with a knowledge of where our species 
live will often bring rich rewards from salt marshes , eel-grass flats , mangrove 
trees , the backs of other marine creatures , the underside of boats or even the 
stomachs of fish . The tracks made by gastropods on sand or mud bottoms 
are characteristic for many species and can aid in hunting down live speci- 
mens . So , too , holes of certain shapes and sizes in the sand flat are a betrayal 
of the clam occupant deep below . At times it is worthwhile to know when 
and where gregarious mollusks gather to breed . Their appearance is often 
clocked not only by the seasons but often [PERSON bv] tidal conditions and the time 
of day . Most intertidal species reveal themselves more frequently about half 
an hour after the tide has begun to rise . A great number of species are more 
active a few hours after dark , while others are content to wait until early 
morning before starting on their foraging missions . 

Attention to tides , seasonal moods of the ocean and the effects of winds 
and currents is put to good use by the expert collectors . September seems to 
be the most favorable time , for instance , to gather shells on the [LOCATION Carolina] 
strands . During late April and early May there is more likelihood of the 
[LOCATION Purple Sea] Snail , [PERSON JajJtbma] , being washed ashore on the east coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 
After winter gales , some [LOCATION New England] beaches may be strewn with millions 
of large [MISC Surf Clams] , [PERSON Spisida] . 

Low tide is obviously the best time to collect , and most collectors make 
long-range plans to catch the spring tides . Local newspapers publish the 
times of low and high tides , but many serious collectors prefer to use the 
[ORGANIZATION Coast] and [ORGANIZATION Geodetic Survey Tide Tables] to plan well in advance for the lowest 
tide of the month . Tide Tables for the [LOCATION Pacific] and [LOCATION Atlantic] coasts may be 
obtained for a fraction of a dollar from the [ORGANIZATION U.S. Department of Commerce] , 
[LOCATION Washington] 25, [LOCATION D.C.] 

As you may well know , the rise and fall of tides are caused by the at- 
traction of the moon , and to a lesser extent by the sun . Choose the time 
of the new and full moon for collecting , for that is when the sun and moon 
are uniting their forces to give the lowest or spring tides . Low tide lasts 
for about fifteen minutes , but profitable collecting may be done one hour be- 
fore or after . It is sometimes useful to know that the tides are about fifty 
minutes later the following day . Be aware of the dangers of rising tides , 



58 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

especially if you have waded a long distance out to some small isle at low 
tide . Tidal currents can sometimes be extremely strong at the narrow mouths 
of inlets , and swimmers are urged to familiarize themselves with local condi- 
tions . 

If one were to take into the field the collecting equipment which has 
been recommended by friends and books , one would certainly resemble 
a busy Christmas shopper in full knightly armor . [PERSON Crowbars] , bilge pumps , 
shovels , rakes , sets of screens , hammer and chisels , even water wings and 
miner 's caps have been suggested . It is true that these and many other pieces 
of equipment are ideal for very specific and limited purposes , but for general 
collecting simplicity and lightness of gear are most essential . If at a later 
date you wish to collect a certain species which lives in rocks , take along that 
hammer and chisel . 

Streamlined collecting in the intertidal areas when it is calm calls for 
little more than a pair of canvas shoes , bathing suit and a few small cloth 
bags . Wear shirt and pants if the sun is bright and your tan still under- 
developed . Two or three cotton bags may be tucked under the belt until 
ready for use . Most shells may be picked up by hand , and the more fragile 
ones put in matchboxes or thumb-sized vials . When a breeze is blowing 
wrinkles on the surface of the water , it is impossible to see the bottom , and 
many collectors use a glass-bottomed bucket or merely a diving mask floated 
on the surface to clear a view . A square or oblong bucket about a foot each 
way and ten or twelve inches high may be made of light wood and the 
glass set in the bottom and held in place with a thin layer of white lead and 
strips of molding or quarter-rounds . If the inside is painted dull black reflec- 
tions on the glass will be held to a minimum . For a clearer view wet the 
inside of the glass occasionally . The water bucket is useful to those who 
enjoy diving for shells . It not only serves as a friendly support between 
dives , but may be used as a collecting receptacle . Diving masks or water 
goggles are indispensible for collecting many species which are normally 
found in waters down to twenty feet in depth . 

A fine-mesh wire screen bought in any kitchen utensil store can be put 
to excellent use in sandy or muddy areas where many interesting small shells 
live . Screening for mollusks is a favorite pastime with many collectors , and 
many types and sizes of screens have been designed . Copper mesh should be 
used if you plan to screen over a period of a few months . 

[ORGANIZATION Forceps] are sometimes useful in getting small shells out of rock crevices , 
but in general it does not pay to search individually for minute shells . [LOCATION Mass] 
screening or taking a large bagful of bay bottom or beach drift home for 
leisurely sorting in the evenings brinos richer rewards . Shaking clumps of 
seaweed over the screen often gives encouraging results , for many uncommon 



Collecting A7nerican [ORGANIZATION Seashells] 59 

species are found nowhere else . Breaking apart coral blocks often reveals 
interesting rock-boring clams . 



DREDGING AND TRAPPING 

There are few active shell collectors who have not given serious thought 
to trying their hand at dredging . This is especially true if one has spent sev- 
eral summers in one locality and acquired a large and representative collec- 
tion of the littoral and intertidal species . Over half of our [MISC American] species 
prefer to live below the low-tide mark and , although storms occasionally 
cast up samples of this rich fauna on our beaches , trapping and dredging are 



SAFETY REuEftSE : 

OF TyJlNE oa STR\N& 



/a- INCH [ORGANIZATION IftOM] 
YOKES 



[ORGANIZATION UONaER] 
YoKt 




vShALL HAND 

[LOCATION DREDGE] 




^ 



BA& OF ( NETTING . ' / 
oa [ORGANIZATION METAL SCReilNlNfe] 




" [PERSON Lu] " 




DREDGING 




[ORGANIZATION WATEK GLASS] 



Figure 20. [PERSON Dredging] and collecting gear . 



60 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

the only satisfactory methods of collecting deep-water species . In many 
instances larger and more perfect specimens of normally shallow-water spe- 
cies are found in moderately deep waters just offshore . 

Dredging , like fishing , is a science as [PERSON M-ell] as an art . It requires a basic 
knowledge of boats , equipment and bottom conditions . Firsthand experience 
is a necessity before satisfactory results can be obtained . It is also an expen- 
sive operation in which costs increase geometrically the deeper one dredges . 
Those who are financially willing to spend several hundred dollars in elabo- 
rate operations are urged to seek the advice of one of several of the [LOCATION Florida] 
or [LOCATION California] shell dredgers . However , very profitable collecting in depths 
less than loo feet may be undertaken from a rowboat at relatively little 
expense . 

One of the prime prerequisites of safe dredging is a healthy respect for 
the ocean and her many moods . Limit rowing operations to calm inlets and 
bays . Sudden squalls , high winds , swift currents and blistering sun on the 
open ocean are serious adversaries to even the " saltiest " fisherman . Prepare 
for each trip with care , and back your operations with a knowledge of local 
tides , currents , the weather and bottom conditions . 

There are many types of dredges , and the larger your boat and engine 
the more elaborate may be your dredge . For rowboat operations the simplest 
type consists of a triangular or rectangular iron frame with a pair of iron 
bridles which are tied together . A fine-meshed fishino- net is sewn to the 

[PERSON o o] 

frame . The free end of the net is not sew^n but merely tied together , so that 
the contents can be removed from the back . A net of this sort is apt to be 
ripped on rough bottom , so that a canvas sleeve or tube open at the back 
end should be sewn to the frame and allowed to cover the outside of the 
net . The Burches of [LOCATION California] , renowned for their west coast dredging , 
have had better luck with a triangular dredge and copper screen net . The 
leading edges of these smaller types , which are rarely more than two feet 
across , should be sharp and flare a little in order to dig moderately deep into 
the bottom . 

Very remarkable results over mud bottoms may be obtained by using 
a small trawl . This is a modified dredge whose leading edges are of lead- 
weighted lines . The mouth of the trawl is kept open by a small , slanting 
board at each end . This type has the advantage of not digging up large 
quantities of ooze and mud . 

In waters less than 150 feet in depth , the tow line may be of % " or 
% " [LOCATION manila] rope , although the tendency for this to float in deeper waters 
necessitates the use of lead weights placed at intervals along the line . About 
300 feet of line will suffice for hauls not deeper than 100 feet . 

Only through trial and error will you learn the many tricks of dredging . 
The feel of the line will tell you whether the dredcre is cutting^ into mud or 



[ORGANIZATION CollecMg American Seashells] 61 

gravel or is skipping over the bottom . Sometimes it is next to impossible to 
dredge downhill , so try in the opposite direction if your dredge is failing to 
dig in . On dredges with iron bridles it is suggested that one arm be attached 
to the frame merely by a small cord , so that it will break loose and free the 
dredge should it snag on rocks or corals . 

When hauls are brought aboard they should be screened and washed 
to remove mud and sand . If this is not convenient , at least the extraneous 
material may be thrown away and the remainder put in sacks for home sort- 
ing . In tropical waters , gloves should be worn to prevent serious stinging by 
certain kinds of sponges . Be sure to make a record of the depth , location 
and date of haul . 

[PERSON Fish] and lobster men often bring up rare shells in their traps , and this 
suggests , of course , the possibility of setting one 's own traps . Successful 
traps may be purchased or built M 'ith a little ingenuity , if the entrances are 
made so that snails can easily enter . Dead fish or spoiled meat will attract 
the carnivorous gastropods , but to date no magical " catnip " has been found 
to lure the herbivorous species . Even simpler than the trap is the system of 
weighting a burlap bag of spoiled meat with rocks near the low-water line . 
[ORGANIZATION Nassarius Mud Snails] , [ORGANIZATION Melongena Crown] Shells and a host of other species 
may be collected nearby the next night . 

If you have yet to collect your first live Olive or Terebra shell , wade 
along the shores of a [LOCATION sandy bay] on a quiet , moonlight night , and with the 
aid of a flashligrht follow aloncr the trails in the sand . A dozen daytime visits 

[LOCATION CO] 

to the same locality will never compare to one hour of night collecting . Not 
only are sand-dwelling mollusks on the move , but in rocky regions the cow- 
[PERSON ries] , mitras and murex shells are out from under their hiding places and 
traveling along in full view . 

It is perhaps appropriate here to mention the dangers of over-collecting 
in certain localities . This is to be avoided particularly if certain species have 
taken several seasons to build up their populations even to a moderate size . 
By leaving at least most of the immature specimens and perhaps one or two 
adults , you will assure yourself of good collecting at the same spot at a later 
date . While it is unreasonable to expect people to roll back the rocks they 
have overturned , some collectors do this in order to obtain additional speci- 
mens on the next visit . Once destroyed by sunlight and air , protective algae 
and sponges need many months to grow back . However , the blame for 
extinction of many beautiful mollusks at [LOCATION Lake Worth] , [LOCATION Florida] , and in many 
other places rests not with greedy collectors but with super-drainage experi- 
ments , city pollution and construction work . 

Keeping accurate locality data with specimens you have collected is 
most essential . Many private collections are eventually left to museums for 
the enjoyment and use of future generations . Today 's crowded museums 



62 American Se ash ells 

must rightfully dispose of specimens which have no data and are therefore 
of no scientific value . Large and beautiful collections representing much 
time and cost would have been of inestimable value to science had someone 
only taken the time to record where each specimen was collected . " Aus- 
tralia , " " [LOCATION Hawaii] " or " [LOCATION California] " is not enough . An example of good data 
would be : " [LOCATION North] end of [LOCATION Captiva Island] , [LOCATION Lee County] , [LOCATION Florida] . [PERSON Leo Burry] , 
collector . July 4, 1952. " Many careful collectors add interesting notes con- 
cerning the depth of water , type of bottom , abundance , and so forth . A rare 
shell in perfect condition , correctly identified and with accurate data , is 
almost worth its weight in gold . 

PREPARING SHELLS FOR [ORGANIZATION THE COLLECTION] 

The beauty and value of a collection depends largely on the manner in 
which specimens are cleaned and the methods in which the shells are arranged 
and housed . The majority of snails and clams , whether they be marine , land 
or fresh-water , may be cleaned of their animal soft parts by merely boiling 
in fresh or salt water for about five minutes . The meat may be extracted 
with a bent safety pin or icepick , depending on the size of the specimen . 
Shells which have a highly glossed or enameled finish , such as the cowries 
and olives , should never be thrown directly into boiling water . Start them 
in warm water , bring slowly to a boil , and then let cool gradually . Any rapid 
change in temperature will crack or check the polished surface . Save the 
horny operculum or trapdoor of those species that have them . When the 
shell is dry , a plug of cotton will hold the operculum in the aperture . 

Many species are difficult to clean even when the boiling system is used . 
Usually the tip end of the animal 's body remains in the shell of such genera 
as [PERSON Terebra] , [PERSON Vasum] and [LOCATION Xenophora] . Vigorous shaking or syringing with a 
powerful blast of tap water will get most out . Filling the shell half full of 
water and setting it out in the shade for a day or so with an occasional syring- 
ing will help . If odors still persist a few drops of formaldehyde introduced 
into the shells , plus a cotton stopper , will eliminate the objections . 

In the [LOCATION Pacific Islands] most collectors bury their shells alive a few inches 
under soft , dry sand . In a few weeks the specimens are dug up and washed . 
The sand must be sifted for smaller shells and the [LOCATION opercula] . Some people 
who do not object to flies set their shells upside down in the sand and allow 
blowfly larvae or maggots to clean out the meat in a week or so . Vigorous 
rinsing of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is all that is necessary . 

Many delicate snails , including most land species and small fragile clams , 
may be placed in fresh water overnight and then syringed or picked clean . 
This system works well with Dentalium , [LOCATION Janthina] , [PERSON Marginella] , [PERSON OHvella] , Trivia 
and [PERSON Cyphoma] , although the last four genera may require a two-day soak . Bi- 



Collecting [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 63 

valves are usually the easiest to boil and clean . Allow your pairs to dry in 
the flat , open or " butterfly " position , as this will permit ready inspection of 
the hinge teeth for identification purposes . 

There are many minute species which obviously cannot be boiled and 
picked clean . Shells less than one third of an inch may be soaked in seventy 
percent grain alcohol , and then placed in the sun to dry thoroughly . This 
strength of alcohol is also ideal for pickling squid , octopus or the soft parts 
of other mollusks . Isopropyl alcohol may be used , but it is best to use this 
at a fifty percent strength . Never use formaldehyde ( or formalin ) to pre- 
serve mollusks . The shell turns soft , loses color and often crumbles away in 
a few months . 

When a shell has been cleaned of its soft parts , it must next be prepared 
for the collection . Most shells are ready for display and most attractive in 
their natural state . However , a large number of gastropods , whose beauty 
is hidden by coral and algal growths , are in need of a certain amount of " face 
lifting . " A stifl " brush , soapy water and diligence will usually suffice . Many 
collectors soak specimens in a strong chlorine solution for a few hours . This 
removes a great part of the unsightly growths and will not damage the shell . 
It will also remove the natural periostracum or thin corneous layer on the 
outside of the shell . However , when you have several specimens to add to 
your collection , it is best to keep at least one in its natural state . 

Very few expert collectors use acid in treating shells , since this often 
gives specimens a very unnatural , although colorful , sheen . It is used occa- 
sionally to remove limy deposits and to brighten up old specimens . Com- 
mercial dealers dip the Pink Queen Conch , for example , for five or ten sec- 
onds in a vat of one part muriatic acid to four parts of water and then rinse 
in fresh water . Shells may be dipped with forceps in full strength oxalic or 
muriatic acid for r^vo seconds and then immediately put under running cold 
water . This may be repeated until the desired effect is obtained , but it should 
be pointed out that any acid treatment ruins most shells for scientific study . 

Polishing abalone shells and cutting cross-sections of larger shells require 
special equipment such as electrically run burring wheels and circular dia- 
mond cutters . A visit to a shell factory will be of profit to those wishing to 
undertake this interesting hobby . 

THE SHELL COLLECTION 

Although seashells are easy to keep since they do not deteriorate and 
generally do not fade in color like many insects , they present many special 
problems in housing because of their many sizes and shapes . There are three 
general types of collections — the knickknack shelf , the display arrangement 
and the study collection . 



^4 [MISC American Seashells] 

The first of these is usually the result of a summer 's random beach col- 
lecting by the novice or a living-room auxiliary to the mam collection . Many 
important private collections have started in this manner . 

The display collection for museums , libraries , clubs or even the home 
is limited by the pocketbook and by the type of secondhand display cabmets 
that can be afforded . Little more is needed than common sense " tent . on to 
matters of good artificial lighting , attractive but neutral background , neat 
hb [PERSON Ing] choice of specimens and especially the avoidance of overcrowdmg . 
The exhibit should L designed for , ts eye-appeal as well ------ 

One has a wide choice of themes-a selection of local shells , molusks of 
" conomc or medical interest , shells of odd habits , examples of colors and 
pauerns and a host of others . The labels of exhibits showing classification 
should bear the scientific and common names and the geographica range . 
Mtaiature display boxes with cotton background and glass or celbphane 
covering are very popular and , if of uniform size , may be neatly stacked m a 
closet when not in use . 



CABINET 




[ORGANIZATION LftBEL] 



[PERSON B. R.] BALES [ORGANIZATION COLLEC-nON] 
cmt-LfiyiLi* , oMio 
NO . 74it • 

[PERSON H.a RAAy] , [PERSON Kr<f] . Ql^ . [ORGANIZATION HillSO] 



[ORGANIZATION Xt^JilC Key] , 1- . WC V fC 'i-U . ktY , FCr^ 



fvaJ^h " " * " 



( >>^ [PERSON OiWtt SwKu^uSt] 



[MISC Ji-^nst] 



[PERSON ReceiVED] FROM 



) »**1. fr^^ ^^^ . *«M 



fir*-^ \*^-^JLt/ -VTnJkA , l.a>^ Cl^ . 



i . . ^Itci^mtM C^ ^OtC . ! ? % ! <./ 



Figure 21. The shell collection . 

The name " study collection " may sound ominous to some but , if a few 
simple principles are followed , this type of housing will bring more , oy and 
less work than any other system . It is not only neater , more compact and 



Collecting [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 65 

equally as attractive as the display type , but it also permits the collector to 
locate any specimen quickly and add new material with a minimum of rear- 
ranging . The simplicity , uniformity and mobility of equipment , such as 
drawers , trays , labels and vials , and the use of the biological or systematic 
order of arrangement are the essence of a good collection . 

The choice of cabinet and style of drawers will be limited , of course , 
by the collector 's pocketbook . The accompanying designs are the result of 
many years of observing private and institutional cabinets , and they are 
offered here as an ideal toward which you can strive . 

If the cabinet is made in a roughly oblong shape and is about table- 
height , additional cabinets may some day be set alongside for desk space or 
set on top of each other without causing the top drawers to be too high to 
reach . [LOCATION Pine] , basswood or any of th^ whitewoods may be used . It has been 
reported that certain oaks have a detrimental effect on shells which have 
been stored away for years . It is best to have a cabinet door which swings 
open all the way ( i8o degrees ) , although so hinged that the drawers may 
still be pulled out when it is open only 90 degrees . Some students prefer the 
type of door which lifts off . 

The ideal cabinet unit has the following dimensions : outside measure- 
ments , height 40 " ( or 80 " ) ^ width 22 ' ' , depth 32 ' '. Runners for drawers , 30 ' ' 
long . If wooden , % ' ' X % " and set 2^4 " apart . If galvanized sheet iron , 
2% ' ' wide and bent along the midline to form an L. Inside measurements , 
wooden drawers 20 " X 30 " and i% " . No runners or handles are necessary 
on the drawers . 

All cardboard trays to hold specimens should be % ' ' in depth , and all 
their other outside dimensions should be multiples of the smallest type of tray . 
This unit may be iK ' " X 2 " , the next largest tray 3 ' ' X 2 " , then 3 ' ' X 4 " , 
then 4/^2 ' ' X 6 " , and the largest of all 8 ' ' X 9 ' '. It is inadvisable to have more 
than five sizes of trays , since this complicates curating and the making or 
ordering of future stocks . Odd-sized trays make neat arrangement impos- 
sible . [ORGANIZATION Cardboard] trays covered with glossv-white enameled paper may be 
purchased in any large city , or a simple style may be made by cutting out 
and folding pieces of shirtboard as shown in our illustration . The corners 
are held together by adhesive paper or butcher 's tape . The various sets , or 
lots as they are called , of each species should be placed in the trays and 
arranged in the drawer from left to right , beginning at the front . Many 
students separate the species or genera by turning over an empty box which 
may bear a label indicating the genus or species . 

Small e^lass vials without necks are used to hold smaller specimens . Cot- 
ton is best for plugging the vials , since corks are expensive , are difficult to 
obtain for various-sized vials and eventually deteriorate . When a lot consists 
of a hundred or more small specimens which will not easily go into vials , it is 



66 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

convenient to use a covered box 3 ' ' X 4 ' ' and 2 " deep . The label should be 
pasted on the lower left corner of the lid . A duplicate label or a slip of card 
bearing the catalog number should be placed in the box . Some people can 
afford to have glass-covered boxes . 

A catalog is most essential , and its single purpose is to prevent the loss 
of valuable locality data . If each specimen bears the same number as the 
label and catalog entry , it can be returned to its proper tray in case of acci- 
dental spilling . A thick ledger about 1 2 " X 8 " may be purchased at a second- 
hand office equipment store at small expense . Headings may be arranged 
across both pages as shown in our figure . More space should be given " [MISC Local-] 
ity " than any other section . Run your catalog numbers from i on up . Do 
not experiment with mystical letters indicating the locality , collector or date 
of cataloging , since all this information will be on your label and in your 
catalog . A card catalog arranged systematically is useless , time-consuming 
and a duplication of the information already available from your collection . 

[PERSON Specimens] should be numbered in [LOCATION India] ink with a fine pen . Shells that 
are too small to number may be put in vials or covered boxes , but do not fail 
to add a small slip bearing the catalog number . 

The housing of molluscan animals , octopus and other soft-bodied crea- 
tures which must be preserved in seventy percent grain alcohol is expensive 
and generally beyond the scope of the average private collector . It may be 
mentioned , however , that preserving jars with rubber rings and clip-on glass 
lids are the best . [PERSON Vials] with necks may be plugged tightly with cotton and 
set upside down in the jars . 

The mollusk collection should be arranged systematically , that is , in 
biological sequence , with the first drawer containing the primitive abalones , 
followed by the limpets and on up to the specialized bubble shells [ORGANIZATION {Bulla] ) . 
The small chiton , cephalopod and scaphopod classes mav be put at the begin- 
ning of the gastropods or between them and the bivalves . You may wish to 
place your unsorted or unidentified material in the last few drawers . Once 
you have a species represented in your collection , do not stop there . Add 
other lots from other collecting regions . You will then learn to appreciate 
individual , ecological and geographical variations . 

[ORGANIZATION Exchanging] . An amazing amount of traffic of duplicate material exists 
throughout the country and in many parts of the world today . [ORGANIZATION Exchanging] 
is an ideal way of sharing your local rich hauls and of obtaining species be- 
yond your collecting sphere . A list of the many hundreds interested in 
exchanging is published in several directories of conchologists and naturalists . 
Sound out your prospective exchanger to learn what species or type of mate- 
rial he desires , since some advanced collectors are extremely " choosy . " [MISC Al-] 
ways give accurate locality data and send as perfect specimens as you can . 
Some people make up elaborate exchange lists which they send around to 



Collectifig [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 61 

other collectors . Exchanging , although worthwhile , is time-consuming , and 
great care must be taken that the upkeep of your main collection does not 
suffer . 

Excellent specimens with largely reliable locality data may be obtained 
from a number of dealers . Their prices are often high , but this is justified , 
at least with regard to locally dredged material , by the high cost of operating 
boats and replacing dredges . Like antiques and costume jewelry , the prices 
of shells vary with what people will pay . 

Shipping . When sending shells on exchange or to some other collector 
for identification , always include a fully inscribed label with each lot . Most 
shells are best protected by loose wrapping in old newspaper . Small or fragile 
shells should be boxed with cotton . Mail or express shipments up to twenty 
pounds will travel safely in cardboard cartons obtained from the grocery 
store . The top and bottom should be padded with two inches of crumpled 
newspaper . Small lots are conveniently sent in mailing tubes . It is inadvisable 
to send living snails through the mails , and foreign imports of living land and 
fresh-water mollusks are prohibited by law except by prior permission from 
The [ORGANIZATION Surgeon General] , [ORGANIZATION U.S. Public Health Service] or from The U.S. De- 
partment of Agriculture , [LOCATION Washington] 25, [LOCATION D.C.] 

Identification services . Besides popular books and a few professional 
papers available in public libraries , there are few places where amateurs may 
turn for expert determinations . Fortunately , not a few private collectors are 
even more familiar with their local faunas than are the professional workers . 
Although some charge small fees for their services , most are only too happy 
to identify your " sticklers . " It is customary to name only material which has 
been sorted and which has accurate and detailed locality data , and to send a 
sufficient series so that the identifier may retain a sample for his efforts . It is 
a breach of etiquette to send material before asking if the identifier is willing 
to undertake the task . Sending photographs is highly unreliable and is tanta- 
mount to saying you do not trust the specimens out of your hands . Some 
museums will identify specimens if vou are unable to do so after serious 
effort , and this , of course , can be done only if the curator or research worker 
has the time . Never send more than five species at a time . It is surprising how 
many people abuse this service , purely voluntary on the part of the expert , 
by sending unsorted , data-less shells . It is more important that the profes- 
sional spend his time in caring for his vast collections , doing his research and 
writing^ for the benefit of all , than in identifying for the few . Medical work- 
ers , agriculturalists , archaeologists , fisheries men , ecologists and other profes- 
sional malacologists already demand a great deal of his time . 



68 Ainerican Se ash ells 

OUTSTANDING [ORGANIZATION COLLECTIONS] 

There are a number of very lovely private collections in the [ORGANIZATION United] 
[LOCATION States] , some devoted wholly to marine species , others limited to land or 
fresh-water types . Many represent years of collecting , others an expenditure 
of many thousands of dollars . To mention a few would be to slight many 
another . The best private collections are in [LOCATION California] , [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Connecticut] , 
the [LOCATION New York] area and [LOCATION Massachusetts] . As time passes , private collections 
are either sold , lost or left to some public or [ORGANIZATION university museum] , so that today 
we find the largest collections housed by public or endowed institutions . 

The [LOCATION United States National Museum] , under the [ORGANIZATION Smithsonian Institution] 
in [LOCATION Washington] , [LOCATION D.C.] , contains what is undoubtedly the largest mollusk col- 
lection in the world . Until Dr [PERSON Paul Bartsch] , now retired , was curator , it 
was second in size to that of the [ORGANIZATION British Museum] in [LOCATION London] . Today , this 
study collection contains over 9,000,000 specimens , 600,000 lots or suites and 
in the neighborhood of 36,000 species and subspecies . Its curator at present 
is Dr [PERSON Harald A. Rehder] , and his associates are Dr J. P. [PERSON E. Morrison] . 

The [ORGANIZATION Museum of Comparative Zoology] at [LOCATION Harvard College] , [LOCATION Cambridge] , 
[LOCATION Massachusetts] , has risen to second place in the [LOCATION United States] within the last 
fifteen years . It is famous for its well-kept collection of about 7,000,000 
specimens , 300,000 lots and approximately 28,000 species and subspecies . Its 
present curator is Dr [PERSON William J. Clench] , noted for his development of stu- 
dents in mollusks . Dr [PERSON Ruth D. Turner] is assistant curator . 

The Academy of Natural Sciences of [LOCATION Philadelphia] , [LOCATION Pennsylvania] , is 
third or fourth in size and contains an unusual amount of valuable material . 
Its present curator . Dr Henry [PERSON A. Pilsbry] , has been with the institution for 
over sixty years , and he has contributed more to our science than any other 
worker . He was preceded by two equally famous curators , [PERSON George W.] 
[PERSON Tryon] and [PERSON Thomas Say] , [LOCATION America] 's first malacologist . The author is the 
present incumbent of the Pilsbry Chair of [LOCATION A4alacology] . 

In the [LOCATION Midwest] , one of our largest fresh-water and land collections is 
located at the [ORGANIZATION Museum of Zoology] , [ORGANIZATION University of Michigan] , [PERSON Ann Arbor] . 
Dr [PERSON Henry van der Schalie] , an expert on fresh-water clams , is the curator . 
The [ORGANIZATION Chicago Museum of Natural History] in [LOCATION Illinois] contains a small but 
adequate collection and is under the care of Dr [PERSON Fritz Haas] , a scientist well- 
versed in many phases of malacology . 

There are no very large study collections in southeastern [LOCATION United States] , 
although one of the finest exhibit collections is on display at [ORGANIZATION Rollins College] 
in [LOCATION Winter Park] , [LOCATION Florida] . It is well worth visiting , for the collection is beau- 
tifully lighted and arranged and is instructively labeled . Of equal brilliance , 
the [PERSON Simon de Marco] collection of rarities is housed in the commercial [LOCATION Florida] 
Marine Museum near [LOCATION Fort Myers] , [LOCATION Florida] . 



Collecting [MISC American Se] ash ells 69 

Among the leading [MISC American] collections that in the [ORGANIZATION California Academy] 
of Sciences in [LOCATION Golden Gate Park] , [LOCATION San Francisco] , stands foremost in western 
[LOCATION United States] . It is a large and well-kept collection , supplemented by an 
excellent library . Drs . [PERSON G. Dallas Hanna] and [PERSON Leo Hertlein] have in the main 
been responsible for its successful growth . The Paleontology Collection at 
[ORGANIZATION Stanford University] contains a large series of recent and fossil mollusks . It 
is particularly strong in material from the [LOCATION Pacific northwest] . Its present cura- 
tor . Dr [PERSON Myra Keen] , is one of our outstanding malacologists who specializes 
in [LOCATION marine bivalves] . A very large collection of marine mollusks is housed at 
the [ORGANIZATION San Diego Natural History Society] , [LOCATION Balboa Park] , [LOCATION San Diego] . The 
[ORGANIZATION Museum of Paleontology , University] of [LOCATION California] , [LOCATION Berkeley] , also has a very 
large collection . 



CHAPTER VI 

How to Know 
[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



The satisfaction of gradually becoming master of a study and the enjoyment 
of devoting a full interest to one of the many fields of natural history , 
whether it be wild flowers , butterflies or seashells , are the two strongest 
motivations among naturalists in their search for new facts and additional 
specimens . " Knowing seashells " is not so much a state of knowledge , attained 
after so many years of study , as it is a continuous process of adding to our 
store of information and experience . Through personal observation , by tak- 
ing advantage of what others have discovered and recorded , and by increas- 
ing our ability to identify species , we gradually become familiar with our 
mollusks . 

Whafs the name of that shell ? Is it rare or covnnon ? How does it 
live ? Where cai2 1 find more and better specimens ? These are four of the 
most frequently asked questions among shell collectors . Because people who 
are incurably or only mildly " shell-shocked " are continually asking for the 
names of shells , over three fourths of this book is devoted to the problem of 
recognizing and naming our [MISC American] seashells . 

To know the name of a shell is in many ways to know the object itself . 
What we may gain in observation of the shell , the animal which builds it or 
the habits of the creature , we can , with its correct name , compare w^th the 
findings made by other students . " So this is [PERSON Sozon] 's [PERSON Cone] ! " transforms the 
shell in your collection into an object of rarity and opens the door to fasci- 
nating^ accounts of fatal , venomous cone shells or the tales of bygone shell 

70 



[PERSON Honjo] to Know [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 71 

auctions . If [PERSON Anachis] avara is swarming over an oyster bed , no one takes 
particular note , but the mere mention of the [PERSON Destructive Oyster Drill] , Uro- 
salpinx cinerea , brings the shell-fishery man to the scene to eliminate the pest . 

The identification of one of the 6,000 species found in our waters is not 
always a simple task . True , by flipping through pages of illustrations we 
may spot the shell in question or at least a near relative . This method will 
sometimes bring us close enough so that reference to the text will reveal the 
correct identity . However , unless it is reahzed that many species differ only 
in seemingly slight characters and , conversely , that other species show wide 
variation in color or shape , misidentifications can result . How hopeless a task 
it would be to separate into species the various color varieties of the [ORGANIZATION Common] 
[ORGANIZATION Coquina Shell] ( [PERSON Donax] variabilis ) or the many shapes and sculptural varieties 
of the [PERSON Western Dog Winkle] ( Thais laiitellosa ) . Yet how many would not 
at first fail to notice the differences between the shell of [PERSON McGinty] 's [PERSON Cyphoma] 
and the [PERSON Flamingo Tongue] {Cyphoma gibbosa ) } But look at the obvious dif- 
ferences in the color patterns of the animals shown on plate 8. 

Marine mollusks are exceedingly responsive to varying ecological con- 
ditions . The presence of certain salts and minerals in the mud often dictates 
the degree to which certain colors are developed or to what extent spines 
are produced . In highly exposed areas , where surf waves pound against the 
shore , snail shells are usually devoid of delicate sculpture . These differences 
caused by environment are often difficult to distinguish from those which 
are genetic or naturally inherent characters of the species . So , too , there is 
often great genetic variation within a species , just as we have brunettes , 
blondes and redheads among humans . It is not an easy problem , even for 
the professional , to define the limits of a species , nor to say with authority 
that a certain specimen represents a " form " or is an example of a subspecies 
or even different species . 

What is a species ? Volumes have been written in answer to this ques- 
tion , and the subject is one of continuous investigation by many biologists 
working with all forms of animals and plants . Every population of mollusks 
is inherently different , and these differences , however minute , are morpho- 
logical , physiological or genetic . One need only collect a common species in 
several localities along our coast and carefully examine them in order to reach 
this conclusion . It is this factor of geographical variation , together with 
timely isolation and selection , which has been largely responsible for the 
evolutionary production of species . The development of species is a con- 
tinuous and very gradual process and , when we settle upon a reasonably 
homogeneous series of populations and label them as , say , [PERSON Melongena corona] , 
we are merely " snapping a candid camera shot " of a species living today , one 
whose picture looked quite different several million years ago during the 
Pliocene period . Within the geographical range of this species we find a 



72 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

series of populations on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] which seem to be attempt- 
ing a " break-away " from the typical form , and to this geographical race the 
name [PERSON Melojigena corojia perspectiva] has been given . Perhaps in another 
million years , through fortuitous isolation ( geographical or reproductive ) 
and selection , it will merit recognition as a full species . Elsewhere through- 
out the range of [LOCATION corona] , we find minor groups of variants , some that are 
individuals stunted by ecological conditions , others that are minor genetic 
variations which seem to crop up at random in all parts of [LOCATION Florida] . These 
ecotypes , aberrations and varieties , although actors in the evolution game , do 
not warrant subspecific names . 

There have been many attempts to define a species . A very excellent 
summary of the various definitions has been published in [PERSON Ernst Mayr] 's inter- 
esting book entitled Systematics and the [ORGANIZATION Origin of Species] ( [ORGANIZATION Columbia Uni-] 
[ORGANIZATION versity Press] , 1942 ) . [PERSON Mayr] defines species as groups of actually or potentially 
interbreeding natural populations , which are reproductively isolated from 
other such groups by geographical , physiological or ecological barriers . Un- 
fortunately , this biological concept of species cannot as yet be used exten- 
sively in the field of mollusks , for malacology is largely in the purely descrip- 
tive and cataloging stages , and the majority of species being described today 
are still based on the old-fashioned morphological species concept . 

While the species is considered by some people as an objective entity in 
nature , nearly everyone agrees that a genus is merely a convenient and 
arbitrary grouping of closely related species . This is also true of many higher 
categories such as the subfamily and family which are merely convenient 
groupings of closely related genera . However artificial , the system is ex- 
tremely useful , for it permits us to arrange the species in our collections and 
our scientific reports in a logical , evolutionary and biological sequence . 

IDENTIFICATION FEATURES 

These are the many morphological features exhibited in mollusks which 
are used for identifying species and in understanding the evolutionary rela- 
tionships existing between members of the higher categories , such as genera , 
families or orders . It must be realized that in some groups of shells certain 
types of characters , such as number of spines , shape of aperture or color 
markings are used to distinguish species , while in other groups these will 
prove useless and reliance may have to be put on the number of folds in the 
columella , the number of teeth in the aperture or the sculpturing on the 
operculum . These key features are pointed out in their appropriate places 
throughout this book . 

The \ 'erbal tools which are used in the study of mollusks are especially 
designed to assure a method as accurate as possible for telling apart the 



How to Know [MISC American Seashells] 



73 




Figure 22. Various shapes of gastropods , a , globose [LOCATION {Lunaiia] heros Say ) ; b , cap- 
shaped ( [LOCATION Acjnaea] testitdinalis [PERSON Miiller] ) ; c , fusiform and with an anal notch on the 
outer lip [PERSON {Cerodrillia] acestra [LOCATION Dall] ) ; d , sinistral or left-handed ( A ? itiplanes vinosa 
[LOCATION Dall] ) ; e , slipper-shaped ( [LOCATION Crepidiila] fomicata [PERSON Linne] ) ; f , high-spired ( [PERSON Terebra] 
nassida [LOCATION Dall] ) ; g , low-spired ( [PERSON Architectojiica] peracuta [LOCATION Dall] ) ; h , cone-shaped 
( Conus ) ; i , whorls freely coiled ( [LOCATION Vermicidaria] [LOCATION spirata Philippi] ) ; j , spinose {Murex 
hystricimis [LOCATION Dall] ) ; k , spindle-shaped ( [PERSON FiisiJius] eucosinms [LOCATION Dall] ) . 



74 Ajjierican Se ash ells 

100,000 or more living , and many more fossil , species of moUusks . It is im- 
possible to avoid using technical names for various parts of the shell and its 
animal , such as apex , spire , whorls , operculum , etc . , for most of these words 
have no counterpart in everyday language . Familiarization with these few 
terms is gained easily and rapidly as trial identifications and references to the 
illustrated glossaries are made . Many of the technical terms explained below 
are not employed in this book , but they are presented for the sake of those 
readers who intend to use more advanced works . 



[ORGANIZATION Gastropod Features] 

Shape of shell . It is this character that is instinctively used at first when 
identifying a snail shell , and little would be gained in discussing at length 
what our photographs so clearly demonstrate . However , the shape of the 
adult shell in some species may differ radically from its young stages as may 
be seen in the illustrations of the cowries ( pi . 6g ) or the [MISC American Pelican] 
[PERSON Foot] ( Aporj 'hais , pi . 23c ) . [ORGANIZATION Monstrosities] caused by embryological defaults 
or by injury in early life have always been a source of error in identification , 
and in certain extreme cases many species have been erroneously described 
as new . 

Parts of the shell . As the typical gastropod mollusk grows , it adds to 
the spiral shell and produces turns or ivhorls . The first few whorls , or nu- 
clear whorls , are generally formed in the tgg of the mollusk and usually 
differ in texture , color and sculpturing from the postnuclear whorls which 
are formed after the animal has hatched . When the nuclear whorls are 
marked off from the remainder of the whorls they are often referred to as 
the protoconch . The last and largest whorl which terminates at the aperture 
of the shell is known as the body ivhorl . The periphery is an imaginary 
spiral area on the outside of the whorl , usually halfway between the suture 
and the base or at a point where the whorl has its greatest width . The Giant 
[LOCATION Atlantic Pyram] ( pi . 4q ) shows a narrow color band on the periphery of the 
last whorl . The w^horl just before the last whorl often has distinctive char- 
acters and has been differentiated by the name penultimate njohorl . Above 
this the succeedingly smaller earlier whorls in the pointed apex of the shell 
are known as apical ^whorls . The rate of expansion of the growing whorls 
and the degree to which the succeeding whorls " drop " determine the shape 
of the shell . The sides of the whorls may be fiat , globose , concave , chan- 
neled or ribbed . The juncture of each whorl against the other forms a suture 
at the top or above the shoulder of each whorl . The suture may be very 
fine — a mere tiny , spiral line — or it may be deeply channeled ( see Busy con 
canaliculata , the [ORGANIZATION Channeled Whelk] , pi . 2 3n ) . Sutures may be wavy , irreg- 
ular , slightly or deeply indented or impressed . 



[PERSON Honv] to Know Ajjierican Se ash ells 



IS 



The anterior end of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is that end which is in front when the ani- 
mal is crawling . The aperture , the siphonal canal ( when present ) , the head 
and the tentacles of the mollusk are at this end . The posterior end is the 
opposite , where the apex and nuclear whorls are located , hence it is some- 
times referred to as the apical end . When we speak of the posterior side of 
a rib or a bar of color we mean the side nearest to the apex or away from 
the anterior end of the mollusk . The total distance between the two ends 
of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is known as the length , although this measurement is often called 
the height . 



[ORGANIZATION ■hlVICl] . £ ( \ ( <. [PERSON VlHORUS] 



pftftveTAL . [ORGANIZATION CALLUS] 



[MISC COLUI*\eLl-f\] 
SPlRftV- [ORGANIZATION CORDS] 



peRVPHtRY 



[ORGANIZATION BODY WrtOftU] 




[ORGANIZATION LeNGTH] 

[LOCATION OR] 
[ORGANIZATION HEIGHT] 



PftR»eTAL . V ( [ORGANIZATION ALL] 
[LOCATION BASE] 



[LOCATION ANTERIOR] OR 
[ORGANIZATION S\PHOMAL CANAL] 



Figure 23. Parts of the gastropod shell . 

The aperture of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is the hole or space at the end of the body 
whorl into which the mollusk can withdraw itself . The edge of the body 
whorl which borders the aperture is known as the Up ( sometimes called the 
peristome in technical works ) . Sometimes the lip is thickened greatly or flar- 
ing like an old-fashioned blunderbuss . Any startling development of the lip 
is generally a sign of adulthood . If the lip thickens into an unusually large , 
rounded , sharp rib it is known as a varix . Varices may be produced at various 



76 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

stages in the growth of a shell , and their number and position are nsed as 
identifying characters ( see [LOCATION Bursa] , the frog shells , pi . 9k ) . 

For the sake of convenience , the part of the lip which is away from the 
center of the shell or is not next to the axis of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is known as the outer 
lip . Opposite this on the other side of the aperture is the inner lip or parietal 
wall which may be thickened , armed with teeth ( see [PERSON Nerita] , pi . 4 ) or have 
a parietal shield ( see the helmet shells . Cassis , pi . 23V ) . The inner lip is con- 
tinuous with the thickened axis or colwnella of the shell about which the 
whorls are developed . In many kinds of marine gastropods , especially the 
murexes , the columella extends forward and forms the tube-like anterior 
siphonal canal . In a few genera there is a small posterior ca ? jal formed at the 
upper or posterior end of the aperture ( see [LOCATION Bursa] , pi . 9k ) . 

The outer lip in a few genera has a very characteristic notch or slit . It 
is longest in the very rare , large [ORGANIZATION Pleurotomaria shell] ( pi . 3 ) . The " stromboid 
notch " in the conchs is weak but distinct . In the abalones , [PERSON Haliotis] ( pi . 2 ) , 
the slit is replaced by a series of small , round anal holes . Nearly all the tur- 
rids are recognized by their " turrid notch " on the upper portion of the outer 
lip . The [PERSON Keyhole Limpets] , [PERSON Fissurella] , have reduced the slit to a single small 
hole which is located at the apex of their cap-shaped shells , although in their 
young stages the slit is well-developed at the edge of the shell ( see fig . 5 ) . 

The sculpturing on the exterior of the shell — ribs , nodules , cords , 
threads , indented lines , pits , spines , etc . — are grouped into two basic types : 
( I ) The axial sculpture , that is , any markings , ribs or lines which run across 
the whorl in line with the axis of the shell or from suture to suture . Some- 
times it is called longitudinal sculpture . Varices , growth lines and the outer 
lip are axial features . ( 2 ) The spii 'al sculpture , which is spirally arranged in 
the direction of the suture or in line with the direction of the growth of the 
whorls . Thus we often speak of spirally arranged color bands ( as in the 
[ORGANIZATION Tulip Shell] , [PERSON Fasciolaria] hunteria , pi . 13c ) , or axially arranged color streaks 
( as in the [ORGANIZATION Lightning Whelk] , [PERSON Busy] con coiitrarium , pi . 23-0 ) . 

The umbilicus is a hole or chink in the shell next to the base of the 
columella , which is formed because the whorls are not closely wound against 
each other at their anterior or basal end . The umbilicus may be quite large 
and deep as in the sundial shells , [PERSON Architectonica] ( pi . 4m ) . Commonly there 
is a spiral cord in the umbilicus which may terminate in a button-like callus . 
Some species are differentiated by the size , position or color of this znnhilical 
callus ( see [PERSON Polijiices] duplicatus , pi . 5k ) . About a fourth of our marine spe- 
cies are umbilicated to some degree or another . 

Teeth ( not to be confused with the radular teeth in the animal 's pro- 
boscis or mouth cavity ) arc often present in the aperture . The Distorted 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] , [PERSON Distorsio] ( pi . 25Z ) , is an extreme example , but some shells have teeth 
on the parietal wall only ( [ORGANIZATION Nerita] ) or on the inside of the outer lip ( Cassis ) . 



[PERSON Hoiv] to Know [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 



77 



[PERSON Tlie] periostracu7n is a horny covering which overlays the exterior of 
the shell in many species and , like the shell , is secreted and shaped by the 
fleshy mantle of the animal . The periostracum ( erroneously called the epi- 
dermis ) may be very thin and transparent or only slightly tinted ( as in some 
volutes , moon shells and the smaller conchs ) ; or it may be like a thick coat- 
ing of shellac which flakes off when dry ( as in the Queen Conch , [PERSON Strombus] 
gigas ) . In a few buccinids , some frog shells [ORGANIZATION {Lampusia] ) and the vase shells 
( [PERSON Vasimi] ) , the periostracum may be very thick and often have clumps which 
simulate hairs and bristles . It is wholly absent in many groups , including the 
cowries , olives and marginellas . It is primarily a protective coating and pre- 
vents damage from boring sponges and water acids . 

When axial and spiral sculpturing are equally prominent and cross each 
other at right angles , a cancellate or decussate sculpture is produced . Reticu- 
late sculpture is similar , but the lines do not cross at right angles . 

Growth lines are mentioned in many of our descriptions and these refer 
to the axial lines which run parallel to the edge of the apertural lip . These 
are irregularities in the shell , usually very small but sometimes coarse , which 
mark places where growth of the shell was stopped for a relatively long time . 
Sometimes the lip of the aperture becomes stained or slightly thickened dur- 
ing these brief rest periods ( probably a few days apart ) , and , when addi- 
tional growth takes place , these blemishes are left as growth lines . 




Figure 24. Various types of [LOCATION opercula] . a , calcareous [ORGANIZATION {Turbo] ) ; b , under surtace of 
same showing the paucispiral , corneous laver to which the foot muscle is attached; 
c , calcareous and paucispiral ( [LOCATION Neritu] ) ; d , paucispiral and corneous [ORGANIZATION {Littorina] ) \ e , 
ungulate and corneous [PERSON {Busy] con and [LOCATION Vasmn] ) ; f , multispiral and corneous 
( [PERSON Livo] ? 7a ) ; g , concentric and corneous {Biiccinwn ) . 

The operczilimt is a homy or calcareous plate firmly attached to the 
dorsal side of the posterior end of the foot . When the head and foot are 
withdrawn into the shell , this " trapdoor " is the last part to be pulled in , and 
it thus serves as a protection against enemies and , in many species , seals the 
shell from either noxious fluids or the drying effects of the sun and air . When 
the foot is extended and used in crawling , the operculum serves as a foot-pad 
on which the heavy shell may rest and rub without injury to the soft foot . 
The operculum is present in many families of marine mollusks , and it often 



78 [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he lis 

serves as a useful identification character . It is absent in adults in the follow- 
ing families : [PERSON Marginellidae] , [LOCATION Cypraeidae] , [PERSON Tonnidae] , [PERSON Haliotidae] , [PERSON Ac77meidae] , 
[PERSON Fissurellidae] , Janthifiidae , and nearly all of the sea slugs ( opisthobranchiates , 
nudibranchs , bullas , etc . ) . Some genera lack this organ , such as [PERSON Oliva] and 
[PERSON Cypraecassis] , although their close relatives , [PERSON Olivella] , [PERSON Ancilla] , [PERSON Phalium] and 
Cassis possess well-developed opercula . Nearly all [LOCATION Valuta] are without the 
operculum , except our West Indian Music Volute . This is also true of the 
genera Conns and [PERSON Mitra] whose various species may or may not possess one . 
In the [MISC Alaskan] volute , V [ORGANIZATION olutharpa] ampuUacea [LOCATION Dall] , 1 5 percent have an oper- 
culum , 10 percent only traces of the operculigenous area and 75 percent 
without a trace of either . The presence or absence of this part of the animal 
is not always a good classificational character . 

Many families , genera and species ( although not in so many cases as 
generally believed ) possess a characteristic type of operculum . Calcareous 
or hard , shelly opercula are found in the turban shells ( " cat 's eyes " of 
[MISC Turbo] ) , the [PERSON rissoids] , the nerites , and the natica moon shells . The color and 
sculpturing of these opercula are used for identification purposes . The liotias 
( [ORGANIZATION Liotiidae] ) possess a horny operculum which is overlaid by rows of calca- 
reous beads . Among the horny or corneous opercula there are several im- 
portant and characteristic tvpes which we have illustrated in figure 24. 

The radula . The minute teeth or radula ( also called the [PERSON odontophore] 
or lingual ribbon ) located in the mouths of all classes of mollusks , except the 
clams , are so very distinctive in the various families , genera and species that 
they have been used as a fairly reliable identification criterion . Our present 
arrangement of the gastropod families is based largely upon the [LOCATION radula] , al- 
though many other anatomical characters of the animal and shell are equally 
important . The [MISC Greek] naturalist , [PERSON Aristotle] , mentioned the radula of snails as 
early as 350 B.C. , but a fuller account was given by the [MISC Dutch] naturalist , 
[PERSON Swammerdam] , in the seventeenth century . The [MISC Italian] malacologist , [PERSON Poli] , 
was the first to figure the radulae of gastropods , cephalopods and chitons . 

The [PERSON radula] is attached to the floor of the buccal cavity or inner mouth 
and consists of a ribbon-shaped membrane to which are attached many small , 
fairly hard teeth . The radula ribbon is maneuvered back and forth in some- 
what licking fashion as the animal rasps its food . The teeth are arranged in 
transverse rows on the ribbon ( see fig . 6 ) , The number of rows may vary 
from a dozen ( in some nudibranchs ) to several hundred . Each transverse 
row contains a specific number of teeth , depending on the family or group 
to which the snail belongs . In the taenioglossate snails ( many families , includ- 
ing [LOCATION Cypraeidae] , [PERSON Strovihidae] , [PERSON Cerithiidae] and [LOCATION Littoriuidae] ) tliere are generally 
only seven teeth in each row , but each of these teeth has a distinctive shape 
and a specific number of tiny cusps on its edges . The tooth in the center is 
called the rachidian or central . Flanking this tooth on each side is a lateral . 



How to Knouo [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 



79 



Beyond each lateral there is first an inner marginal and finally an outer mar- 
ginal . This makes seven teeth in all . In the rachiglossate snails {Muricidae , 
[PERSON Buccinidae] , [PERSON Olividae] , etc . ) there are only three teeth per row — the rachidian 
and a strongly cusped lateral on each side . The four toxoglossate families 
( Conidae , [PERSON Turridae] , [PERSON Terebridae] and [ORGANIZATION Cancellariidae] ) have lost their rachidians 
and laterals and have retained only the marginals . 

The docoglossate snails {Acmaeidae and [ORGANIZATION Patellidae] ) have less than 
twelve teeth per row but are peculiar in that there are two to four identical 
rachidians or centrals . In the rhipidoglossate [PERSON famihes {Trochidae] , Fissurel- 
lidae , [LOCATION Neritidae] ) the [PERSON radula] is very complicated , and the very numerous lat- 
erals at the end of each row are called uncini . Among the gastropods which 
do not have a [PERSON radula] are the [LOCATION Pyramidellidae] , [PERSON Eidijnidae] , the genus Corallio- 
phila , adult [PERSON Harpa] and a few genera of nudibranchs . 




Figure 25. Types of radular teeth found in the prosobranch gastropods , a , 
rhipidoglossate [ Calliostoma doliarium [LOCATION Holten] ) ; b , taenioglossate ( [PERSON Littorina] irro- 
rata Say ) ; c , rachiglossate [ORGANIZATION {Purpura patida Linne] ) ; d , toxoglossate {Comis clarki 
Rehder and [PERSON Abbott] ) ; e , reduced rachiglossate {Scaphella [PERSON jiinonia Shaw] ) . All 
greatly magnified and representing only a single transverse row of teeth . 

We have figured several main types of gastropod radulae ( fig . 25 ) , but 
other examples have been included in the systematic section when they are 
of especial use in identification . It is not expected that many amateurs will 
want to prepare and examine radulae but , because so many serious private 
collectors and many biology students will find this identification tool indis- 
pensable , we have included brief instructions on the preparation of [PERSON radula] 
slides . 

Preparation of the radida . In large specimens , such as the whelks or 
conchs , the proboscis may be slit open from above and the round buccal 
mass removed . Occasionally , the proboscis is withdrawn far inside the ani- 
mal , but it is easily located below the thin skin on the dorsum just posterior 
to the tentacles . The flesh may be torn away with the aid of small dissecting 
needles until the glistening , worm-like [PERSON radula] pops out . In order to remove 



80 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 




Figure 26. Various shapes of bivalves , a , sp 'mose . ( [PERSON Echmochauia] calif ornicaDaW ) ; 
[ORGANIZATION b] , quadrate ( [PERSON Arcopsis] adamsi [PERSON E. A. Smith] ) ; c , orbicular or circular ( [PERSON Divaricella] ) ; 
d , rostrate {Niiciilmm [PERSON hamata Cpr] . ) ; e , trigonal {Crass 'mella ) ; f , fan-shaped or 
pectinate {Aeqziipecten irradiaiis miiplicostata [LOCATION Dall] ) ; g and h , obliquely ovate and 
aequivalve [ORGANIZATION {Crenella] cohmibiana [LOCATION Dall] ) ; i , elongate {Ensis directiis [PERSON Conrad] ) ; j , 
mussel-shaped ( [PERSON Modiolus] viodiohts [LOCATION Linne] ) ; k , ovate {Spisiilci [PERSON poJynyrua Stimpson] ) . 



Honjo to K ? iow [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 81 

the last traces of flesh , the [PERSON radula] may be soaked in a saturated solution of 
potassium hydroxide ( [LOCATION KOH] ) for a few minutes . A solution of common lye 
will do as well . Animals whose flesh has been hardened by a preservative will 
have to be carefully boiled for a few minutes or soaked overnight in [LOCATION KOH] 
or lye . Small specimens may be dropped whole into this alkaline solution 
if only the [PERSON radula] is desired . Transfer the [PERSON radula] successively to several 
watch-glasses of clean water in order to rid it of all traces of [LOCATION KOH] . The 
[PERSON radula] may then be placed in one or two drops of water on a clean , glass 
microscope slide and , by observation under the dissecting microscope , a few 
teeth may be teased apart with fine needles . Leave some of the ribbon intact 
to show the relative position of the teeth . Add a square cover slip for study 
under the compound microscope . In w^ater mounts such as these , stains are 
usually unnecessary . This temporary preparation may be permitted to dry 
for a day , the cover slip gently lifted , a few drops of euporol or mounting 
medium added , and the cover slip replaced to make a permanent shde . Some 
workers prefer to go from water to eosin stain to ninety-six percent alcohol 
and then to euporol , but this is an unnecessary elaboration . There are also 
excellent , permanent , plastic mounting mediums on the market . [LOCATION Canada] bal- 
[PERSON sam and] glycerine jelly eventually deteriorate . Keep in mind that [LOCATION KOH] or 
lye will burn flesh and eat holes in clothing . 

[ORGANIZATION Pelecypod Features] 

Shape of shell . In most families of bivalves , the shape of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is 
extremely important as a species character , and only in a few groups , such 
as the oysters and mussels , is shape so variable within a species as to be of 
little taxonomic value . Shape of shell , as a whole , is of little value in deter- 
mining families or genera , except in a few instances such as [LOCATION Pecten] , Spon- 
dylus and [PERSON Pinna] . 

Parts of the shell . The two valves of a clam are bound together by a 
brown , chitinous ligament , and usually hooked together by a hinge which is 
furnished with interlocking teeth . The valves are kept closed by powerful , 
internal adductor muscles but kept spread open by the action of the liga- 
ment when the animal relaxes or after it is dead . Each valve is a shallow , 
hollov/ cone , with the apex , from which point growth of the valves com- 
mences , turned to one side . This apex is termed the umbo ( plural : umbos , 
umbones ) or beak . The hinge and its teeth are usually just below the beak 
on the inside of the valve . The prodissoconch is the embryonic shell of the 
bivalve , and corresponds to the protoconch or nucleus of the gastropods . It 
is generally eroded away in adults , but when preserved it serves as a useful 
identification character , especially in such groups as the oysters . 

Right and left valves . It is important to distinguish one valve from the 



82 



[ORGANIZATION Aifierican Seashells] 



other and to determine which is the anterior or posterior end , for many 
identification features are used in relation to these orientations . The dorsal 
or upper inargin is located on the beak or hinge side; the ventral margin is 
the opposite side . The beaks usually are pointed or curved toward the ante- 
rior end which is generally the less pointed end of the shell . The ligament 
in the great majority of cases is posterior to the beaks . When present , the 
heart-shaped impression called the lunule is anterior to the beaks . When a 
clam is placed on its ventral margins on the table with the dorsal hinge mar- 
gin up , and with the anterior end away from the observer , the right valve is 
on the right , the left valve to the left . Another quick way is to observe the 
concave , interior of a valve with the hinge margin away from the observer 
and to locate the U-shaped pallial sinus impression ( see below ) . If the sinus 
opens toward the left , it is a left valve , and vice versa for the right valve . 



[ORGANIZATION LIGAMENT] 



/^ [ORGANIZATION POSTERIOR] 

[ORGANIZATION LPtTCRAU] 

I Tooth 



[ORGANIZATION NK] 




'Pallial line 

'ventral [ORGANIZATION MftAClN] 

Figure 27. Parts of the hivah-e shell . 



In most bivalves , the two valves are of the same size ( equivahe ) , but in 
some genera one valve is larger and slightly overlaps the other ( ineqjiivalve ) . 
In [LOCATION Ostrea] , [PERSON Pandora] and [LOCATION Lyonsia] , the left valve is the larger; in [LOCATION Corbula] , the 
right valve is the larger . A bivalve is said to be equilateral when the beak is 
midway between the anterior and posterior ends of the valve . Most bivalves , 
however , are inequilateral with the beak placed nearer one end . 

In many forms , the margins of the valves do not fit closely together , but 
have an opening called the gape somewhere along the margin . In the Soft- 
shelled Clam , My a , the gape is posterior ■and through it protrudes the siphon 
( siphonal gape ) ; in [LOCATION Rocellaria] it is anterior and large and serves for the 



[ORGANIZATION HouD] to Know [PERSON Aiiiericmi Seashells] 



83 



passage of the foot . Some clams , such as [PERSON Soleii] and [PERSON Eiisis] , gape at both ends . 
In [LOCATION Ar€a] there is a small notch or opening on the ventral margin for the 
passage of the anchoring organ , the byssus . This is called the byssal notch . 

The ligament is a brown , horny band located above the hinge , and is 
generally posterior to the beaks . As a rule , the greater part of the ligament 
is externally placed on the shell , but in some genera it may be partially or 
entirely internal . The ligament consists of two distinct parts , which may 
occur together in the same species or separately in others — the ligament 
proper and the internal cartilage or resilmm . In most cases , the two portions 
are intimately connected with one another , but in some clams , such as My a 
and [PERSON Mactra] , the cartilage is entirely separate ( the resilium ) and is lodged 
within the hinge in a spoon-shaped chojidrophore . The external ligament is 
inelastic and insoluble in strong alkali ( [ORGANIZATION KOH] ) . The cartilage is very elastic , 
slightly iridescent and soluble in [LOCATION KOH] . 

Muscle scars or inipressions . The interior , concave surface of the valve 




Figure 28. \ 'arious types of bivalve hinges , a , [ORGANIZATION Arcidae {Noetia] poiuierosa Say ) ; 
b , [PERSON Spondvlidae {Spondyhis] ) ; c , [PERSON Cardiidae {Dinocardhnn] vanhyiiingi [PERSON Clench] and 
[PERSON Smith] ) ; d , [PERSON Veneridae] ( [PERSON Tivela] stidtonim [PERSON Mawe] ) ; e , [PERSON Veneridae] ( [LOCATION Callocardia] texas- 
iaiia [LOCATION Dall] ) ; f , [PERSON Lucinidae {Phacoides] anmdatiis [PERSON Reeve] ) ; g , [PERSON Mactridae {Mactra] alata 
[PERSON Spengler] ) ; h , [LOCATION Tellinidae {TelUiia] idae [LOCATION Dall] ) ; i , [PERSON Carditidae] ( [LOCATION Veiiericardia] ) ; j , A4ac- 
tridae {Ra7igia ) ; k , [PERSON Crassatellidae] ( [PERSON Crassmella] himdata [PERSON Conrad] ) ; 1, [PERSON Periplomatidae] 
( [LOCATION Periploma] discus [ORGANIZATION Stearns] ) ; m , [PERSON Corbulidae] ( [ORGANIZATION Corbida] ) . 



84 [PERSON Ai] ? ] [PERSON eric] an Se ash ells 

possesses a number of useful identification features . The large muscles which 
serve to close the valves leave round impressions on the surface . When two 
muscles are present , as in the venus , lucine , tellin and other clams , they are 
known as the anterior and posterior muscle scars respectively . The fine , 
single-lined impression produced by the muscular edge of the mantle is 
known as the pallial line . The pallial line may have a U-shaped notch at 
the posterior end of the valve indicating the presence of a siphon and its 
siphonal muscles . This is known as the pallial sinus . It is entirely absent in 
genera possessing no retractile siphons . 

The hinge . This is one of the most important identification features 
in the bivalves , and often many hours of fruitless search can be avoided 
when the major types of hinges and their various parts are understood . 
There are many types of hinges from those without teeth {edentulous ) to 
those with a complex pattern . We have figured below some of the major 
types of hinges . The teeth are distinguished as cardinals , or those imme- 
diately below the umbo , and the laterals , or those on either side of the cardi- 
nals . In many inequilateral bivalves the teeth have become so distorted or 
set out of place that it is often difficult to distinguish the cardinals from the 
laterals or to determine which ones are absent . We have labeled the teeth 
in several groups in the systematic section of this book to overcome this 
difficulty . In [LOCATION Chanm] , for instance , the cardinals have been pushed up into 
the umbo and have become a mere ridge , while the strong anterior lateral 
has become nearly central and simulates a cardinal . 

Sculpture . In many groups , such as the scallops ( [MISC Pecten] ) , sculpture is 
of paramount importance in determining species . In most other groups it is 
used in conjunction with other characters . There are two major types of 
sculpture — concentric and radial — and both of these may be present in many 
forms , such as ridges , ribs , nodules , spines , foliaceous processes ( leaf-like ) , 
threads , beads , indented striae ( fine lines ) , etc . Concentric growth lines of 
varying degree of development are seen on most bivalves . They are always 
parallel to the margins of the valves , may be exceedingly fine or very coarse , 
and they generally indicate former growth and resting stages . Radial sculp- 
ture , running from the umbones to the lower or end margins of the valves , 
is exemplified in the ribs of Cardium ( pi . 32 ) , [PERSON Pectejj] ( pi . 33 ) and others . 
Concentric and radial sculpture may occur together to form a cancellate 
sculpture as in [PERSON Chione cancellata] ( pi . 39h ) . In a few genera , such as Foro- 
[PERSON mya] , the valve 's surface may be granulose , as if finely sugar-coated . 

The periostracum or protective chitinous sheath overlaying the exterior 
of the valves is present in most bivalves . It may be extremely thin and trans- 
parent so that it imparts a high gloss to the shell , or it may be thick and 
matted or even very coarse and stringy so that the valves appear to be 
bearded , as in [LOCATION Volsella] and [LOCATION Area] . 



[PERSON Houo] to Know [ORGANIZATION Afjierican Seashells] 85 

NAMES AND NOMENCLATURE 

In order to discuss the various kinds of moUusks , we must use stand- 
ardized names which are understood or recognized by students in every part 
of the world . For this reason , [LOCATION Latin] names , or latinized forms , are employed 
as the official medium for nomenclature . It is not at all necessary to have a 
knowledge of [LOCATION Latin] or [MISC Greek] in order to label a seashell . Nor is it supposed 
that one should attempt to remember the names , although it adds to the 
enjoyment of the study to absorb those of a few commoner species . In fact , 
it is not difficult to remember such scientific names as [PERSON Venus] , [PERSON Mitra] , [PERSON Oliva] 
and Conus . It may be of interest to beginners to know that few professional 
malacologists can remember more than a hundredth part of the total number 
of names . They , too , consult books to refresh their memories . 

Popular va ? nes . Popular or vernacular names in seashells are in great 
need of standardization and , while their use sometimes has its drawbacks , 
there is no reason they cannot become as acceptable to the amateur as have 
the popular names of birds , fishes and wild flowers . It is true that one species 
may be known by one name in [LOCATION New England] and another in [LOCATION Florida] , but 
these are generally names which are in use by local fishermen and not neces- 
sarily accepted by amateur shell collectors . In the face of so much name 
changing in the scientific literature because of legalistic technicalities , the 
existence of a few provincial popular names seems little enough excuse for 
not attempting to standardize the common names of seashells . Throughout 
this book we have presented both scientific and popular names . The latter 
have been derived from several sources and listed only after careful con- 
sideration of the evidence . Private collectors , shell dealers , professionals and , 
in some cases , many popular books , both recent and old , have contributed to 
the final choice . In a few instances , alternate popular names which are well- 
entrenched along wide regions of our coast have been listed . Popularization 
of patronymic names , such as [PERSON Clark] 's cone for Conus clarki , has been simple . 
Direct translations of the [LOCATION Latin] have in many but not all cases been advisable . 
Many obvious direct translations have been avoided in order to avoid con- 
fusion with names already used for shells in other regions of the world . It is 
interesting to note that many popular names in use today were recorded by 
early eighteenth century writers , and that a few popular generic names are 
to be found in the writings of [PERSON Aristotle] and [PERSON Pliny] . We have not , of course , 
employed the rule of using the name first employed as is done in scientific 
nomenclature ( rule of priority ) . It is hoped that this first listing of iioo 
popular names of [MISC American] seashells will bring fuller enjoyment to the many 
amateurs who do not desire to " wrestle " with scientific names . 

Scientific names . A mollusk is given two parts to its scientific name — 
the genus , which is akin to a surname , such as [PERSON Smith] or [PERSON Jones] , and the species 



86 [MISC American Sea] shells 

which is akin to a first name such as [PERSON William] or [PERSON Julia] . The generic name 
is always capitalized , e.g. , [PERSON Comis] , [PERSON Strombiis] or [LOCATION Area] , but the specific name 
which comes after the genus name is not , e.g. , princeps , pilsh 'yi or [PERSON florideijsis] . 
It is also customary to add the name of the person who described and 
christened the species; thus the Queen Conch of southern [LOCATION Florida] and the 
[LOCATION West Indies] is known as [PERSON Strovibiis] gigas [PERSON Linne] . If subspecies or geographical 
races are recognized , the name may appear , for example , as [ORGANIZATION Melojtgena corona] 
perspectiva Pilsbry or [PERSON M. corona] corona Gmelin , the latter being the typical 
race . W 'e have employed subgenera throughout the book as center headings . 
They may also be written into the name in [LOCATION parentheses : Janthina] ( [PERSON Violetta] ) 
[PERSON gJobosa Swainson] . It is wrong to put a generic synonym in the middle of 
the name , as Busy con {Fiilgiir ) carica [PERSON Gmelin] . 

Some authorities may put the author 's name in parentheses , for example , 
[PERSON Modulus] modulus ( [PERSON Linne] ) . This means that the species was first described 
under another genus , in this case , not [PERSON Modulus] but [PERSON Trochus] . Unfortunately , 
as our science becomes more advanced , parentheses must be used in the ma- 
jority of the species , and their usefulness becomes offset by the tax on one 's 
memory as to whether or not they are to be employed in the various species . 
Modern workers are attempting to abandon this useless frill of nomencla- 
ture , and in this book they are not used . Dates following the author 's names 
refer to the date of publication and serve the useful purpose of tracking 
down the original reference . It should be noted that the " double i " ending 
is no longer used in species names ( not smithii , but [PERSON smkhi] ) . 

Name changing . There is nothing more annoying than having a well- 
known and frequently used scientific name changed; and the field of mol- 
lusks seems to be having its lion 's share of tossing out of old friends for utter 
strangers . There are two basic kinds of changes — zoological and nomencla- 
rorial . Everyone will condone the former , for it is obvious , as our knowledge 
increases , that certain genera or even species will be found to be mixtures , 
and this necessitates separating and applying new names . In this book , for 
example , [PERSON Fasciolaria] gigantea is changed to [ORGANIZATION Pleuroploca] gigantea . The Horse 
Conch , [PERSON P. gigantea] , does not have characters like those of the tulip shells , 
and it cannot be put in the [LOCATION genus Fasciolaria] with such species as [PERSON F. tulipa] 
[PERSON Linne] and [PERSON F. hunteria Perry] . For the same reason , what has been called by 
many workers [ORGANIZATION Ostrea] virginica is now [PERSON Crassostrea] virginica . Venus merce- 
[LOCATION naria] is now [LOCATION Mercenaria] mercenaria . 

Nomenclatorial name changing is hardest for everyone to accept . As 
not infrequently happens , a species may be given several different names 
inadvertently by various authors . The [ORGANIZATION International Commission] for Zoolog- 
ical [ORGANIZATION Nomenclature] has set up an extensive set of rules; among these is the 
rule of priority by which the earliest valid name is chosen if several names 
are available . Unfortunately , the earliest name may have been overlooked 



How to K ? iow [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 87 

for many years , and its subsequent discovery will " knock out " one which 
has been in use for a long time . Thus about thirty years ago the whelk 
genus Fiilgur [PERSON Lamarck] 1799 was abandoned for [ORGANIZATION Busycojt Roding] 1798. The 
same fate may be met by well-known species . Thus Busy con pyruin [PERSON Dillwyn] 
1817 now becomes [PERSON B. spirata] [PERSON Lamarck] 181 6. It is believed that " rock bot- 
tom " will be reached some day , so that few , if any , further changes will 
occur . Nevertheless , it is with considerable regret that I change a number 
of familiar names in this book . 

Occasionally , certain names are conserved or " frozen " by the Com- 
mission if they are well-established and are in danger of being replaced by 
an earlier but obscurely known name . The following marine genera of 
mollusks are on the conserved list : [LOCATION Aplysia] , [LOCATION Area] , [LOCATION Argonauta] , [PERSON Buccinum] , 
[PERSON Bulla] , [LOCATION Calyptraea] , [PERSON Cohnnbella] , [PERSON Dentalhnn] , [PERSON Mactra] , [PERSON Modiolus] , [PERSON Mya] , [PERSON Alytihis] , 
[LOCATION Neritina] , [LOCATION Ostrea] , [LOCATION Sepia] , [PERSON Spirula] , [PERSON Teredo] . Many others , including very 
familiar species names , need to be added to this list . There are many tech- 
nical refinements to nomenclature , and those interested in such matters are 
referred to Procedure in [LOCATION Taxonomy] by [PERSON Schenk] and [ORGANIZATION McMasters] ( [ORGANIZATION Stanford] 
[ORGANIZATION University Press] ) . 

Pronunciatioji of scientific names . There is no official pronunciation 
established for names , and for certain words it may vary from one county 
to another . Many pronunciations not based on classical rules have become 
established and passed on from generation to generation . A few examples , 
classical or not , are given below : 

[PERSON Oliva] ( all-eeva ) , [PERSON EuJima] ( you-lee-mah ) , [PERSON Chiton] ( kite-on ) , [ORGANIZATION Chama] 
( kam-ah ) , [PERSON Chione] ( kigh-own-ee ) , [PERSON Cypraea] ( sip-ree-ah ) , [PERSON Cyphoma] ( sigh- 
fo-mah ) , [PERSON versicolor] ( ver-sik-o-lor said quickly ) . Busy con ( boos-eekon ) , 
] anthina ( yan-theena ) , [PERSON Xenophora] ( zen-off-fora ) , gigas ( rhymes with " jibe 
gas " : ) i-gas ) , conch ( konk ) , radula ( [ORGANIZATION rad-you-lah] ) , operciihim ( oh-perk- 
you-lum ) , smithi ( smith-eye ) , ruthae ( rooth-ee ) . The pronunciations of 
some of the authors are : [PERSON Linne] ( lin-ay ) or sometimes [PERSON Linnaeus] ( lin-ee-us ) , 
[PERSON Gould] ( goold ) , [PERSON Deshayes] ( desh-ayz ) , [PERSON Orbigny] ( or-bee-nee ) , [PERSON Gmelin] ( mell- 
an ) , [PERSON Bruguiere] ( broo-gui-air ) , [PERSON Kiener] ( keen-er ) , [PERSON Mighels] ( my-els ) , Cou- 
thouy ( koo-thoo-ee ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Cominon] abbreviations of names of ivell-known authors . Although 
most popular and scientific books spell in full the names of authors of sci- 
entific designations , a large number of articles and most museum labels bear 
only abbreviations . For this reason , a short list of frequently seen examples 
is included : 

[PERSON A. Ads] . — [PERSON A. Adams] B. and [PERSON S. — Broderip] and [PERSON Sowerby] 

[PERSON A.] and [PERSON H. — Alder] and [PERSON Hancock Brod] . — Broderip 

[PERSON Ag — Aguayo Brug] . — [PERSON Bruguiere] 

[PERSON Btsch] . — [ORGANIZATION Bartsch C. B. Ad] — [PERSON C. B. Adams] 



88 



American Se ash ells 



[MISC CL— Clench] 

Con . — [PERSON Conrad] 

[PERSON Coop] . [PERSON — Cooper] 

[LOCATION Couth] . — Couthouy 

[PERSON Cpr] . [PERSON — Carpenter] 

[PERSON Dautz] . — [PERSON Dautzenberg] 

[PERSON Desh] . [PERSON — Deshayes] 

[PERSON Dkr] . — Dunker 

d 'Orb . [PERSON — Orbigny] ( d 'Orbigny ) 

[PERSON Esch] . — [PERSON Eschscholtz] 

[PERSON Dill] . — [PERSON Dillwyn] 

[PERSON G.] and [PERSON G. — Grant] and [PERSON Gale] 

Gld . [PERSON — Gould] 

[PERSON Gmel] . — [PERSON Gmelin] 

Hemp . — [PERSON Hemphill] 

[PERSON Flert] . — [PERSON Hertlein] 

[PERSON L.] or [PERSON Linn] . — Linne; Linnaeus 



[PERSON Lam] . or [PERSON Lk] — [PERSON Lamarck] 

[PERSON Midff] . — [PERSON Midendorff] 

[PERSON Migh] . [PERSON — Mighels] 

Mts . — [PERSON E. von Martens] 

[PERSON Nutt] . — [PERSON Nuttall] 

Old . — Oldroyd 

[PERSON Orb] . [PERSON — Orbigny] ( d 'Orbigny ) 

[PERSON Pfr] . — [PERSON Pfeiffer] 

[PERSON Phil] . [PERSON — Philippi] 

Pils . — [PERSON Pilsbry] 

Q. and [PERSON G. —] Quoy and [PERSON Gaimard] 

[PERSON Raf] . [PERSON — Rafinesque] 

[PERSON Rod] . [PERSON — Roding] ( or [MISC Roeding] ) 

[PERSON Rve] . — [PERSON Reeve] 

[PERSON Sby] . or [PERSON Sow] . — [PERSON Sowerby] 

[LOCATION Val] . — [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes] 

[PERSON Verr] . — [PERSON A. E. Verrill] 



PART II 



Guide to the 
[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

[ Systefnatic Account ] 



THE SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE [MISC AMERICAN SEASHELLS] 

includes the scientific mid common names , geographical ranges , descriptions , 
comparative remarks and habitats of i ^oo of the 6000 species of marine mol- 
lusks found in [MISC North A^nerican] waters . The areas covered are from [LOCATION Alaska] 
to southern [LOCATION California] and from [LOCATION Labrador] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . Conse- 
quently a large part of the [MISC molluscan] fauna of [LOCATION Bermuda] , the [LOCATION West Indies] , 
[LOCATION Lower California] and the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] is included . [PERSON Monographic] 
accounts and more detailed information oji the remaining species and their 
ecology , anatomy and habits may be found by consulting the papers 
listed by subject niatter in the appendix on molluscan literature . 



CHAPTER VII 



[PERSON Periwinkles] 
Conchs and Other Snails 



[ORGANIZATION Class GASTROPODA] 



Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA Order [ORGANIZATION ARCHAEOGASTROPODA] 

[ORGANIZATION Superjamily PLEUROTOMARIACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION SCISSURELLIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Scissurella Orbigny] 1823 

[PERSON Subgenus Schizotrochus Monterosato] 1884 

[PERSON Scissurella] crispata Fleming Crispate [MISC Slit-shell] 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

3.5 mm . ( Vs inch ) in width and 3.0 mm . in length . 4 to 5 whorls . Fragile , 
frosty-white in color and sculptured by very delicate reticulations . [PERSON Umbihcus] 
small , round and very deep . Periphery of whorls angulate and with two 
thin , sharp spiral lamellae . Between these there is an open 
slit running from the edge of the thin apertural lip back 
about % of a whorl . Uncommon from 60 to 500 fathoms . 

The [LOCATION Florida Slit-shell] , 5. proxivm [LOCATION Dall] ( fig . 29 ) , from 
[LOCATION South Carolina] to the [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] , differs in being 
half as large , with a more rounded periphery , and a higher 
spire , so that the length is about equal to the width of the 
shell , and in having a weaker pair of peripheral lamellae . 
[PERSON Uncommon] from 20 to 434 fathoms . 




Fajnily PLEUROTOMARIIDAE 
[PERSON Genus Perotrochus] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1885 

[PERSON Perotrochus] quo y anus [PERSON Fischer] and [PERSON Bernardi] 

[PERSON Quoy] 's [LOCATION Pleurotomaria] 
91 



Figure 29. 
[LOCATION Florida] Slit- 
shell , [PERSON Scissurella] 
proxi ? 77a [LOCATION Dall] , 
YiQ inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts to [MISC Flor-] 
ida , 20 to 430 
fathoms ) . 



92 [LOCATION America] ? ! Se ash ells 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1/4 to 2 inches in length and width . Umbilicus sealed over . Sculpture 
of finely beaded , small spiral threads . Characterized by a relatively short but 
wide slit at the periphery of the body whorl just behind the outer lip . Color 
dull orange-yellow with darker maculations . Base white . Interior slightly 
pearly . Dredged from 73 to 130 fathoms . One of our rarest seashells . 

[PERSON Subgenus Entemnotrochus] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1885 
[PERSON Ferotrochus] adansonianus [LOCATION Crosse] and [PERSON Fischer Adanson] 's [LOCATION Pleurotomaria] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3d 

[LOCATION Cuba] and the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

3 inches in length , and slightly more in width . Umbilicus round , very 
deep . Sculpture of coarsely beaded , moderately small spiral threads . Slit on 
periphery of whorl narrow and very long ( ^ of a whorl ) . Color cream with 
a salmon blush and irregular , small patches of red . Base similarly colored . 
Dredged from 94 to 100 fathoms , but sometimes brought up in fish traps . 
This is an exceedingly rare species . 

Family HALIOTIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Haliotis Linne] 1758 

[PERSON Haliotis] cracherodi [PERSON Leach Black Abalone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate zf] 

[LOCATION Coos Bay] , [LOCATION Oregon] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

6 inches in length , oval , and fairly deep . Outer surface smoothish , ex- 
cept for coarse growth lines . Usually 5 to 8 holes are open . External color 
bluish to greenish black . Interior pearly-white . A fairly abundant , edible 
species although not fished commercially to any great extent . A littoral spe- 
cies which clings to rocks between tide marks . Some shells may lack the 
holes ( unnecessarily named H. c. holzneri [PERSON Hemphill] , [PERSON H. c.] imperforata [LOCATION Dall] 
and H. c. lusus Finlay ) . A subspecies , H. c. calif orniensis [PERSON Swainson] , occurs 
on [LOCATION Guadalupe Island] and is characterized by 1 2 to 16 very small holes . [PERSON H. c.] 
[PERSON bonita Orcutt] is the same as this subspecies . H. c. splendidula [PERSON Williamson] is 
the typical cracherodi . 

[ORGANIZATION Haliotis rufescens] [ORGANIZATION Swainson Red Abalone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 a 

[LOCATION Northern California] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

10 to 12 inches in length , oval , rather flattened . Outer surface rather 
rough , dull brick-red with a narrow red border around the edge of the shell . 
Interior iridescent blues and greens , with a large central muscle scar . 3 to 4 



[ORGANIZATION HALIOTIDAE] 93 

holes are open . Fished commercially below 20 feet , especially between [MISC Mon-] 
terey and Point Conception . The legal minimum size for sportsmen is 7 
inches , and the catch is limited to 5 specimens per person per day . This is 
a popular food and , when polished on the outside , makes an attractive mantel 
piece . 

[PERSON Haliotis] corrugata [PERSON Gray Pink Abalone] 

Plate 2C 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

5 to 7 inches in length , almost round , fairly deep , with a scalloped edge 
and strong corrugations on the outer surface . 3 to 4 large tubular holes are 
open . Exterior dull-green to reddish brown . Interior brilliant iridescent . The 
variety diegoensis [PERSON Orcutt] is the same . Abundant in its southern range . The 
legal minimum collecting size is 6 inches . 

[PERSON Haliotis fulgens Philippi] [ORGANIZATION Green Abalone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 2b] 

[LOCATION Farallon Islands] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

7 to 8 inches in length , almost round , moderately deep , and sculptured 
with 30 or 40 raised , coarse spiral threads . Exterior dull reddish brown; 
interior iridescent blues and greens . 5 to 6 holes are open . Fished commer- 
cially in southern [LOCATION California] . The legal minimum size is 6^ inches . [PERSON H.] 
splendens [PERSON Reeve] , [PERSON H. revea Bartsch] , and [PERSON H. turveri Bartsch] are the same spe- 
cies in all likelihood . 

[PERSON Haliotis] walallefisis [ORGANIZATION Stearns Northern Green Abalone] 

[LOCATION Westport] , [LOCATION Washington] , to [LOCATION Point Conception] , [LOCATION California] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , elongate , flattened , with numerous spiral threads . 
Exterior dark brick-red , mottled with pale bluish green . 5 to 6 holes are 
open , and their edges are not elevated . This is a small , relatively scarce 
species . 

[PERSON Haliotis] assimilis Dall Threaded Abalone 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2d 

[LOCATION Farallon Islands] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION CaHfomia] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , oval , fairly deep , with weak corrugations and 
weak to strong spiral threads . 4 to 5 holes open , tubular . Outer color mot- 
tled with brick-red , greenish blue and gray . [PERSON H.] aiilaea [PERSON Bartsch] is a little more 
corrugated than usual , and it may be this species . [PERSON H. smithsont Bartsch] and 
[PERSON H. sorenseni Bartsch] appear to be giant specimens of assimilis [LOCATION Dall] . 



94 [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 

[PERSON Haliotis] kamtschatkana [PERSON Jonas Japanese Abalone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2e 

[LOCATION Japan] , southern [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Point Conception] , [LOCATION California] . 

4 to 6 inches in length , elongate , with a fairly high spire . 4 to 5 holes 
open which have raised edges . Outside of shell rudely corrugated , but a few 
specimens may have weak , spiral cords . This is a small species , uncommon 
in [LOCATION California] , but increasingly abundant northward . 

[PERSON Haliotis] pourtalesi [ORGANIZATION Dall Pourtales ' Abalone] 

Off the [ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] . 

% to I inch in length , elongate , with 22 to 27 wavy , spiral cords . Out- 
side waxy yellow to light-brown with a few irregular patches of reddish 
orange . A light-orange band runs from each hole to the edge of the shell . 
Inside pearly-white . A very rare species , and the only one recorded from our 
eastern coast . It has been dredged from 6^ to 200 fathoms . Beware of young 
specimens from other oceans labeled as this species . 

Fmnily [ORGANIZATION FISSURELLIDAE] 

( [PERSON Keyhole Limpets] ) 

[ORGANIZATION Subjamily EMARGINULINAE] 

Key to the Genera of [MISC Emarginulinae] 

[PERSON a. Apex] at the same level as the base of the shell : 

b. With an internal septum [PERSON Zeidora] 

bb . Without internal septum [PERSON Nesta] 

aa . [ORGANIZATION Apex] above the base of the shell : 

[PERSON c. Slit] at anterior edge [PERSON Emarginula] 

cc . Slit at anterior [MISC middle :] 

[PERSON d. Funnel] around slit on inside [ORGANIZATION Fiincuirella] 

dd . No funnel around slit [PERSON Rimula] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Ewarginula Lamarck] 1801 
[ORGANIZATION Emargifiula] phrixodes Dall [PERSON Ruffled Rimula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17-0 

Off [LOCATION North Carolina] to eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Vz] inch in length , thin but strong , and with a small , narrow slit on the 
anterior slope of the shell near the margin . Base oval . Color translucent- 
white . Interior glossy . Concentric cords and 20 to 24 radial ribs cross each 



[LOCATION FISSURELLIDAE] 



95 



other to form a knobby , cancellate pattern . Dredged occasionally off the 
[LOCATION Miami] area in 35 to 90 fathoms . 



[PERSON Rimula] frenulata [LOCATION Dall] 



Genus Rimula Def ranee 1827 

[PERSON Bridle Rimula] 

Figure 3od 

Off [LOCATION North Carolina] to eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Vs inch in length , thin , very dehcate . Anal slit in the middle of the 
anterior slope of the shell and arrow-shaped . Base elongate-oval . [ORGANIZATION Shell Vs] 
high as long . Sculpture of fine cancellations . Margin finely crenulate . Color 
translucent-white to cream or rust , generally a deeper shade at the apex . The 
commonest species of [ORGANIZATION American Rimula] , but rare in collections . Dredged 5 
to 150 fathoms , especially off the [LOCATION Miami] area . 



[PERSON Genus Fimcturella R. T. Lowe] 1827 



Puncturella noachina [PERSON Linne] 



[PERSON Linne] 's [PERSON Puncturella] 



Circumpolar; south to Cape Cod; south to the iVleutians . 

V2 inch in length , conical , laterally compressed , with an elliptical base . 
21 to 26 primary radial ribs between each of which are added a smaller , sec- 
ondary rib farther down . Margin crenulate . Tiny slit just anterior to the 
apex , and internally it is bordered by a funnel-shaped cup on each side of 
which is a minute , triangular pit . Color uniformly white , internally glossy . 
May be collected under rocks at lowest tides in its northern range but also 
occurs in waters over a mile deep . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 





Figure 30. [PERSON Pucturellas] . a and b , [PERSON Pimctiirella] ciicuUata Gould; % inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] 
[ORGANIZATION Coast] ) ; c , [PERSON P. galeata Gould] , form major Dall; % inch ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; d , [PERSON Rimula] 

frenulata D3.\\; % inch ( [LOCATION Florida] ) , 



96 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

[PERSON Puncturella] cucullata [PERSON Gould Hooded Puncturella] 

Figure 30a , [ORGANIZATION b] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION La Paz] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% to I inch in length , moderately strong . [ORGANIZATION Apex] small , elevated and 
hooked over toward the anterior end . Behind it is a small , elongate slit pene- 
trating through the shell . Internally the slit is separated from the apex by a 
calcareous , convex shelf . Exterior with 14 to 23 major ribs and with i to 5 
smaller radial ribs between the main ones . The fewer the ribs , the stronger 
they are . Shell dull-gray externally , glossy-white inside . The border is cren- 
ulated . Found at low tide in [LOCATION Alaska] and dredged from 20 to 75 fathoms off 
southern [LOCATION California] . 

[PERSON Puncturella] galeata [PERSON Gould Helmet Puncturella] 

Figure 30c 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Redondo Beach] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to % inch in length , similar to cucullata , but with an almost smooth 
basal edge; with numerous , much finer radial ribs , and with the internal shelf 
behind the slit reinforced by a second , straight shelf . Commonly dredged in 
mud from 10 to 75 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfainily DIODORINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Diodora Gray] 1821 

[PERSON Keyhole Limpets] with the internal callus of the hole truncated and fre- 
quently minutely excavated behind; shell with its basal margin never raised 
at the ends . Central tooth of the radula wide . Compare with [PERSON Fissurella] . 
[ORGANIZATION Diadora] is a misspelling . 

Diodora cayetiensis Lamarck [ORGANIZATION Cayenne Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17m 
[LOCATION Virginia] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

I to 2 inches in maximum diameter . [ORGANIZATION Orifice] just in front of and slightly 
lower than the apex . Many radial ribs with each fourth one larger . Color 
variable from whitish , pinkish to dark gray . Interior white or bluish gray . 
Just behind the callus of the orifice on the inside there is a deep pit . [PERSON D. listeri] 
is much more coarsely sculptured . A common intertidal to moderately deep 
water species . It was named by [PERSON Thomas Say] one month after [PERSON Lamarck] 's 
description as [PERSON D. alterjiata] . 

[ORGANIZATION Diodora] listeri [PERSON Orbigny Lister] 's [PERSON Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17I 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION FISSURELLIDAE] 97 

I to 2 inches in maximum diameter . Similar to [PERSON D. cayenensis] but differs 
in that : ( i ) every second radial rib is larger; ( 2 ) concentric threads are more 
distinct and , by crossing the ribs , form little squares; ( 3 ) radial ribs often 
have nodules or scales . Color usually white , cream or gray , sometimes with 
obscure radial bands . Intertidal . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Diodora minuta [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Dwarf Keyhole Limpet] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in maximum diameter , rather thin , depressed . [ORGANIZATION Apex] at anterior 
third of shell . Base elliptical , raised slightly at the center , so that the shell 
rests on its ends . Short front slope slightly concave , back slope convex . Ori- 
fice narrow and trilobated . Exterior shiny , with numerous , finely beaded 
radial ribs . Color white , with many of the ribs entirely or partly blackened . 
Margin very finely crenulate . Internal callus around hole frequently bounded 
by a black line . Not very common . Dredged 6 to 72 fathoms , but has been 
picked up on beaches . Do not confuse with [PERSON D. dysoni] which is more likely 
to be encountered , especially at [LOCATION Sanibel Island] . 

Diodora dysoni [PERSON Reeve Dyson] 's [PERSON Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyn 
[LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION West Indies] to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

H to % inch in maximum diameter , depressed and with straight sides . 
Base ovate . [ORGANIZATION Apex] slightly in front of the middle and characterized by a blunt 
knob situated behind the posterior wall of the small , almost triangular orifice . 
Sculpture of 18 strong ribs with three smaller ones between , and with nu- 
merous concentric lamellae . Color milky-white or cream with 8 solid , broken 
or dotted black rays . Margin sharply crenulated with the denticles arranged 
in groups of four . Distinguished from cayenensis by the shape of the orifice . 
Moderately common , sometimes washed ashore . 

Diodora aspera [ORGANIZATION Eschscholtz Rough Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 [ORGANIZATION 8b] 
[PERSON Cook] 's [LOCATION Inlet] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Magdalena Bay] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I % to 2 ^ inches in maximum diameter , slightly less than Vs as high . The 
[PERSON roundish] to slightly oval , flat-sided apical hole is [PERSON Mi] the length of the shell 
and about Vs back from the narrow , anterior end of the shell . Sculpture of 
coarse radial and weaker concentric threads . Color externally is grayish 
white with about 12 to 18 irregularly sized , purplish blue , radial color bands . 
[PERSON Commonly] found clinging to rocks at low tide . In the south , dredged no 
deeper than 20 fathoms , and often found on the stems of kelp . 



98 Ainerican Se ash ells 

Diodora mur 'vna [PERSON Arnold Neat-ribbed Keyhole Limpet] 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Magdalena Bay] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% inch in length , similar to aspera , but smaller , with a lower , more 
rounded apex , with convex sides , a narrower shell , and with finer , much 
neater cancellate sculpturing . Color white or with few , or many , broken 
radial rays of gray-black . The apical hole is nearer the anterior end . Mod- 
erately common on rocks . This is [PERSON D. densiclathrata] of authors , not of [PERSON Reeve] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Lucapina Sowerby] 1835 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] thin , low-conic , with the apex in front of the middle . Orifice 
rather large , [PERSON roundish] . Margin finely crenulated . [PERSON Fleshy] mantle covers most 
of the shell; foot larger than shell . 

[LOCATION Lucapina] sowerbii Sowerby Sowerby 's [PERSON Fleshy Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyh 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

% inch in length , oblong in outline . With about 60 alternating large 
and small radiating ribs . Also with 9 to 1 3 raised , concentric threads . Color 
white to buff , with 7 to 9 small , splotched rays of pale brown . Inside whitish; 
callus sometimes bounded by an olive-green streak . Outside of orifice not 
stained . Uncommon under rocks at low tide zone . It has been erroneously 
called [PERSON L. adspersa Philippi] . 

[LOCATION Lucapina] suffusa [PERSON Reeve Cancellate Fleshy Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17k 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1 34 inches in length , oblong in outline . Much like [PERSON L. sowerbii] , but 
larger , a delicate mauve to pinkish , and with a bluish-black orifice . Inside 
grayish to dirty-white . Not uncommon under rocks . Formerly called [PERSON L.] 
cancellata [PERSON Sowerby] . 

[PERSON Genus Lucapinella] Pilsbry 1890 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] depressed , conical , less than % inch , with a large orifice and thick- 
ened margins . 

[PERSON Lucapinella] limatula [PERSON Reeve File Fleshy Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyi 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , resembling [PERSON L. soiverbii] , but smaller with a proportion- 



[ORGANIZATION FISSURELLIDAE] 99 

ately larger apical hole which is sharp at its top edge and which is nearer the 
center of the shell . The ends of the shell are slightly turned up and the sides 
are slightly concave . Sculpture of about 2 dozen heavily scaled , radial ribs 
and numerous , fine , thread-like concentric ridges . Color whitish with weak 
mauve or brown discoloring . Commonly dredged off southeastern [LOCATION Florida] , 
from 6 to 60 fathoms . 



[PERSON Lucapinella] callomarginata Dall [ORGANIZATION Hard-Edged Fleshy Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8e 

[LOCATION Bodega Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Nicaragua] . 

% to I inch in length , narrower at the anterior end , quite flat . Base flat 
and usually with strong crenulations on the under edge . [PERSON Sides] slightly con- 
cave . Apical hole narrowly elongate , slightly nearer the anterior end , about 
Vb the length of the shell and with flat inner sides . Sculpture coarsely cancel- 
late with the radial ribs stronger and often scaled . Color dark-gray with 
irregular , darker , radial color-rays . Rather rare under rocks in the low tide 
zone . 

[PERSON Genus Megathura] Pilsbry 1890 
[PERSON Megathiira] cremilata [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Great Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 8a 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Cedros Island] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

2% to 4 inches in length , [PERSON Vo] as high . Apical hole large , with rounded 
sides , % the length of the shell , and bordered externally by a white margin . 
Interior glossy-white . [PERSON Basal] edge finely crenulate . Exterior finely beaded 
and light mauve-brown . Animal much larger than the shell , with a massive , 
yellow foot and a black or brown mantle that nearly covers the entire shell . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in many low-tide , rocky areas , such as breakwaters . 

[PERSON Genus Megatebennus] Pilsbry 1890 
[PERSON Megatebennus] bimaculatus Dall [MISC Two-Spotted Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8d 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Tres Marias Islands] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% to % inch in length , low , with ends turned slightly up . Apical hole 
elongate-oval , located at the center of the shell and about % the length of 
the shell . Numerous radial and concentric threads give a fine cancellate sculp- 
turing . Color dark-gray to light-brown with a wide , darker ray on each side 
of the hole , and occasionally at each end . Interior white to grayish . Animal 
several times as large as the shell , variable in color — red , yellow or white . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] under stones at low tide . 



100 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Subfamily] FISSURELLINAE 

[PERSON Genus Fissurella Bruguiere] 1789 

[PERSON Subgenus Creviides H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 

[PERSON Fissurella] nodosa Born Knobby [PERSON Keyhole Limpet] 

Plate I yd 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length . 20 to 22 strongly nodulated , radial ribs . Mar- 
gin sharply crenulated . Interior pure-white . Orifice oblong . An intertidal 
rock-dweller . [PERSON Uncommon] in [LOCATION Florida] and the Bahamas; abundant in the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] . 

[PERSON Fissurella barhadensis] [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Barbados Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyf 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Bermuda] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length . With irregular radiating ribs . Orifice almost 
round . Inside with green and whitish concentric bands . Border of orifice 
deep-green with a reddish-brown line . Outside grayish white to pinkish buff , 
generally with purplish lines between the small ribs . Commonly blotched 
with purple-brown . Lives on wave-dashed rocks . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

A similar , rather rare species , [PERSON F.] angusta [PERSON Gmelin] , also intertidal and fre- 
quently covered with calcareous algae , occurs on the [LOCATION Florida Keys] . The 
shell is [PERSON flattish] , pointed in front , and its internal callus is light-brown to red- 
dish brown , but not bounded by a reddish line as in barbadensis , 

[PERSON Fissurella] rosea [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Rosy Keyhole Limpet] 

Plate I ye 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

I inch in length , thin , [PERSON flattish] , narrower at the anterior end . Orifice 
slightly oblong . Many radiating , small , rounded riblets . Color of alternating 
whitish to pale-straw and pinkish rays . Interior pale-green at the margins , 
blending to white in the center . [PERSON Green] orifice callus bordered by a pinkish 
line . Common in beach drift . Do not confuse with the larger , more elevated 
[PERSON F. barbadensis] . 

[PERSON Fissurella] volcano [PERSON Reeve Volcano Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 [ORGANIZATION 8c] 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower Cahfornia] . 

% to I inch in [LOCATION lengtli] , [PERSON Y^] to almost /4 as high . Orifice at the very top , 
very slightly nearer the somewhat narrower anterior end , and elongate with 
deep , flat inner sides . Sculpture of numerous rather large , but low and 



[ORGANIZATION ACMAEIDAE] 101 

rounded , radial ribs of varying sizes . Base of shell slightly crenulate and with 
color blotches . Exterior grayish white to dark-slate with numerous radial 
rays of mauve-pink . Interior glossy-white , often with a fine pink line around 
the callus at the apex . Foot of animal yellow; mantle with red stripes . Very 
common on rocky rubble at low tide . The variety crucifera [LOCATION Dall] is merely a 
color form with white radial bands . 

[PERSON Subgenus Clypidella Swainson] 1840 
[PERSON Fissurella] fascicularis [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Wobbly Keyhole Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyg 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I /4 inches in length . Both ends turned up ( can be rocked back and 
forth on a flat table ) . Orifice toward the anterior end , keyhole in shape . 
Color a faded magenta . Interior whitish , tinged with pale-green or pink . 
[MISC Inner] callus of orifice white with a narrow red line . [PERSON Uncommon] in [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily PATELLACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family ACMAEIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily ACMAEINAE] 

[PERSON Genus Lottia Sowerby] 1833 

[PERSON Lottia] gigantea [PERSON Gray Giant Owl Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 18 ) 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3 to 4 inches in maximum diameter , oval in outline , low , with the apex 
close to the front end . Exterior dirty-brown , rough , commonly stained with 
algal green . Interior glossy , with a wide , dark-brown border . Center bluish 
with an " owl-shaped " whitish to brownish scar in the very center . Very 
common at or above high tide line where the sea spray may reach them . In 
the south they grow to a large size . Frequently polished and used as sou- 
venirs . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Acmaea Eschscholtz] 1830 
Subgenus Acmaea s. str . 

[PERSON Acmaea mitra Eschscholtz White-Cap Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8r 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] in cold water . 

I inch in maximum diameter , thick , pure white , conic in shape , and with 
an almost round base . [PERSON x\pex] pointed and near the center . Often covered with 
small , knobby nuUipore growths . Commonly washed ashore . It lives in cold 
water below the low ride level . 



102 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Collisella] Dall 1871 
[ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Species] 

[LOCATION Acmaea] pelta [ORGANIZATION Eschscholtz Shield Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8n 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I % inches in maximum diameter , elliptical in outline , with a mod- 
erately high apex which is placed Vs to almost % way back from the anterior 
end . With about 25 axial , weakly developed , radial ribs . Edge of shell slightly 
wavy . External color of strong black radial , often intertwining , stripes on a 
whitish cream background . Interior usually faint bluish white , with or with- 
out a dark-brown spot . [MISC Inner] border edged with alternating black and cream 
bars . A common rock-dweller . 

[PERSON Acmaea] fenestrata [PERSON Reeve Fenestrate Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8t 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I /4 inches in maximum diameter , almost round in outline , rather 
high , and smoothish . The northern subspecies , [PERSON cribraria Gould] ( pi . i8w ) , 
found from [LOCATION Alaska] to northern [LOCATION California] , has interior with various shades of 
glossy , chocolate-brown , and with a narrow , solid black border . The exterior 
is plain dark-gray . The typical southern [PERSON fenestrata Reeve] ( pi . i8t ) , found 
from Point Conception south , has an external color pattern of regular dot- 
tings of cream on a gray-green background . Its interior has a small , brown 
apical spot surrounded by a bluish area and bordered at the margin of the 
shell with brown . Intergrades occur near Point Conception . This species is 
the only [LOCATION Pacific Acmaea] which lives among loose boulders that are set in sand . 
It only feeds when submerged . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[MISC Ac7naea] conus Test Test 's [LOCATION Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8g 

Point Conception , [LOCATION Cahfornia] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in maximum diameter . [ORGANIZATION Shell] low , and like [PERSON A. scabra] , is with 
distinct but widely spaced , radial ribs . Distinguished from scabra by its 
glossy , smooth interior which often has an evenly colored brown center . 
[PERSON A. scabra] has a rough interior center and the brown stain looks smeared . 
However , this species may be a form of scabra . It is very abundant south of 
[LOCATION La Jolla] and is found with [PERSON A. scabra] and [PERSON A.] digitalis . 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] limatula [ORGANIZATION Carpenter File Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 18-0 
Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[ORGANIZATION ACMAEIDAE] 103 

I to 1% inches in maximum diameter , elliptical to almost round in out- 
line , low to quite flat . Characterized by radial rows of small beads which 
sometimes may be crowded together to form tiny , rough riblets . Exterior 
greenish black . Interior glossy-white , younger specimens having a blue tint . 
[PERSON Patch] of brown on inside generally weak or absent . Edge of shell usually with 
solid , black-brown , narrow band . Occasional albinos are cream-brown or tan 
on the outside . Compare with [PERSON A.] scutum which is smooth and has a barred 
band of color on its under edge . 

Ac77mea digitalis [ORGANIZATION Eschscholtz Fingered Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8f 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Socorro Island] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

1% inch in maximum diameter , elliptical in outline; generally with a 
moderately high apex which is minutely hooked forward and which is placed 
[PERSON Vz] back from the anterior end of the shell . The 15 to 25 moderately devel- 
oped , coarse , radiating ribs give the edge of the shell a slightly wavy border . 
Color grayish with tiny , distinct mottlings of white dots and [PERSON blackish] streaks 
and lines . Inside white with faint bluish tint and with a large , usually even , 
patch of dark-brown in the center . Edge of shell v/ith a solid or broken , 
narrow band of black-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] . Do not confuse this species with 
[PERSON A. scabra] which does not have the " hooked-forward " apex and is not glossy 
on its internal brown patch . Compare also with persona . 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] persona [PERSON Eschscholtz Mask] Limpet 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8q 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1% inches in maximum diameter , with characters much the same 
as those of digitalis , but differing in being smoothish , larger , often slightly 
higher , and in having a strong tint of blue or blue-black inside . I am inclined 
to believe that [PERSON Pilsbry] is correct in considering digitalis as a smaller , ribbed 
form of persona , despite the fact that recent workers place these two species 
in different subgenera . It is possible that colder waters allow the smooth 
persona form to express itself . The Mask Limpet is very common from 
[LOCATION Monterey] north . It is an intertidal dweller where strong waves flush the rock 
crevices . It feeds mostly during the ebb tide and is more active during dark 
hours . The small southern subspecies , strigatella [PERSON Carpenter] , is about H inch 
in size , dark gray-blue inside , and externally with a mass of intertwining or 
joining radial bars of brown on a bluish or gray-white background . 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] scabra [PERSON Gould Rough Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 81 

[LOCATION Vancouver] , [LOCATION B.C.] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



104 [MISC American Seashells] 

I % inch in maximum diameter , elliptical in outline , generally with a low 
apex which is placed % back from the front end . The 15 to 25 strong , coarse 
radiating ribs give the edge of the shell a strong crenulation . Color dirty 
gray-green . Underside of shell whitish , irregularly stained in the center with 
[PERSON blackish] brown . Edge of shell between the serrations is stained [PERSON blackish] to 
purplish brown . A common species found clinging to rocks high above the 
water line but within reach of the ocean spray . A. spectrum [PERSON Nuttall] is the 
same species . Do not confuse with the smaller [PERSON A.] conus which is evenly 
glossed , instead of coarse and dull , on its interior center . 

Acmaea testudinalts scutum [ORGANIZATION Eschscholtz Pacific Plate Limpet] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Oregon] ( common ) to [LOCATION Lower CaHfornia] ( rare ) . 

I to 2 inches in maximum diameter , almost round in outline , quite flat , 
with the apex toward the center of the shell . [PERSON Smoothish] , except for very fine 
radial riblets in young specimens . External color greenish gray with slate-gray 
radial bands or mottlings . Interior bluish white with faint or [PERSON darkish brown] 
spot . Inner edge with band of alternating bars of black or brown and bluish 
white . The name of this species was also known as tessulata [PERSON Miiller] . The 
typical testudmalis from the [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] and [LOCATION New England] rarely , if ever , 
exceeds a size of i K- inches , is not so round , and has a darker , more con- 
centrated brown patch on the inside . Intergrades exist in [MISC Alaskan] waters . 
The [LOCATION Pacific] race was also named patina [PERSON Esch] . 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] asfin [ORGANIZATION Middendorff Black Limpet] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Mexico] , clinging to the gastropod , [PERSON Tegula] . 

/4 inch in maximum diameter , high-conic , elliptical in outline , and solid 
black inside and out . In the northern part of its range , the [LOCATION Black Limpet] is 
found living attached to the common snail , [PERSON Tegula] funebralis [PERSON A. Adams] , 

[MISC Acmaea] triangularis [PERSON Carpenter Triangular Limpet] 

[LOCATION Southern California] to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

[PERSON Yi] inch in maximum diameter , oblong in outline , side view distinctly 
triangular . Color whitish with 3 or 4 vertical , rather broad , brown stripes on 
each side . Found among coralline algae from the shore line down to several 
fathoms . [PERSON Uncommon] . 

[LOCATION Acmaea] depicta [PERSON Hinds Painted Limpet] 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[ORGANIZATION ACMAEIDAE] 105 

V2 inch in maximum diameter , very narrow , 3 times as long as wide . 
Sides straight with brown verti ( ? al stripes on a whitish background . Smooth- 
ish . This species is found on the broad-leaved eel-grass of the estuaries . Abun- 
dant in certain localities , such as [ORGANIZATION Mission Bay] . 

[LOCATION Acmaea] instabilis [PERSON Gould Unstable Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8zz 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to I M inches in maximum diameter , oblong with a rather high apex . 
Sides compressed . Lower edge curved so that the shell rocks back and forth 
if put on a flat surface . Exterior dull , light-brown . Interior whitish with 
faint brown stain in the center and with a narrow , solid border of brown . 
Inhabits the stems or holdfasts of large seaweeds . Moderately common . 

[LOCATION Acmaea] insessa [PERSON Hinds Seaweed Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8z 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/{> to % inch in maximum diameter , narrowly elliptical , with a high apex , 
and colored a uniform , greasy light-brown . Abundant on the stalks or hold- 
fasts of the large seaweeds , such as [ORGANIZATION Egregia] . 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] pale ace a [PERSON Gould Chaffy Limpet] 

[LOCATION Vancouver] , [LOCATION B.C.] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in maximum diameter , very fragile , translucent-brown , 3 or 4 
times as long as wide . Sides straight with fine , raised radial threads . Abun- 
dant on the narrow-leaved eel-grass of the open coast . 

[ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Species] 
[LOCATION Acmaea] testudinalis testudinalis [ORGANIZATION Miiller Atlantic Plate Limpet] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Long Island Sound] , [LOCATION New York] . 

I to 1% inches in maximum diameter , oval in outline , moderately high 
with the apex nearly at the center of the shell . Smoothish except for a few 
coarse growth lines and numerous , very fine axial threads . Interior bluish 
white with a dark- to light-brown center and with short , radial brown bars 
at the edge . Exterior dull cream-gray with irregular axial bars and streaks of 
brown . A common littoral species in [LOCATION New England] . Formerly referred to 
as [PERSON A. tessulata Miiller] . The fomi alveiis [PERSON Conrad] is a thin , elongate , heavily 
mottled ecological variant which lives on eel-grass . 



106 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] antillarum [PERSON Sowerby Antillean Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17a 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in maximum diameter , usually very flat , rather thin , oval in 
outline but narrou^er at the anterior end . Neatly sculptured with numerous 
radial threads . Color variable : exterior whitish with a few or many narrow 
or wide radial rays of brownish green . Interior glossy whitish with a dark- 
or light-brown callus . [ORGANIZATION Borders] or sometimes the entire inside marked by 
numerous radial lines of purple-brown . These are often divided near the 
edge of the shell . [PERSON Uncommon] in [LOCATION Florida] , but abundant in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 
[PERSON A. candeana Orbigny] and [PERSON A.] tenera [PERSON C. B. Adams] are the same . 

[ORGANIZATION Acmaea] pustulata Helbling Spotted Limpet 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

I inch in maximum diameter , oval in outline , moderately flat with 
rounded sides . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thick , with coarse axial ribs which are crossed by fine 
concentric threads . Interior glossy-white , with the central callus yellowish . 
Exterior chalk-white , dull . Sometimes flecked with red-brown dots and bars . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . Formerly known as punctulata Gmelin . A deep-water form , 
which is perhaps a young phase , of this species is very thin , light-rose in 
color , with a tiny , sharp apex and is occasionally flecked with red . It may be 
called [PERSON A. pustulata] pulcherrima [PERSON Guilding] . 

[PERSON Acmaea] leucopleura [PERSON Gmelin Dwarf Suck-On Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 17b] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Mi] to V2 inch in maximum diameter , high-conic , with numerous , alter- 
nating black and white rays . The black rays divide into two near the edge 
of the shell . Radial riblets weak , usually black . Interior white , often stained 
brown or black on the callus . Frequently found adhering to the underside 
of large gastropods such as [ORGANIZATION Livona] pica . [ORGANIZATION Common] . [PERSON A. cubensis Reeve] and 
[PERSON A.] sbjiplex Pilsbry are probably this species . 

[ORGANIZATION AciJiaea] jamaicensis [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Jamaica Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V 'z inch in maximum diameter , moderately high , with [MISC roundish] sides , 
thick , with about 15 to 20 rather large , rounded , white radial ribs on a black- 
brown background . Sometimes completely white . Interior white , occasion- 



[ORGANIZATION TROCHIDAE] 107 

ally with a black-spotted edge and with a thickened central callus which is 
light-brown to black . A. albicosta [PERSON C. B. Adams] and [PERSON A.] fungoides Roding are 
the same . Moderately common in the [LOCATION West Indies] , occasionally found on the 
[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] . 



[ORGANIZATION Fajnily LEPETIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Lepeta Gray] 1842 

Small , [PERSON flattish] , uncoiled shells which are " hat-shaped , " similar to [LOCATION Acmaea] , 
but the embryonic nucleus is spiral; the animal has no external gills and the 
proboscis is produced into a labial process on each side . The [PERSON radula] has a 
median tooth , which in [LOCATION Acmaea] is absent . 

[PERSON Lepeta] caeca [ORGANIZATION Miiller Northern Blind Limpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17J 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . 

[LOCATION Va] : to Y2 inch in maximum diameter , moderately conic , with straight 
sides , oval-elongate in outline . Rather fragile , dull-white to brownish exter- 
nally and with fine , granulose , crowded , radial threads . Interior white or 
tinged with pink . [ORGANIZATION Apex] usually eroded . A common cold-water species often 
dredged in shallow water off [LOCATION New England] . 



Superb amily [ORGANIZATION TROCHACEA] 

[PERSON Faiitily TROCHIDAE] ( Top Shells ) 

Subfaimly [LOCATION MARGARITINAE] 

[PERSON Genus Margarites Gray] 1847 

Subgenus Margarites s. str . 

Margarites costalts [ORGANIZATION Gould Northern Rosy Margarite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyt 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Bering Strait] to Port Etches , 
[LOCATION Alaska] . 

% to % inch in length , a little wider , with 5 evenly and well-rounded 
whorls . [PERSON Narrowly] and deeply umbilicate . [PERSON Angle] of spire about 90 degrees . 
Next to last whorl with i o to 12 smoothish , raised , spiral threads . [PERSON Columella] 
and outer lip thin , sharp , the latter finely crenulate . Color rosy to grayish 
cream . [PERSON White] within the smoothish umbilicus . Aperture pearly-rose . Com- 
monly dredged from lo to 62 fathoms . [PERSON M.] groenlandiciis [PERSON Moller] is the same . 
Formerly known as [PERSON M. cinereus Couthouy] . 



108 



American Se ash ells 



Margarites groenlandicus [PERSON Gmelin] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] . 



[LOCATION Greenland Margarite] 

Figure 3id 



H inch in length , % inch in width . [PERSON Angle] of spire 1 1 o degrees . Whorls 
strongly rounded , aperture round , umbilicus wide and deep . Outer lip and 
columella very thin . Base smooth; top of whorls with about a dozen smooth 
spiral lirations or almost entirely smooth ( form umbilicalis Broderip and 
[LOCATION Sowerby] ) . [PERSON Nucleus] glassy smooth . Suture finely impressed . Color glossy- 
cream to tan . Aperture pearly . Commonly dredged from 5 to 150 fathoms . 




Figure 31. [MISC American A4argarites] . 3l^ Margarites siiccinctiis 0^^ : . , % inch ( Vdici^c ) ; 
b , [PERSON Solariella] perainabUis Cpr . , ^. inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) ; c , [PERSON Margarites] piipilhis [PERSON Gould] , % 
inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) ; d , [PERSON M. groenlandicus] [LOCATION Gmelin] , V^ inch ( northern [LOCATION Atlantic] ) ; e , [PERSON M.] 
liridatiis form parcipictiis Cpr . , 14 ii^ch ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) ; f and g , [PERSON Solariella] obsciira 
[PERSON Couthouy] , 4 inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) ; h , [PERSON Lischkeia] cidaris Cpr . , i inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) . 



Margarites lindatus [PERSON Carpenter] 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Coronado Islands] . 



[PERSON Lirulate Margarite] 

Figure 3ie 



^ inch in length , 4 to 5 whorls , strong , semi-glossy . Very variable in 
color ( solid purple , whitish with dark-brown variegations and sometimes 
with a spiral row of dark squares on the periphery ) , and variable in the num- 
ber and strength of the small , smooth , spiral cords . Base rounded . Umbilicus 
narrow but deep . Suture well-impressed . Interior iridescent . [ORGANIZATION Common] in 
shallow water . [PERSON M. parcipictus Cpr] . and obsoletus Cpr . are forms of this 
species . 



TROCHIDAE 109 

Margarites succinctus [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Tucked] [PERSON Margarite] 

Figure 31a 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Vs , inch in length , 4 whorls , sHghtly wider than long , smoothish except 
for microscopic , weak threads or incised lines . Umbilicus small , round , deep . 
Exterior grayish brown , commonly with microscopic , brown , spiral lines . 
Aperture dark-greenish iridescent . Littoral on algae; common . 



Subgenus Pupillaria Dall 1909 
Margarites pupillus [PERSON Gould Puppet Margarite] 

Figure 31c 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

Vs to Y2 inch in length , whorls 5 to 6, upper whorls with 5 to 6 smooth- 
[PERSON ish] , small , spiral threads , between or over which are microscopic , axial , slant- 
ing threads . Umbilicus a minute chink . Exterior dull , chalky whitish to 
yellowish gray . Aperture rosy to greenish pearl . [ORGANIZATION Apex] usually eroded . A 
common littoral species in the northern half of its range . Also dredged in 50 
fathoms . 



[PERSON Genus Lischkeia] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1879 
[PERSON Subgenus Turcicula] Dall 1881 

[PERSON Lischkeia] bairdi Dall [PERSON Baird] 's [PERSON Spiny Margarite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 c 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Coronado Islands] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

2 inches in length , moderately fragile , sculptured with varying number 
of spiral rows of fairly large beads . No umbilicus . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white with a thin , 
glossy , yellowish-green periostracum . Interior of aperture pearly-white . This 
is a choice deep-water species much sought after by collectors . Moderately 
common in 100 to 600 fathoms . 



Subgenus Cidarina Dall 1909 
[PERSON Lischkeia] cidaris [PERSON Carpenter Adams] ' [PERSON Spiny Margarite] 

Figure 3ih 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , moderately solid , similar to [PERSON L. bairdi] but with 
a higher , flat-sided spire . The suture is usually more impressed . Color gray 
to grayish white . Moderately common from 20 to 350 fathoms . 



1 10 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

[PERSON Subgenus Calliotropis] [PERSON Seguenza] 1903 
[PERSON Lischkeia] [PERSON ottoi Philippi] [PERSON Otto] 's [PERSON Spiny Margarite] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Nortii Carolina] . 

% to % inch in length , equally wide . Moderately thin with a sharp lip . 
The round , narrow umbilicus is partially covered by the top of the colu- 
mella . Color pearly-white . Sculpture of whorls in spire with 3 evenly spaced 
spiral rows of prickly beads . Suture wavy . Base of shell with 4 to 5 spiral 
threads which bear smaller , often obscure , beads . Nuclear whorls with axial 
lamellae . S. regalis [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Smith] is the same species . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 50 
to 100 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Solariella Wood] 1842 
( [PERSON Machaeroplax Friele] 1877 ) 

[PERSON Solariella obscura] Couthouy [PERSON Obscure Solarelle] 

Figure 3if , g 

[PERSON Labrador] to off [LOCATION Chesapeake Bay] , [LOCATION Virginia] . 

^ inch in length , similar to Margarites costalis , but with whorls made 
more angular by one large , feebly beaded , spiral cord above the periphery . 
Base smoothish except for microscopic , spiral scratches . Umbilicus narrower 
and bordered by an angular rim . Color grayish to pinkish tan , often worn to 
reveal a pearly-golden color . Aperture pearly-white . Some specimens may 
have weak axial riblets below the strongest spiral cord on the periphery of the 
whorl . Commonly dredged from 3 to 400 fathoms , especially on the [MISC Grand] 
Banks . 

[PERSON Solariella] lacunella Dall [PERSON Channeled Solarelle] 

[MISC Figure 32b] , c 

[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Key West] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , equally wide , thick , pure white . Whorls convex . 
Aperture circular , internally pearly . Suture channeled . Whorls with 6 spiral 
cords , bottom 3 smooth , the upper ones axially beaded . Nuclear whorls 
glassy , with microscopic axial ribs . Umbilicus round , narrow , deep , lined 
with spiral rows of coarse beads . Very commonly dredged from 18 to 100 
fathoms . 

[PERSON Solariella lamellosa Verrill] and [PERSON Smith Lamellose Solarelle] 

Plate 17X 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Key West] , [LOCATION Yucatan] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Ys inch in length , similar to 5. [PERSON lacunella] , but with a much deeper channel 
at the suture below which are numerous , small axial , short lamellar-like ribs . 



I 



[ORGANIZATION TROCHIDAE] 



111 



[LOCATION Middle] of whorl with a strong , sharp , smooth or beaded , spiral thread . Base 
of shell smoothish except for one smooth spiral thread near the periphery and 
one heavily beaded cord bordering the deep , round umbilicus . Entire shell 
with numerous microscopic incised lines . Very commonly dredged from 35 
to 150 fathoms , but also recorded from 683 fathoms . 

[PERSON Solariella] peramabilis [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Lovely Pacific Solarelle] 

[MISC Figure 31b] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

^ to % inch in length , equally wide , solid , semi-gloss . Aperture circular . 
Umbilicus fairly wide , round , very deep . [PERSON Whorls] 7, shouldered just below 
the suture by a flat shelf . Lower % of whorl with numerous weak spiral 
cords that are smoothish in the last whorl but crossed by numerous axial rib- 
lets in the early whorls . Color tan with light-mauve stains and mottlings . 
Interior iridescent . Moderately common from 20 to 339 fathoms . 




Figure 32. a , [LOCATION Gaza] ivatsoni [LOCATION Dall] ( nat . size ) ; b and c , [PERSON Solariella] lacunella [LOCATION Dall] 
X4; d and e , [ORGANIZATION Microgaza rotella] Dall X4. All from the [LOCATION Atlantic] . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Microgaza] Dall 1881 
[ORGANIZATION Microgaza rotella Dall] [LOCATION Dall] 's [LOCATION Dwarf Gaza] 

Figure 32d , e 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in diameter , spire flat , surface smooth except for a spiral row of 
low pimples just below the suture . Whorls about 5. [PERSON Umbilicus] fairly wide , 
very deep , its squarish edge bearing numerous , neat , rounded creases . Colu- 
mella straight . Color whitish gray with a beautiful opalescent sheen , espe- 
cially inside the aperture . Top of whorls colored with chestnut , [PERSON zebra-like] 
axial stripes . Very commonly brought up in dredging hauls off [PERSON A4iami] from 
50 to 100 fathoms . The form i ? iornata [LOCATION Dall] lacks the pimples just below the 
suture . 



112 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

Subfamily CALLIOSTO MATIN AE 
Genus Calliostoma Swainson 1840 

[LOCATION Calliostoma] euglyptum [PERSON A. Adams] Sculptured [MISC Top-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 17W] 

[LOCATION North CaroHna] to [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

% inch in length , equally wide . [PERSON Angle] of spire about 70 degrees . [PERSON Sides] 
of whorls slightly concave . Periphery well-rounded . No umbilicus . [PERSON Whorls] 
with 6 major , well-beaded , spiral cords between each of which is a much 
smaller , weakly beaded thread . Color dull-rose , sometimes with axial flam- 
mules of cream . Nucleus pink or , when worn , dark purple . Moderately 
common in some localities from low tide mark to 3 2 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Calliostoma] zonamestum [PERSON A. Adams] Chocolate-lined [MISC Top-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 311 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , slightly wider . [PERSON Angle] of spire about 70 degrees . 
Sides of whorls flat; periphery sharp; base flat . Umbilicus deep , smooth-sided , 
white . Whorls characterized by 10 spiral , beaded threads between each of 
which there is a dark-chocolate line . Base olive with about 5 to 6 fine , brown , 
spiral lines . A very beautiful and moderately rare species much sought after 
by collectors . 

[ORGANIZATION Calliostoma] roseolujn [LOCATION Dall] [LOCATION Dall] 's [PERSON Rosy Top-shell] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

% inch in length , % as wide . [PERSON Angle] of spire about 50 degrees . Sides of 
whorls well-rounded , and with 8 to 9 crowded spiral rows of numerous neat 
beads . Columella upright , strong , with a slight twist . Color of shell light 
orange-tan to cream , often with arched splotches of darker color running 
axially across the whorl . No umbilicus . Aperture pearly-rose . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] 
from 12 to 100 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Calliostoma] pulchrum [PERSON C. B. Adams Beautiful Top-shell] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , % as wide . [PERSON Angle] of spire about 50 degrees . Sides of 
whorls straight . Characterized by a pair of strong , spiral cords just above the 
suture which are white with distantly spaced red-brown dots . Rest of whorl 
pearly-green with 6 to 7 very weak ( or sometimes strong ) beaded spiral 
threads . [PERSON Columella] almost upright , its inner side rounded , pearly . No umbili- 
cus . Moderately common from i to 40 fathoms . 



TROCHIDAE 113 

[ORGANIZATION CalHostoma] jujubinuni [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Jubjube Top-shell] 

Plate 3p 

[LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I /4 inches in length . Characterized by the deep , narrow , smooth- 
sided umbilicus which is bordered by a spiral , beaded thread , and by the 
swollen , rounded periphery of each whorl , which in the spire is located just 
above the suture . Color ranges from brownish cream to reddish and is often 
maculated with white splotches near the periphery . Typical jujubinum has 
a spire angle of about 50 degrees; the spiral threads on the whorls are weakly 
beaded , and the umbilicus is almost closed . 

[PERSON C.] jiijiibimim tampaeiise [PERSON Conrad] ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [MISC Flor-] 
ida to [LOCATION Yucatan] ) varies in spire angle from 50 to 65 degrees , is not always so 
swollen at its periphery , and has 9 to 10 well-beaded spiral threads between 
each suture . 

[ORGANIZATION CalHostoma] occidentale [PERSON Mighels] and [ORGANIZATION Adams North Atlantic Top-shell] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

^ inch in length , equally wide . Whorls convex and with 3 to 4 strong 
spiral cords , the 2 lower ones smooth , the upper one beaded . Color pearly- 
white . No umbilicus . Outer lip fragile . Moderately common from 10 to 
365 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION CalHostoma] bairdi [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Smith Baird] 's Top-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3—0 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION North Carolina] ( and to [LOCATION Florida] ) . 

1 to iVi inches in length , about as wide . [PERSON Angle] of spire about 70 degrees . 
Sides of spire straight to slightly convex . Base rather flat . Periphery angular . 
Sculpture of 6 to 7 spiral rows of small , neat beads , with those on the top- 
most row being the largest . Suture difficult to find . No umbilicus . Color 
brownish cream with faint maculations of light reddish . Not uncommon 
from 43 to 250 fathoms . 

[PERSON C.] bairdi psyche [LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] , 30 to 130 fathoms ) 
is usually % inch in length , slightly wider , with a spire angle of about 75 to 
80 degrees , and the color is lighter and more pearly . Base with 3 or 4 spiral 
brown lines . It has a chink-like depression beside the umbilicus . [PERSON Uncommon] . 
[PERSON C.] subumbilicatum [LOCATION Dall] is a form of this species whose umbilicus is half open . 

[ORGANIZATION CalHostoma] tricolor [MISC Gabb Three-colored] [MISC Top-shell] 

Figure 330 
[LOCATION Moss Beach] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Cape San Lucas] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 



114 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 




Figure 33. [PERSON V2.c\^c Calliostoma] . a , glorioswnD2i\\- , h , variegatm ? iCpr . - , c , sple7idens 

[PERSON Cpr] . ; d , [PERSON geimmilatimi Cpr] . ; e , tricolor Gabb; f , anmilatmn Sol; g , [PERSON ligatimi Gld] . 

( costanim ) ; h , cmmliculatimL All about natural size . ( From [LOCATION Dall] 1901. ) 




[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 - THE FIVE CLASSES OF MOLLUSKS 

[ORGANIZATION GASTROPODA PELEC] YPODA 

( a ) [ORGANIZATION Turnip Whelk] , p. 237. ( [ORGANIZATION b] ) [ORGANIZATION Calico Clam] , p. 416. 

[ORGANIZATION CEPHALOPODA] 

( c ) Paper Nautilus , p. 485. 

[ORGANIZATION AMPHINEURA SCAPHOPODA] 

( d ) [MISC West Indian] [LOCATION Chiton] , p. 324. ( e ) [PERSON Ball] 's [PERSON Pacific Tusk] , p. 327. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 
[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] ABALONES 



a. [ORGANIZATION Red Aealone] , [PERSON Haliotis rujescens Swainson] , 10 to 12 inches . Left , artific- 

ially polished; right , natural ( [LOCATION Northern California] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 92. 

[PERSON b. Green] AbalonE; , [PERSON H. fulgens Philippi] , 7 to 8 inches . Left , exterior; right , 

interior ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 93. 

[PERSON c. Pink Abalone^] , [PERSON H. corrugata Gray] , 5 to 7 inches ( [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] 

to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 93. 

d. Threaded Abalone . H. assimilis [LOCATION Dall] , 4 to 5 inches ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 93. 

[PERSON e. Japanese Abalone] , [PERSON H. kamtschatkana Jonas] , 4 to 6 inches ( [LOCATION Japan] , 

southern [LOCATION Alaska] to northern [LOCATION California] ) , p. 94. 

[PERSON f. Black] Abalone^ [PERSON H. cracherodi Leach] , 4 to 6 inches ( [LOCATION California] to 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 92. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 
[LOCATION TURBANS] , TOP-SHELLS , STAR-SHELLS 



[PERSON a. Channeled] [MISC Turban^ Turbo] canaliculatus [PERSON Hermann] , 2 inches ( South- 

eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 123. 

[PERSON b. Superb] [PERSON Gaza_] , [LOCATION Gaza] superba [LOCATION Dall] . 1 inch ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 118. 

[PERSON c. Baird] 's [ORGANIZATION Spiny Margarite^ Lischkeia] bairdi [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) , 

p. 109. 

[PERSON d. Adanson] 's [LOCATION Pleurotomaria] , [PERSON Perotrochns] adansonianus [LOCATION Crosse] and 

[PERSON Fischer] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 92. 

[PERSON e. Greenish] [MISC Turban^ Astraea] olivacea [PERSON Wood] , 1^^ inches ( [MISC Gulf of Califor-] 

nia ) , not in text . 

f. Queen Tegula^ Tegula [PERSON regina Stearns] , lYi inches ( [LOCATION Southern California] ) , 

p. 120. 

[PERSON g. Chestnut Turban^ Turbo] castaneus [LOCATION Gmelin] , [PERSON V/j] inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 123. 
[PERSON h. Carved] [MISC Star-shell^ Astraea] [PERSON caelata Gmelin] , 2 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 124. 
i. [MISC American Star-shell^] , Astraea americana [PERSON Gmelin] , 1^/2 inches ( South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 124. 
[PERSON j. Green Star-shell] , Astraea tuber [PERSON Linne] , [LOCATION IJ/] ? inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 124. 
[PERSON k.] and [PERSON m. Long-spined] [MISC Star-shell] , [PERSON Astraea] longispina [PERSON Lamarck] , 2 inches 

( Southeastern [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 123. 
1. [PERSON Short-spined Star-shell] , [PERSON Astraea] brevispina [PERSON Lamarck] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION West] 

[LOCATION Indies] only ) , p. 123. 
n. Chocolate-lined Top-shell , [PERSON Calliostoma] zonamestum [PERSON A. Adams] , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and tlie [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 112. 
[PERSON o. Baird] 's Top-shell , [ORGANIZATION Calliostoma] bairdi [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Smith] , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 113. 
[PERSON p. Jujube Top-shell] , [LOCATION Calliostoma] jujnbijium [LOCATION Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 

Keys and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 113. 
q. Channeled Top-shell , [PERSON Calliostoma] canaliculatum Solander 1786, 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) , p. 115. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4 
[LOCATION NERITES] , [LOCATION PURPLE SEA-SNAILS] , [ORGANIZATION SUN-DIALS] 



a. Bleeding Tooth , [LOCATION Nerita] peloronta [PERSON Linne] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] 

and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 128. 

[PERSON b. Four-toothed] [PERSON Nerite] , [PERSON Nerita] versicolor [PERSON Gmelin] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 128. 

c. [PERSON Antillean Nerite] , [PERSON Nerita] julgurans [PERSON Gmelin] , 3^ inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 129. 

d. Rough-ribbed [PERSON Nerite] , [PERSON Nerita] scabricosta [PERSON Lamarck] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] side 

of [LOCATION Central America] ) , not in text . 

[PERSON e. Zebra Nerite] , [LOCATION Puperita] pupa [PERSON Linne] , lA inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 129. 

[PERSON f. Tessellate Nerite] , [PERSON Nerita tessellata Gmelin] , 3// inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 128. 

[PERSON g. Olive Nerite] , [LOCATION Neritina] reclivata Say , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [ORGANIZATION Southeastern United] 

[LOCATION States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 129. 
[PERSON h. Emerald Nerite] , [LOCATION Smaragdia] viridis [PERSON Linne] , 34 inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 130. 
i. [PERSON Virgin Nerite] , [PERSON Neritina] virginea [PERSON Linne] , Y inch , 6 color phases 

( Southeastern [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 129. 
[PERSON j. Common Purple Sea-snail] , Janthina janthina [PERSON Linne] , 1 inch ( [PERSON Pelagic] , 

warm seas ) , p. 160. 
[PERSON k. Globe Purple Sea-snail] , Janthina globosa [PERSON Swainson] , ^ inch ( [PERSON Pelagic] , 

warm seas ) , p. 160. 
1. [PERSON Dwarf Purple Sea-snail] , [PERSON Janthina] exigua [PERSON Lamarck] , 34 inch ( [PERSON Pelagic] , 

warm seas ) , p. 160. 
m. Common Sun-dial , [ORGANIZATION Architectonica] nohilis Roding , 13/2 inches 

( Southeastern [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 142. 
n. Keeled Sun-dial , [PERSON Architectonica] peracnta [LOCATION Dall] , 3^ inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 143. 
[PERSON o. Krebs] ' Sun-dial , [LOCATION Architectonica] krehsi Morch , Yl inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 143. 
[PERSON p. Henderson] 's [LOCATION Niso] , [LOCATION Niso] hendersoni [PERSON Bartsch] 1953, 1 inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION United States] ) , not in text , [PERSON Holotype] . 
q. Giant [LOCATION Atlantic Pyram] , [LOCATION Pyramidella] dolabratn [PERSON Lamarck] , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Bahamas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 289. 
[PERSON r. Flamingo Tongue] , [PERSON Cyphoma] gibbosurn [PERSON Linne] , ^ inch ( [PERSON Soiuheastern] 

[LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 183. Also see plate 8. 
[PERSON s. McGinty] 's [LOCATION Cyphoma] , [PERSON Cyphoma] mcgintyi [PERSON Pilsbry] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] ) , 

p. 184. 

[PERSON t. Fingerprint Cyphoma] , [PERSON Cyphoma] signatum Pilsbry and [PERSON McGinty] , 1 inch 
( [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 184. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5 
CONCHS , TRITONS , [ORGANIZATION AND MOON-SHELLS] 



[PERSON a. Wood] 's Panama Conch , [MISC S trombus] [PERSON granulatus Wood] , 2j/^ inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 

of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text . 

b. [LOCATION Atlantic Carrier-shell] , [PERSON Xenophora] conchyliophora Born , 2 inches 

( Southeastern [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 173. 

c. Hawk-wing Conch , Strombus raninus [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 175. 

[PERSON d. Angular Triton] , [PERSON Cymatiuin] femorale [PERSON Linne] , 6 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 195. 

e. Rooster-tail Conch , [PERSON Strombus] gallus [PERSON Linne] , 5 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 175. 

[PERSON f. Trumpet Triton] , [LOCATION Charonia] tritonis nobilis [PERSON Conrad] , 14 inches 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 196. 

[PERSON g. West] Indian Fighting Conch , [PERSON Strombus] pugilis [PERSON Linne] , 3 inches 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 173. 
[PERSON h. Florida] Fighting Conch^ Strombus alatus [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Atlantic] 

[LOCATION Coast] from [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 174. 
i. Panama Fighting Conch , Strombus gracilior [PERSON Sowerby] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 

of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text , 
[PERSON j. Brown] [PERSON Moon-shell] , [PERSON Polinices brunneus Link] , \ ] /2 inches , ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 186. 
[PERSON k. Shark Eye] , [ORGANIZATION Polinices] duplicatus Say , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) , p. 186. 

1. [PERSON Colorful Atlantic Natica] , [LOCATION Natica] canrena [PERSON Linne] , 13^2 inches 
( Southeastern [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 191. 

[PERSON m. Excavated] [LOCATION Natica] , [PERSON Stigmaulax] elenae Recluz , IJ/2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific] side 
of [LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 6 
[ORGANIZATION COWRIES] 



a. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Yellow Cowrie] , [PERSON Cypraea] spurca acicularis [PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 180. 

[PERSON b. Chestnut Cowrie] , [PERSON Cypraea] spadicea [PERSON Swainson] , 2 inches ( [MISC Southern] 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 181. 

c. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Gray Cowrie] , [LOCATION Cypraea] cinerea [PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 180. 

[PERSON d. Measled] Cowrie , [PERSON Cypraea zebra Linne] , 3 inches ( [ORGANIZATION Southeastern Florida] 

and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 180. 

e. Mouse Cowrie , [PERSON Cypraea mus Linne] , 2 inches ( [ORGANIZATION Sotithern Caribbean] ) , 

p. 181. 

f. [LOCATION Atlantic Deer Cowrie] , [PERSON Cypraea] cervus [PERSON Linne] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION South] half 

of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 180. 

[PERSON g. Young] stage of the [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Deer Cowrie] before the outer lip has 

become thickened and reinforced with teeth , p. 180. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 7 
[ORGANIZATION SEA-WHIP SNAILS] 



[PERSON a. Common] [MISC West Indian] [LOCATION Simnia] , [LOCATION Neosimnia] acicularis [PERSON Lam] . , [PERSON Yi] inch . 

Yellow phase on [MISC Yellow Sea-whip] , [PERSON Leptogorgia] virgulata [PERSON Lam] . , and 
lavender phase on [MISC Purple Sea-whip] , [LOCATION Leptogorgia] hebes [PERSON Verrill] 
( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 182. 

b. and [MISC c. Californian] Pedicularia , [LOCATION Pedicularia] californica [PERSON Newcomb] , Y 

inch . Attached to the [LOCATION hydrocoralline] , [LOCATION Allopora] californica [PERSON Verrill] . 
c is the heavy form , [PERSON ovuliformis Berry] ( [LOCATION Southern California] ) p. 182. 

[PERSON d. Decussate Pedicularia] , [LOCATION Pedicularia] decnssata [PERSON Gould] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Georgia] 

to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 181. 

[PERSON e. Single-Toothed] [LOCATION Simnia] , [LOCATION Neosimnia] uniplicata Sby . , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Virginia] to 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 182. 

[PERSON f. Dale] 's [LOCATION Treasured Simnia] , [LOCATION Neosimnia] piragua [LOCATION Dall] , 1 inch . [PERSON Holotype] 

( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 182. 

[PERSON g. Western Chubby Simnia] , [LOCATION Neosimnia] avena Sby . , Y2 i^^ch ( [LOCATION Monterey] , 

[LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 183. 
[PERSON h. Inflexed] [LOCATION Simnia] , [LOCATION Neosimnia] inflexa Sby . , [PERSON Yi] i^^ch ( [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , 

to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 183. 
i. [PERSON Loebbeck] 's [LOCATION Simnia] , [PERSON Neosimnia loehbeckeana Weink] . , 34 inch 

( [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] , form barbarensis [LOCATION Dall] ) , 

p. 183. 
[PERSON j. Panama Cyphoma] , [PERSON Cyphoma] emarginata Sby . , ( 4 specimens ) , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Panaina] ) , not in text . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 8 



Living [PERSON Flamingo Tongues] on the [MISC Rough Sea-^vhip] , [PERSON Muricea muricata Pallas] . 

Upper right : [PERSON McGinty] 's [LOCATION Cyphoma] , [PERSON Cyphoma] mcgintyi Pilsbry , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] ) , p. 184. 
Lower Three : Flamingo Tongue , [PERSON Cyphoma] gibbosum [PERSON Linne] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 183. 



QD ' 



[ORGANIZATION O/] 









TT 



■ j5€ . 







[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9 
BONNETS , [ORGANIZATION TUNS] AND [MISC FROG-SHELLS] 



a. Rough [LOCATION Panama Helmet] , [PERSON Cypraecassis] [PERSON coarctata Wood] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 

of [LOCATION California] , south ) , not in text . 

b. Large [LOCATION Panama Helmet] , [PERSON Cypraecassis] tenuis [PERSON Wood] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific] 

side of [LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text . 

c. Reticuated Cowrie-helmet , [PERSON Cypraecassis] testiculus [PERSON L.] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] , 

south ) , p. 194. 

d. Atlantic Partridge Tun , [PERSON Tonna maculosa Dill] . , 3 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 199. 

[PERSON e. Scotch Bonnet] , Phalium granulatum Born , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 192. 

[PERSON f. Smooth Scotch Bonnet] , Phalium cicatricosum [PERSON Gmelin] , 2 inches 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] ) , p. 193. 

g. [PERSON Pear Whelk] , [PERSON Busycon] spiratum [PERSON Lam] . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 236. 
[PERSON h. RovAL Bonnet] , [LOCATION Sconsia] striata [PERSON Lam] . , 23^ inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] , south ) , 

p. 192. 
i. [ORGANIZATION Common Fig Shell] , [PERSON Ficus communis Roding] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to [LOCATION Gulf States] ) , p. 200. 
[PERSON j. Dog Head Triton] , Cymatium cynocephalum [PERSON Lam] . , 2 inches 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 196. 
[PERSON k. Gaudy Frog-shell] , [LOCATION Bursa] corrugata [PERSON Perry] , 3 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] , south; [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Ecuador] ) , p. 198. 
1. [LOCATION Atlantic Hairy Triton] , Cymatium martinianum Orb . , 2^/2 inches 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 195. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 10 
MUREX SHELLS AND ROYAL TYRL\i\ [ORGANIZATION PURPLE] 



a. [MISC West Indian] [PERSON Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] brevijrons [PERSON Lam] . , 4 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 203. 

[PERSON b. Giant] [ORGANIZATION Eastern Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] fulvescens Sby . , 6 inches ( [LOCATION North C^arolina] 

to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 203. 

c. Regal Murex , [ORGANIZATION Murex] regius [PERSON Swainson] , 6 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to 

[LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text . 

[PERSON d. Beau] 's [PERSON Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] beaui [PERSON Fischer] and [LOCATION Bern] . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of 

[LOCATION Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 202. 

e. Lace Murex , [ORGANIZATION Miirex] florifer [PERSON Reeve] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 203. 

[PERSON f. Antillean Murex] , [PERSON Murex] antillarinn [PERSON Hinds] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) 

not in text . 

[PERSON g. Beau] 's [ORGANIZATION Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] beaui [PERSON F.] and [PERSON B.] , 5 inches . Deep-water form 

( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 202. 

[PERSON h. Cabrit] 's [ORGANIZATION Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] cabriti [PERSON Bernardi] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and the 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 201. 

i. [ORGANIZATION Banded Dve Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] trunculus [ORGANIZATION L. ,] 3 inches ( [LOCATION Mediterranean Sea] ) , 
p. 12. 

[PERSON j. Spiny Dye Murex] , Murex braudaris [ORGANIZATION L. ,] 3 inches ( [MISC Mediterranean Sea] 
and [LOCATION West Africa] ) , p. 12. 

[PERSON k. Cabbage Murex] , [PERSON Murex] brassica [PERSON Lam] . , 7 inches ( [LOCATION West Mexico] ) , not 
in text . 

1. [ORGANIZATION Apple Murex] , [ORGANIZATION Murex] pomum [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 202. 

[PERSON m. PiNK-MOUTHED] MuREx , [PERSON Murex] erythrostomus [LOCATION SAvainson] , fi inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 
of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text . 

n. t ( j cj . Strips of paper dyed with [ORGANIZATION Royal Tyrian Purple] from the 
[LOCATION Mediterranean Sea] and [ORGANIZATION FraiK e. \^arious] shades were obtained by 
the ancients by varying the concentration of snail dye . the number 
of dips and the species of snail , [PERSON n. Light] dipping from [ORGANIZATION Murex] trun- 
culus . [PERSON o. Light] dipping from [ORGANIZATION Murex] braudaris . [PERSON p. Heavy] concentrat- 
ion from [ORGANIZATION Murex] braudaris and [MISC Thais] liaeniasfouia . ( | . [PERSON Fre] ( | uent dips 
in a heavy bath from [ORGANIZATION Murex] fruuculus and [PERSON Thais lapillus] ( see p. 12 ) . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 1 
[LOCATION SPINDLES] , DWARF OLIVES AND [LOCATION MARGINELLAS] 



a. Brown-lined Latirus , [PERSON Latirus] injundibulum [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] , 

Keys and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 24 L 

[PERSON b. McGinty] 's [PERSON Latirus] , [PERSON Latirus mcgintyi Pils] . , 2 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 241. 

c. Ornamented [ORGANIZATION Spindle^ Fusimis] eucosmius [LOCATION Dall] . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 243. 

[PERSON d. Chestnut Latirus] , [LOCATION Leucozonia] [PERSON nassa Gmelin] , lj/2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] to 

[LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 240. 

[PERSON e. White-spotted] [PERSON Latirus] , [LOCATION Leucozonia] [PERSON ocellata Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION West] 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 241. 

[PERSON f. Short-tailed Latirus] , [PERSON Latirus] brevicaudatus [PERSON Reeve] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] , 

Keys and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 241. 

[PERSON g. Turnip Spindle] , Fusinus timessus [LOCATION Dall] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , 

p. 243. 
h. and [PERSON j. West] Indian Dwarf Olive^ [ORGANIZATION OliveUa] uivea [PERSON Gmelin] , lA inch 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 246. 
i. [PERSON Jasper Dwarf Olive] , [ORGANIZATION OliveUa] jaspidea [PERSON Gmelin] , J/s inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 246. 
[PERSON k. Orange Marginella] , Prunum carneum [PERSON Storer] , ^ inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 254. 
1. [PERSON Royal Marginella] , Prunum labiatum [LOCATION Kiener] , 1 inch ( off [LOCATION Yucatan] , 

[LOCATION Mexico] , south ) , p. 256, 
[PERSON m. White-spotted Marginella] , [PERSON Prunum] guttatum . [PERSON Dill] . , ^^ inch 

( [LOCATION Sotitlieastern Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 256. 
n. Common [LOCATION Atlantic Marginella] , Prunum apicinum [PERSON Menke] , ^ inch 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 257. 
[PERSON o. Roosevelt] 's [PERSON Marginella] , Prunum roosevelti [PERSON Btscli] , and Rehd . , 1 inch , 

holotype ( [LOCATION Bahamas] ) , p. 254. 
[PERSON p. Orange-banded Marginella] , [PERSON Hyalina] avoui \a\ . , V;5 incli ( [PERSON Nortli] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 258. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 12 
[PERSON OLIVE] SHELLS 



[PERSON a. Lettered Olive] , [PERSON Oliva] sayana [PERSON Ravenel] , 2.Y2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION Gulf States] ) , p. 245. 

[PERSON b. Panama False Olive] , [LOCATION Agaronia] testacea [PERSON Lam] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION West Central] 

[LOCATION America] ) , not in text . 

c. [ORGANIZATION Netted Olive] , [PERSON Oliva] reticularis [PERSON Lam] . , [PERSON XYi] inches ( [ORGANIZATION Southeastern Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 245. 

[PERSON d. Angulate Olive] , [PERSON Oliva] iticrassata [PERSON Solander] , 2 inclies ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] 

to [LOCATION Peru] ) , not in text . 

e. Tent Olive , [PERSON Oliva] porphyria [PERSON L. ,] 3 inches ( ( ^ulf of [LOCATION California] ) , not 

in text . 

[PERSON f. PoLPAST Olive] , [PERSON Oliva] polpasta [PERSON Diiclos] , 1^/^ inches ( [LOCATION West Mexico] ) , 

not in text . 

[PERSON g. Splendid Olive] , [PERSON Oliva] splendidula Sby . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text . 

[PERSON h. Veined Olive] , [PERSON Oliva] spicata [PERSON Roding] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Lower California] to 

[LOCATION Panama] ) , not in text , 
i. Purple [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Olive] , [PERSON Olivella] biplicata Sby . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Washington] to 

[LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 247. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13 
[ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC TULIPS] , [LOCATION SPINDLES] AND [LOCATION VOLUTES] 



a. [ORGANIZATION Florida Horse Conch] , [ORGANIZATION Pleuroploca] gigantea [PERSON Kiener] , 3 inches ( young ) 

( [LOCATION North Carolma] to [LOCATION Florida] ) . For adult see pi . 23y , p. 242. 

[PERSON b. True Tulip] , [LOCATION Fasciolaria] tulipa [ORGANIZATION L. ,] 4 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 242. 

c. Banded Tulip , [LOCATION Fasciolaria] hunteria [PERSON Perry] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Gulf States] ) , p. 242. 

[PERSON d. Coue] 's [LOCATION Spindle] , [PERSON Fusinus] couei [PERSON Petit] , 4 inches ( off [LOCATION Yucatan] , [LOCATION Mexico] ) , 

not in text . 

[PERSON e. Schmitt] 's [PERSON Volute] , Scaphella [PERSON schmitti Bartsch] , 5 inches . [PERSON Holotype] ( off 

south [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 251. 

[PERSON f. Junonia] , [PERSON Scaphella] jmwnia [PERSON Shaw] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , 

p. 250. 

[PERSON g. Common Music] Volute , [PERSON Voluta musica L.] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 250. 

[PERSON h. Flame Terebra] , [PERSON Terebra] [PERSON taurina Solander] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 265. 
i. Royal Florida Miter , [PERSON Mitra florida Gould] , [ORGANIZATION Ij/^] inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 248. 
[PERSON j. Dohrn] 's [LOCATION Volute] , [PERSON Scaphella] dohrni Shy . , form florida CI . and [ORGANIZATION Ag ,] 3 

inches ( off [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 251. 
[PERSON k. Common] [ORGANIZATION Nutmeg] , [LOCATION Cancellaria] reticulata L. , \ ] /2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 252. 
1. [LOCATION White Giant Turret] , [MISC Polystira] albida [PERSON Perry] , 4 inches ( off [LOCATION Florida] , the 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 268. 
[PERSON m. Delicate Giant Turret] , [ORGANIZATION Polystira] tellea [LOCATION Dall] , 3 inches ( off South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 268. 
n. [PERSON Latirus-like Vase] , [ORGANIZATION Vasum {Siphovasum] ) latiriforme Rehd . and [ORGANIZATION Abb] . 

1951. 2 inches . [PERSON Holotype] ( off [LOCATION Yucatan] , [LOCATION Mexico] ) , not in text , 
[PERSON o. Miniature Triton Trumpet] , [LOCATION Pisania] pusio [PERSON L.] , IJ/2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 233. 
p. Striate Bubble , [PERSON Bulla] striata Brug . , 1 inch ( [PERSON Ciulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] , south ) , 

p. 277. 
q. Brown-lined Paper-bubble , [PERSON Hydatina] vesicaria [PERSON Solander] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 276. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14 
[ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC CONES] 



a. [PERSON Carrot Cone] , Con us daiicus Hwass , IJ/2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 260. 

[PERSON b. Julia] 's [ORGANIZATION Cone , Co] ) ius juliae Clench , lYj inches ( off south [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 261. 

c. Sozon 's [PERSON Cone] , Conns sozoni Bartsch , ? > inches ( [LOCATION South Carolina] to [LOCATION Gulf] of 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 261. 

d. [LOCATION Florida Cone] , Conus floiidantis Gahb , II/2 indies ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 261. 

[PERSON e. Dark Florida Cone] , [PERSON C. floridnnus] floridensis Shy ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 261. 

[PERSON f. Villepin] 's [PERSON Cone] , [PERSON Conus villepini F.] and [PERSON B. II/2] inches ( [PERSON Gidf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , 

p. 263. 

g. Golden-banded [PERSON Cone] , Coims aureojasciatus Rehder and [PERSON Abbot] , 3 inches 

( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 260. 
[PERSON h. Sennott] 's [PERSON Cone] , Conus senyiottorum Rehd . and Abb . , 1 inch ( ( iulf of 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 261. 
i. [PERSON Clark] 's [PERSON Cone] , [PERSON Co7ius] clarki Rehd . and Abb . , 1 inch ( off [LOCATION Louisiana] ) , 

p. 264. 
j , [PERSON Stimpson] 's [PERSON Cone] , Conns stimpsoni [LOCATION Dall] , II/2 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , 

p. 263. 
[PERSON k. Maze] 's [PERSON Cone] , [PERSON Conns maiei Desh] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 264. 
1. [PERSON Glory-of-the-Atlantic Cone] , Conns granulatus [PERSON L. ,] 2 inches ( South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 264. 
[PERSON m. Crown] C<one , Conns regius [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 

p. 262. 
n. [PERSON Jasper Cone] , Conus jaspideus [PERSON Gmelin] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 262. 
[PERSON o. Mouse Cone] , [PERSON Conns mus Hwass] , 1 incli ( [LOCATION Soutlieastern Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 262. 
[PERSON p. Alphabet Cone] , Conns spnrius aihniticus [LOCATION CI] . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 260. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 15 
NEW ENGLAND NUDIBRANCHS 



[PERSON a. Red-fingered Eolls] , Coryphella rujibraiichialis [PERSON Johnston] , 1 inch ( [MISC Arctic] 

to [LOCATION New York] ) , p. 310. 

[PERSON b. Pilose Doris] , [ORGANIZATION Acanthodoris pilosa Abild] . , 1 inch ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Connecticut;] 

[LOCATION Alaska] ) , p. 305. 

[PERSON c. Dwarf Balloon Eolis] , [PERSON Eubraiichus] exiguus A. and [PERSON H.] , 1/5 inch ( [MISC Arctic] 

to [LOCATION Massachusetts] ) , p. 309. 

[PERSON d. Johnston] 's [ORGANIZATION Balloon Eolis] , Tergipes despectiis [PERSON Johnston] , 1/3 inch ( [MISC Arctic] 

to [LOCATION New York] ) , p. 309. 

[PERSON e. Erond Eolis] , [PERSON Dendroiwtus] frundosus [PERSON Ascanius] , 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to 

[LOCATION Rhode] Island; to [LOCATION Washington] ) , p. 307. 

[PERSON f. Atlantic Ancula] , [PERSON Aticula] cristata Alder , ] /^ inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] ) , p. 306. 

[PERSON g. Papillose Eolis] , [PERSON Aeolis] papulosa [PERSON L. ,] 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Rhode] Island; 

to [LOCATION California] ) , p. 308. 
li . [ORGANIZATION Pavnted Balloon Eolis] , [PERSON Eubraiicluis] palUdus A. and [PERSON H.] , Yj inch ( [MISC Arctic] 

to [LOCATION Boston] ) , p. 310. 
i. Yellow False [PERSON Doris] , [LOCATION Adalaria] proxiina A. and [PERSON H.] , Y ii^ch ( [MISC Arctic] to 

[LOCATION Maine] ) , p. 306. 
[PERSON j. Orange-tipped Eolis] , [LOCATION Catrioiia] aurantia A. and [PERSON H.] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 

[LOCATION Connecticut] ) , p. 308. 






. vV ' 



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[ORGANIZATION CTN] . rv 





11 






[ORGANIZATION Plate] 16 
[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] NIIDIBRANCHS 



[PERSON a. Hopkins Doris] , [LOCATION Hopkinsia] rosacea [LOCATION MacFaiiand] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Monterey] to 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] ) , p. 307. 

[PERSON b. MacFarland] 's Grand Doris , [ORGANIZATION TriopJia] gratidis [LOCATION MacFarland] , 3 inches 

( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 304. 

c. [ORGANIZATION Noble Pacific Doris] , [ORGANIZATION Archidoris] fiobilis MacF . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION California] ) , 

p. 300. 

d. [LOCATION San Diego Doris] , [PERSON Diaulula] saiidiegeusis [PERSON Cooper] , 23/2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 301. 

e. Orange-spiked [PERSON Doris] , [PERSON Polycera] atra MacF . , ^ inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 305. 

f. Maculated [PERSON Doris] , [PERSON Triopha maculata MacF] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 304. 

[PERSON g. MacFarland] 's [PERSON Pretty Doris] , [PERSON Rostanga] pulchra MacF . , ^ inch 

( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 300. 
[PERSON h. Monterey Doris] , [PERSON Archidoris montereyensis Cooper] , \ ] /2 inches 

( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 299. 
i. [PERSON Heath] 's [PERSON Doris] , [PERSON Discodoris] heathi MacF . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 300. 

[PERSON j. Laila Doris] , [ORGANIZATION Lnila cockerelli MacF] . , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 304. 

[PERSON k. Carpenter] 's [PERSON Doris] , [ORGANIZATION Triopha carpenteri Stearns] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , 

p. 304. 
1. [PERSON Porter] 's [PERSON Blue Doris] , [PERSON Glossodoris] porterae [PERSON Cockerell] , [PERSON Yi] inch 

( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 303. 



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[ORGANIZATION M] 





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3 [ORGANIZATION »] 



' [PERSON Si] 






k " [MISC *^] 




TROCHIDAE 115 

% to [MISC I Inch] in length , heavy for its size; whorls angular , with the upper 
third slightly concave to flat and the somewhat angular periphery [MISC flatfish] . 
Early whorls with minutely beaded threads , later whorls with fine , smooth- 
ish cords of various sizes . [PERSON Nucleus] tan to whitish . Color yellowish brown 
with a few spiral lines of alternating brown and white bars . Sometimes axially 
variegated . Dredged just off-shore from 8 to 35 fathoms . Moderately com- 
mon . 

[PERSON Calliosto772a] gemmiilatii7n [PERSON Carpenter Gem Top-shell] 

Figure 33d 

[PERSON Cayucos] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , not as wide; characterized by its dark gray-green color 
and two extra-strong , beaded spiral cords . There are also 3 or 4 minor cords 
that are not so heavily beaded . [PERSON Nucleus] dark-tan . Moderately common in 
the littoral zone on rocks and wharf pilings . 

[ORGANIZATION Calliostoma] supragranosmit [PERSON Carpenter Granulose Top-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 8s 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

^ inch in length , solid , glossy; characterized by numerous , fine , spiral 
cords which are sometimes weakly beaded , and by a wide , rather flattish pe- 
riphery . Nucleus tan . Color light yellowish brown , commonly with a spiral 
row of subdued white spots at the lower periphery . Interior brightly nacre- 
ous . Moderately common on rocks at low tide . 

[PERSON CalUost07na] a7272ulatU77t Solander Ringed Top-shell 

[MISC Figure 33f] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1/4 inch in length , not quite so wide; characterized by its light 
weight , golden-yellow color with a mauve band at the periphery , and by the 
numerous , spiral rows of tiny , distinct beads ( 5 to 9 rows in the spire whorls ) . 
Nucleus pink . Dredged offshore and occasionally washed ashore . Formerly 
[PERSON C.] annulatum [PERSON Martyn] . 

Calliosto77m canaliculatinn [PERSON Solander] 1786 [MISC Channeled Top-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3q; figure 33 ! ! 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1% inches in length , not heavy , sides of whorl flat . Periphery of 
the last whorl sharp . Base of shell almost flat . Characterized by sharp , promi- 
nant , slightly beaded , spiral cords . Color yellowish tan . Nuclear whorls 
white . Moderately common off^shore . Found on floating kelp weed . For- 
merly known as [PERSON C.] canalicukumt [PERSON Martyn] , and doliarhmi [PERSON Holten] 1802. 



116 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

Calliostoma variegatum [PERSON Carpenter] Variable [MISC Top-shell] 

[MISC Figure 33b] 
[LOCATION Alaska] to southern [LOCATION California] . 

I inch in length , similar to doliarium , but with smaller cords which are 
strongly beaded; nucleus pink; the sides of the spire slightly concave , and 
the periphery of the last whorl rounded . Uncommonly dredged in 15 to 
400 fathoms . 

Calliostoma gloriosmn Dall Glorious [MISC Top-shell] 

Figure 33a 

[LOCATION San Francisco] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I inch in length , not quite so wide , rather light , with about i o fine , spiral 
threads between sutures . The upper 5 are inclined to be minutely beaded . 
Periphery of last whorl moderately sharp . Columella white , fairly thick and 
with a swelling at the lower %. Nuclear whorls white . Color of shell yellow- 
[PERSON ish] brown with darker purplish brown , slanting and rather elongate spots 
arranged in 2 spiral series . Moderately common in shallow water . 

Calliostoma splendens [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Splendid Top-shell] 

Figure 33c 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/4 to H inch in length , equally wide , with about 5 to 6 whorls which 
bear between sutures 5 strong spiral cords . The upper 2 or 3 arc finely 
beaded , the lower 2 or 3 are smooth and cord-like . Between the cords , the 
shell is brilliant orange-iridescent . General color a yellowish orange with 
large white maculations on the upper half of the whorls . Moderately com- 
mon offshore , uncommonly washed ashore . 

[PERSON Calliosto777a] ligatum [PERSON Gould Ribbed Top-shell] 

Figure 33g 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to I inch in length , equally wide , rather heavy; whorls quite well 
rounded; characterized by smooth , spiral , light-tan cords ( 6 to 8 on the spire 
whorls ) on a background of chocolate . Sometimes flushed with mauve . No 
umbilicus . Aperture usually pearly-white . A very common littoral species 
from northern [LOCATION California] north . Formerly [PERSON C.] costatuin [PERSON Martyn] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily GIBBULINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Livona Gray] 1847 

There is only one species this genus , namely [PERSON L.] pica from the [LOCATION West] 



[ORGANIZATION TROCHIDAE] 



117 



[LOCATION Indies] , Although fairly good specimens are found without their soft parts 
in southern [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Bermuda] , this species has been extinct in those areas 
for several hundred years . Living individuals may be found abundantly in 
the [LOCATION West Indies] where they are used in chowders by some people . [PERSON Cittariwn] 
[PERSON Philippi] 1 847 is this genus . 

[LOCATION Livona] pica [PERSON Linne] [MISC West Indian] [MISC Top-shell] 

Figure 3 : ] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] ( dead ) and the [LOCATION West Indies] ( alive ) . 

2 to 4 inches in length , heavy , rather rough , and with splotches of pur- 
plish black on dirty-white . Umbilicus round , narrof and very deep . [MISC Inner] 
edge of lip with rich cobalt-blue mottlings . Operculum horny , large , round , 
multispiral and opalescent blue-green in life . 





[PERSON — Ten+ac] ( e 



Figure 34. [MISC West Indian] Top-shell , [PERSON Livona] pica [PERSON Linne] . a , shell with animal ex- 
tended ( 3 inches ) ; b , outline of head X2. ( From [PERSON Clench] and [PERSON Abbott] 1943 

in [LOCATION Johnsonia] . ) 



[PERSON Genus Norrisia] Bayle 1880 
[LOCATION Norrisia] norrisi [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Norris Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 8m 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1 34 inches in length , slightly wider , heavy , smoothish with a glossy 
finish , especially on the underside . Lip sharp . Aperture thickened within 
and pearly . Umbilicus ovate , very deep , colored a greenish blue on the 
columellar side , bordered on the other side by glossy black-brown which 
fades into rich chestnut over the remainder of the shell . [PERSON Operculum] , multi- 
spiral , externally ornamented with spiral rows of dense bristles . Animal 
tinged with red . Moderately common among the kelp weed beds . 



118 A ? nerica7i Seashells 

[PERSON Genus Gaza Watson] 1879 
[LOCATION Gaza] superba Dall [LOCATION Superb Gaza] 

[LOCATION Northern Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 [ORGANIZATION b] 



I to 1 34 inches in width . [ORGANIZATION Spire] somewhat elevated . Color old ivory with 
a golden sheen . Early whorls faintly wine-colored . Although formerly 
thought to be one of our rarest shells , it is now known to be relatively com- 
mon in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] in 50 or more fathoms . It is indeed a beautiful 
species . 

The rare [LOCATION Gaza] ( [PERSON Callogaza] Dall 1881 ) ivatsoni [LOCATION Dall] from deep water in 
the [LOCATION West Indies] is illustrated in figure 32a . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily MONODONTINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Tegula] Lesson 1832 

[PERSON Tegula] fasciata Born Smooth [LOCATION Atlantic Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyp 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/{> to /4 inch in width . Surface smooth; color yellowish to brown , with 
a fine mottling of reds , browns and blacks; often with a narrow , pale , spiral 
band of color on the periphery . Under the lens , spiral rows of alternating 
red and white , short lines or dots may be seen . Some specimens may have 
zigzag white bands . Interior of deep , round , smooth umbilicus and the callus 
are white . Two teeth at the base of the columella . Thick adults may have 
small teeth just inside the lower margin of the aperture . [PERSON Whorl] may be 
slightly concave just below the suture . In the young only , the umbilicus 
has two deep spiral grooves . Moderately common under rocks at low tide . 

[PERSON Tegula] lividomaculata [PERSON C. B. Adams] [LOCATION West Indian Tegula] 

[LOCATION Key West] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in width and about /4 inch in length . Top of whorls sculptured 
with about a dozen fairly regular , small , spiral cords . The angular periphery 
of the whorls bears the largest cord . Umbilicus round , deep , and furrowed 
on its sides by two spiral cords , the upper one ending at the columella in a 
fairly sizeable bead . [PERSON Columella] set back quite far at its upper half; the lower 
section bears the bead , and below that there are several , smaller , indistinct 
beads . Color of shell grayish to brownish white with small mottlings of 
reddish or blackish brown . Operculum , as in all [LOCATION Tegula] , horny and multi- 
spiral . Formerly scalaris [PERSON Anton] ( not [PERSON Brocchi] ) and indusi " [PERSON Gmelin] . " Com- 
mon under rocks in the [LOCATION West Indies] , but uncommon on the [LOCATION Lower Florida] 
Keys . 



TROCHIDAE 119 

[PERSON T. hotessierana Orbigny] from the [LOCATION West Indies] is similar , but rarely over 
[PERSON Vz] inch , with a more rounded periphery , with smaller , neater , equal-sized , 
smooth spiral threads , and dark bluish black in color , except for a whitish 
area around the narrow umbilicus . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] . 

[PERSON Tegula] excavata [PERSON Lamarck Green-base Tegula] 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] ? [LOCATION Caribbean] area . 

34 inch in length and width . Characterized by its bluish-gray color , 
corrugated sculpture ( weak spiral cords and oblique lines of growth ) , its 
concave base , thin outer lip , and especially by the blue-green to iridescent- 
green circle of color around the very deep , round , narrow umbilicus . A 
variant exists in some areas which lacks the green , umbilical color and in 
which the spiral cords are stronger and the shell with axial , slanting bars of 
black-brown . Very common in the [LOCATION West Indies] , along the rocky shores . 

[PERSON Tegula] funebralis [PERSON A. Adams Black Tegula] 

[LOCATION Vancouver] , B. C , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I % inches in length , heavy , dark purple-black in color; smoothish , 
but with a narrow , puckered band just below the suture . Weak spiral cords 
rarely evident; coarse growth lines present in large , more elongate specimens . 
Base rounded . Umbilicus closed or merely a slight dimple . [PERSON Columella] 
pearly , with two small nodules at the base . A very common littoral , rock- 
loving species . Do not confuse with [PERSON T. gallina] . 

[PERSON Tegula] gallina [ORGANIZATION Forbes Speckled Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8v 
[LOCATION San Francisco] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , very similar to funebralis , but a lighter , gray- 
[PERSON ish] green color with dense , zigzag , axial stripes of purplish . The shell surface 
is also coarser . A common , southern species found among littoral rocks . 

[PERSON Tegula] [PERSON brunnea Philippi] [PERSON Brown Tegula] 

[LOCATION Crescent City] to [LOCATION Santa Barbara Islands] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to I % inches in length , similar to funebralis , but light chestnut-brown 
in color with the base often glossy , brownish white . The umbilicus is closed , 
but usually with a dimple-like impression . [PERSON Columella] usually with only one 
small tooth near the base . Common at dead low tide on rocks . Usually 
heavily encrusted with algal growths . 



120 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Tegiila] aureotincta [ORGANIZATION Forbes Gilded Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 8k 

[MISC Southern] third of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% to I inch in length , heavy; dark grayish to gray-green; characterized 
by a golden-yellow stain within the deep , round , narrow umbilicus , by the 
sky-blue band around the umbilicus , and by the 4 or 5 strong , smoothish , spiral 
cords on the periphery and the base . Top of whorls with weak , crude , slant- 
ing , axial wrinkles . A moderately common , littoral , rock-loving species . 

[PERSON Tegula] ligulata [ORGANIZATION Menke Western Banded Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8h 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Acapulco] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% inch in length , heavy; whorls and spire convex . Umbilicus very deep , 
round and fairly narrow . Whorls with numerous , beaded , spiral cords . Outer 
lip sharp , but thickened and pearly within . [MISC Lower] part of lip with about 8 
small nodules opposite the spiral threads which run back into the aperture . 
Color rusty-brown with black flecks . Compare with aureotincta whose um- 
bilical area is stained with greenish blue and golden-yellow . A moderately 
common littoral , rock-dweller . 

Subgenus Chlorostoma Swainson 1840 
[PERSON Tegula] [PERSON regina Stearns Queen Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3f 

[LOCATION Catalina Island] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

I /4 inches in length , slightly wider; 6 to 7 whorls , spire flat-sided; base 
slightly concave . With numerous slanting , small , axial cords . The crenulated 
periphery slightly overhangs the suture of the whorls below . Base with 
strong , arched lamellae . Color dark purplish gray . [LOCATION Umbilical] region stained 
with bright golden-yellow . A rather rare and choice collector 's item secured 
by diving . It has also been washed ashore on [LOCATION Catalina Island] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Froviartynia] Dall 1909 
[PERSON Tegula] pulligo [PERSON Gmelin] 1791 [PERSON {marcida Gould] ) [MISC Dusky Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8y 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , slightly wider . Resembles brumiea , but has 
a deep , round umbilicus and a thin , rather sharp columella . It is also very 
similar to nwntereyi , but its whorls are more rounded and its umbilicus is 
more smoothly rounded and without the white color and faint spiral ridges 
found in [LOCATION montereyi] . This species is doubtfully placed here and perhaps 



[ORGANIZATION TURBINIDAE] 121 

should be considered a typical [ORGANIZATION Tegiila] . Moderately common , especially in 
the north . 

[PERSON Tegula] mo7itereyi [ORGANIZATION Kiener Monterey Tegula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8x 
[LOCATION Bolinas Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Santa Barbara Island] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , about as wide . Conical in shape , with very 
flat-sided whorls and spire . Base almost flat . Surface smoothish , except for 
almost obsolete spiral threads . Umbilicus very deep , lined with i or 2 weak 
spiral cords . [PERSON Columella] arched , and with i prominent , pointed tooth . This 
rather rare species resembles a large Calliostoma . It is found on kelp in 
moderately deep waters . 

Family [ORGANIZATION TURBINIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Subfamily LIOTIINAE] 

The operculum in members of this subfamily is round , multispiral , and 
with a horny base on top of which are numerous rows of tiny calcareous 
beads . 

[PERSON Genus Cyclostrevia Marry] at 18 18 
[PERSON Cyclostrevm cancellatum Marry] at Cancellate Cyclostreme 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] to [LOCATION Jamaica] . 

/4 inch in diameter , flat-topped , 4 whorls , opaque-white . Widely and 
deeply umbilicate . Axial sculpture of 15 to 17 rounded , low ribs which en- 
circle the entire whorl and are made nodulose in crossing the 1 2 smaller spiral 
cords . Periphery squarish , with a cord above , below and at the center . Rare 
from I to 17 fathoms . [PERSON Cyclostrevia] is a neuter , not feminine , word . [PERSON C.] 
amabile [LOCATION Dall] from [LOCATION Cuba] to [LOCATION Barbados] is much rarer and difl^ers in being smaller , 
in having a thicker , more rounded lip , and in lacking axial cords on top of 
the whorls . 25 to 80 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Liotia Gray] 1847 
[PERSON Liotia] bairdi Dall [PERSON Baird] 's [PERSON Liotia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17U 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

/4 inch in length , not quite so wide; thick , rose in color . Whorls glo- 
bose , the last with about i o spiral cords of tiny , prickly beads . Suture deeply 
channeled . Umbilicus very narrow and deep . Moderately common from 18 
to 85 fathoms . 



122 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Liotia] fenestrata [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Californian Liotia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8u 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION San Martin Island] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Vs inch in diameter; spire low , shell solid; deeply and narrowly umbili- 
cate . Aperture circular , pearly within . Ash-white in color . Characterized 
by heavy cancellate sculpturing which makes the shell appear pitted by rows 
of deep , squarish holes . Uncommonly dredged from lo to 25 fathoms . [PERSON L.] 
cookeana [LOCATION Dall] is not this species , as is commonly thought , but is a [ORGANIZATION Cyclostrema] . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Arene H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 
[ORGANIZATION Arene] cruentata [ORGANIZATION Miihlfeld Star Arene] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , one third again as wide . 4 to 5 whorls angular with the 
periphery bearing a series of strong , triangular spines which are hollow on 
their anterior edges . Color white to cream with small , bright-red patches 
on top of the whorl . Below the main row of spines there is a minor spiral 
row of smaller spines . Suture channeled . Aperture circular , pearly within . 
Umbilicus round , deep , and bordered by 3 spiral , beaded cords . Uncom- 
mon under rocks . 

The form [PERSON vanhyningi Rehder] from Sand Key , [LOCATION Key West] , is pale gray- 
white with most red patches absent . It lacks fine , axial ridges on top of the 
whorl which are usually present in the typical form . [LOCATION Uncommon] . 

[ORGANIZATION Arene] venustula [PERSON Aguayo] and Rehder ( [LOCATION Miami] to [LOCATION Puerto Rico] ) is similar 
to cruentata , but smaller , much more squat , chalky-white , and with two pe- 
ripheral rows of blunt spines . The rows are very close to each other . Rare , 
20 fathoms . 



[ORGANIZATION Arene] gevmia Tuomcy and [ORGANIZATION Holmes Gem Arene] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyq 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

% inch or less , turbinate in shape; 3 spiral rows of neat , tiny beads on 
the squarish periphery . Suture minutely channeled and bounded below by 
a spiral row of whitish beads . Top slope of whorls and base of shell flattish . 
Axial threads on entire shell microscopic and crowded . Umbilicus round , 
deep , bordered by 7 to 9 distinct beads . Color of shell white to tan with 
minute specklings of red and/or brown . Commonly dredged from 3 to 100 
fathoms . 



[ORGANIZATION TURBINIDAE] 12 3 

[ORGANIZATION Arene] variabilis Dall Variable [ORGANIZATION Arene] 

Plate 17s 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

%6 inch in length , turbinate , similar to [PERSON A.] germna^ but pure white in 
color , with scale-hke beads , suture more deeply channeled , and with a more 
rounded periphery . 1 2 very weak beads bordering the more open umbilicus . 
The 3 spiral rows of beads on the whorl may be almost smooth in some 
specimens . Very commonly dredged from 20 to 270 fathoms . 

Subja7nily [LOCATION TURBININAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Turbo Linne] 1758 

Turbo castaneus [PERSON Gmelin Chestnut Turban] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3g 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 to I ^ inches in length . Color orangish , greenish , brown or grayish , 
commonly banded with flame-like white spots . Aperture white . [PERSON Callus] on 
columella heavy . Lower lip projects downward . Operculum calcareous . 
The form named crenulatus Gmelin is merely less tuberculate . 

Section [ORGANIZATION Taenioturbo Woodring] 1928 
[MISC Turbo] canaliculatus [PERSON Hermann Channeled Turban] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 a 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . A deep smooth channel runs just below the 
suture . Surface glossy . 1 6 to 18 strong , spiral , smooth cords on body whorl . 
Aperture white . Umbilicus narrow . [PERSON Operculum] pale-brown inside with 3 to 
4 whorls , and white , smoothish and convex on the outside . This is the hand- 
somest Turbo in the [LOCATION Western Atlantic] , and considered a great rarity in 
[MISC American] waters . Formerly T. spenglerianus [PERSON Gmelin] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Astraea Roding] 1798 
[PERSON Subgenus Astraliimi Link] 1807 

[MISC Astraea] longispina Lamarck Long-spined [MISC Star-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 k , m 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 2 % inches in width; shell low , almost flat on its underside . Periph- 
ery of whorls with strong , flattened , triangular spines . Either with or 
without an umbilicus . Aperture silvery inside . A form which has an elevated 
spire and is more spinose ( pi . 3m ) was known as [PERSON A.] spinulosa [PERSON Lamarck] . 
Short-spined specimens of this species are often erroneously called [PERSON A.] brevi- 



124 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

[PERSON spina Lamarck] . The latter , however , is a distinct species from the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] which is characterized by a splotch of bright orange-red around the 
umbihcal region ( see pi . 3I ) . 

Astraea americana [ORGANIZATION Gmelin American Star-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] . 

1 to I /4 inches in length , % as wide . Characterized by its sharp-angled 
spire , flat sides , white to cream color , and by the numerous , long , wavy , 
weak , axial ribs . Base of shell with 5 to 8 small , finely fimbriated , spiral 
cords , and a small ridge at the base of the columella which has about a dozen 
small axial ridges . [PERSON Commonly] found under rocks at low tide on the [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION Florida Keys] . Operculum variable , but usually thick , convex and with a 
small or large dimple . 

The subspecies , [PERSON imbricata Gmelin] , from the [LOCATION West Indies] has stronger , 
longer and fewer axial ribs which extend to the flat base of the shell and are 
hollow at their ends . The subspecies [LOCATION guadeloupensis Crosse] from the Greater 
[LOCATION Antilles] is intermediate between these two . Both moderately common at 
low water . 

[PERSON Subgenus Lithopoma Gray] 1850 
[PERSON Astraea] caelata [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Carved Star-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3h 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] 

2 to 3 inches in length and width . Similar to [PERSON A. tuber] , but with 9 to 10 
spiral rows of numerous , hollow , scale-like spines on the lower % of the 
last whorl , 5 of which are on the base of the shell . Operculum thick , convex , 
and finely pustulose . Moderately common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Astraea tuber Linne [ORGANIZATION Green Star-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 ) 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in length , equally wide . Characterized by the peculiar 
green-and-white , cross-hatched color scheme , by the low , blunt , smooth axial 
ridges , and by the smoothish base of the shell . Sometimes mottled in soft 
browns . [ORGANIZATION Common] below low water in the [LOCATION West Indies] , rare in [LOCATION Florida] . 
[PERSON Operculum] with a thick , arched , tapering ridge on the exterior ( like a large 
comma ) . 

[PERSON Subgenus Pomaulax Gray] 1850 
Astraea undosa [PERSON Wood Wavy Turban] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8p 



[LOCATION TURBINIDAE] 

[LOCATION Ventura] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



125 



2 to 3 inches in length; characterized by a strong , wavy , overhanging 
periphery , and by the dark-brown , fuzzy periostracum . Base concave , with 
3 small , indistinct spiral cords . Outside of operculum with 3 strong , prickly 
ridges . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water , especially around [LOCATION Todos Santos Bay] , 
[LOCATION Lower California] . 




Figure 35. [PERSON Astraea gibberosa Dillwyn] , 2 inches , c , outer side of calcareous oper- 
culum; d , muscle attachment side . 



[MISC Red Turban] 

Figure 35 



[PERSON Subgenus Pachypo] ? [PERSON na Gray] 1850 
[ORGANIZATION Astraea gibberosa Dillwyn] 

[LOCATION Vancouver] , B. C , to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

1/4 to 3 inches in length , heavy , brick-red to reddish brown in color . 
[PERSON Characterized] by 5 to 6 strong , spiral cords on the flattish base . [PERSON Operculum] 
chitinous green on inner side; outer side swollen , smooth , enamel-white . 
Formerly [PERSON A.] inaequalis [PERSON Martyn] . Moderately common just offshore down to 
40 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Homalopoma Carpenter] 1864 

Shells small , turbinate in shape . [ORGANIZATION Operculum] calcareous , oval , thick; its 
exterior with a thick , paucispiral whorl . Underside of operculum convex 
with multispiral , chitinous whorling . [PERSON Leptothyra Pease] 1869 is this genus . 



Homalopoma albida [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Cuba] to [LOCATION Yucatan] . 



[MISC White Dwarf Turban] 



126 [MISC American Seashells] 

Va inch in length , equally wide , very thick-shelled , resembling in shape 
a Margarites . Pure white in color . Whorls rounded , 5 to 6 in number , each 
bearing 5 to 6 strong , rounded , spiral cords , the lower 2 being below the 
periphery of the whorl . Aperture and parietal wall glossy , slightly opalescent . 
[PERSON Columella] arched , with a small tooth in the middle and a smaller one usually 
at the base . No umbilicus . Commonly dredged from 35 to 450 fathoms . 

[PERSON H. linnei] [LOCATION Dall] from southeast [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Barbados] has 8 smaller , beaded 
spiral cords on the upper part of the whorls and 10 on the base , otherwise 
it is very similar to albida . It is quite rare . 

Homalopoma carpenteri [PERSON Pilsbry Carpenter] 's [MISC Dwarf Turban] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i8i 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to % inch ( 5 to 9 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) in length , solid , globose . [PERSON Pinkish] red to 
brownish red in color . Last whorl and base with 15 to 20, evenly sized , 
smooth , spiral cords separated from each other by a space about half as wide 
as the cords . Base of pearly columella with 2 or 3 exceedingly weak nodules . 
A very common species frequently washed ashore and inhabited by small 
hermit crabs from [LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Mexico] . Do not confuse with [PERSON lurida] . 

[LOCATION Homalopoma] lurida [MISC Dall Dark Dwarf Turban] 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch ( 5 to 7 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) in length , similar to [PERSON carpenteri] , but half as large , 
black-brown in color , although occasionally whitish with red axial streaks . 
The spiral cords are usually fewer in number and more rounded . Moderately 
common in shallow water under rocks . 

Homalopoma bacula [PERSON Carpenter Berry Dwarf Turban] 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch or less in length , similar to [LOCATION carpenteri] but with a flatter spire , 
and smoothish , except for numerous incised , spiral lines producing very weak 
threads . Color dark , rosy-brown . A moderately common shallow-water 
species , sometimes found with carpe ? iteri . A thorough anatomical and life 
history study of this genus is needed to ascertain the validity of these species . 

Fa7mly [LOCATION PHASIANELLIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Tricolia Risso] 1826 

[ORGANIZATION Tricolia] affinis [PERSON C. B. Adams] [ORGANIZATION Checkered Pheasant] 



[ORGANIZATION PHASIANELLIDAE] 1 2 7 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to M inch in length , moderately elongate , smoothish except for mi- 
croscopic spiral grooves in some specimens . Color rose to brownish , some- 
times whitish . Always with numerous small dots of pink , orange or a brown- 
[PERSON ish] color . Frequently with zigzag , axial bars of rose or brownish yellow . 
Often with irregular small spots or blotches of opaque-white . Umbilicus 
slit-like . Moderately common . [PERSON T.] concinna [PERSON C. B. Adams] is probably the 
same . 

[PERSON Tricolia tessellata Pot] . and [LOCATION Mich] , from the [LOCATION West Indies] is somewhat the 
same , but it is characterized by distinct , revolving lines of orange or red 
that descend obliquely over the whorls . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[ORGANIZATION Tricolia] pulchella [PERSON C. B. Adams Shouldered Pheasant] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i-jT 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Ys inch in length , spiral sculpture of numerous very small spiral cords , 
the largest being at the periphery of the whorl , thus giving the shell a slightly 
carinate shape . This [PERSON carina] is more pronounced in the early whorls and 
commonly bears a spiral row of tiny , white dots . Color variable , usually 
whitish gray with pink or brown axial mottlings and irregularly placed tiny 
dots of rose , yellow-brown or purplish brown . Umbilicus a mere chink . 
[ORGANIZATION Operculum] calcareous , convex , half smooth , the other half with fine , arched 
riblets . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water among dead corals . 

[LOCATION Tricolia] compta [MISC Gould Californian] [ORGANIZATION Banded Pheasant] 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

/4 to H inch in length , resembling a moderately high-spired [LOCATION Littorina] , 
but distinguished from that genus by its calcareous operculum . [ORGANIZATION Shell] smooth , 
in life covered by a thin gray-green , translucent periostracum . Characterized 
by the numerous , spiral lines of blackish green , red , brown or purplish which 
slant slightly downward , so that they are not parallel to the suture . Axial 
zigzag , wider bands are also present . Very abundant on eel-grass in shallow 
bays . Frequently washed ashore . 

Genus Eulithidium Pilsbry 1898 
Eulithidium rubrilineatwn [ORGANIZATION Strong Miniature Pheasant] 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Me inch in length , depressed turbinate in shape , with 4 to 5 whorls . Char- 



128 [MISC American Seashells] 

acterized by its very small size , and by about a dozen obliquely set , spiral 
bright-red lines . The top of the whorls may be solid red and with large , 
opaque-white spots . Umbilicus a mere chink-like depression . [PERSON Operculum] 
calcareous and white . [PERSON Tricolia] variegata [PERSON Carpenter] is the same ( not [PERSON Lamarck] ) . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] among weeds in tidepools and among kelps offshore . 



Fmnily [LOCATION NERITIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Nerita Linne] 1758 

[ORGANIZATION Nerka peloronta Linne Bleeding Tooth] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4a 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Bermuda] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to i^ inches in length; grayish yellow with zigzags of black and red . 
Characterized by the blood-red parietal area which bears i or 2 whitish 
teeth . Operculum : underside coral-pink; one half of outer side smooth and 
dark-orange , other half smoothish or papillose and brownish green . Very 
abundant along the rocky shores facing the open ocean . It is a popular 
souvenir . 



[LOCATION Nerita] versicolor [PERSON Gmelin Four-toothed Nerite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 4b] 
[LOCATION South] % of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% to I inch in length; dirty-white with irregular spots of black and red 
arranged in spiral rows; spirally grooved; outer lip spotted with red , white 
and black on margin . Parietal area slightly convex , white to yellowish and 
with 4 ( rarely 5 ) strong teeth . Operculum : exterior brownish gray , finely 
papillose and slightly concave . Commonly associated with [PERSON N. peloronta] . 
[PERSON Nerita] variegata [PERSON Karsten] ( 1789 ) is invalid , since it appears in a non-binomial 
work . 



[PERSON Nerita] tessellata [PERSON Gmelin Tessellate Nerite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4f 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% inch in length , irregularly spotted with black and white , sometimes 
heavily mottled; coarsely sculptured with spiral cords of varying sizes . 
[ORGANIZATION Parietal] area concave , bluish-white and bearing 2 weak teeth in the middle . 
Operculum : exterior slightly convex , black in color . Commonly congregate 
in large numbers under rocks at low tide . Rare in northern [LOCATION Florida] . Do not 
confuse with [PERSON N.] fulgurans [PERSON Gmelin] whose operculum is bluish white to yel- 
lowish gray , not black . 



[ORGANIZATION NERITIDAE] 129 

[ORGANIZATION Nerita] fulgurans [PERSON Gmelin Antillean Nerite] 

Plate 4c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% to I inch in length , very similar to [PERSON N. tessellata] , but with a lighter- 
colored , yellowish gray operculum . The spiral ridges on the shell are more 
numerous , the color patterns blurred , the aperture relatively wider , and the 
teeth more prominent . This is a salt to brackish-water inhabitant of pro- 
tected shores , and is abundant only in certain restricted localities . It is 
seldom represented or properly labeled in private collections . 

[PERSON Genus Puperita Gray] 1857 
[ORGANIZATION Puperita] pupa [ORGANIZATION Linne Zebra Nerite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4e 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Vs to [PERSON Mi] inch in length , thin , smooth , chalky-white with black , axial , 
zebra-like stripes . Aperture and smooth operculum light-yellow . Lives in 
small , placid pools above the high-water mark . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] , 
rare in [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Neritina Lamarck] 18 16 
Subgenus Vitta Morch 1852 

[LOCATION Neritina] virginea [ORGANIZATION Linne Virgin Nerite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4 ! 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% inch in length , smooth , glossy , very variable in color pattern and 
shades — blacks , browns , [LOCATION purples] , reds , whites , olive — crooked lines , dots , 
mottlings , zebra-like stripes and sometimes spirally banded . [PERSON Parietal] area 
smooth , convex , white to yellow , and with a variable number of small , 
irregular teeth . [PERSON Operculum] usually black . A very common , widespread 
inhabitant of intertidal , brackish-water flats . 

[LOCATION Neritina] reclivata Say [PERSON Olive Nerite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4g 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , glossy , often with the spire eroded away . Ground 
color brownish green , olive or brownish yellow with numerous axial lines 
of black-brown or lavender . Operculum black to slightly brownish . Com- 
mon in brackish water and also found in fresh-water springs near the seashore 
in [LOCATION Florida] . 

A globose form or subspecies ( ? ) with a short spire and more convex 
whorls replaces the higher-spired , typical form from [LOCATION Texas] to [LOCATION Panama] , but 



130 



[PERSON Alii] eric an Se ash ells 



may also appear in eastern [LOCATION Florida] . It has been named [PERSON floridana Reeve] 1855, 
rotundata [PERSON von Martens] 1865 and sphaera Pilsbry 193 1. 



[PERSON Genus Smaragdia Issel] 1869 
[LOCATION Smaragdia] viridis [PERSON Linne] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 



[ORGANIZATION Emerald Nerite] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4h 



/4 to H inch in length , glossy , smooth , pea-green , often with tiny chalk- 
whice bars and rarely with purplish brown , narrow , zigzag bars . True 
viridis comes from the [MISC Mediterranean] . Some workers separate our form as 
the subspecies viridemaris [PERSON Maury] 191 7. [PERSON N.] iveyssei [PERSON Russell] 1940 is a synonym . 

Order [ORGANIZATION MESOGASTROPODA] 

Superfamily [ORGANIZATION LITTORINACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family LACUNIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Lacuna Turton] 1827 

Rather fragile , smooth periwinkles characterized by a shelf-like colu- 
mella and a chink-like umbilicus . Periostracum smooth , fairly thin and light- 
brown . Operculum paucispiral and corneous . Cold-water inhabitants , usually 
dredged in areas of kelp weed . 




Figure 36. [PERSON Northern Lacunas] , a , [PERSON Lacuna] carinata [PERSON Gould] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] coast ) ; 

b , [PERSON Lacuna imijasciata Cpr] . , y^ inch ( [LOCATION California] ) ; c to e , [PERSON Lacuna] vmcta [LOCATION Turton] , 

% inch ( both coasts ) ; c , operculum showing reinforcing bar ( dotted ) ; d , animal 

showing the penis on the right side; e , radula ( a single row greatly enlarged ) . 

[PERSON Lacuna] vincta [ORGANIZATION Turton Common Northern Lacuna] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22p- , figure }6c-e 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Rhode Island] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] . 

^ to % inch in length , 4 to 5 whorls , resembling a [PERSON Littorina] , but charac- 
terized by its fairly thin , but strong , translucent shell , its shelf-like columella 
along side of which is a long , narrow , deep umbilical chink . Outer lip fragile . 



LITTORINIDAE 131 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] smooth except for microscopic , spiral scratches . Color light-tan to 
brown with the spire tinted with purplish rose . Often confused with [PERSON Litiopa] 
which has a blade-like ridge on the columella just inside the aperture . Com- 
mon from low water to 25 fathoms . Alias L. divaricata [MISC Fab] . and solidula 
[LOCATION Loven] . 

[PERSON Lacuna] unifasciata Carpenter One-banded [PERSON Lacuna] 

[MISC Figure 36b] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

^ inch in length , moderately fragile , similar to the other [PERSON Lacunas] , but 
characterized by its very narrow , long , chink-like umbilicus and by the 
carinate periphery of the whorl which bears a fine , dark-brown spiral line . 
Early whorls usually pinkish , remainder yellowish tan . Umbilicus and colu- 
mella white . The peripheral [PERSON carina may] be weak or obsolete , and the color 
line may consist of a series of faint , slanting streaks of light reddish brown . 
Very common in littoral seaweed and kelp in southern [LOCATION California] . 

[PERSON Lacuna] carinata [PERSON Gould Carinate Lacuna] 

Figure 36a 
[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to ^ inch in length , 3 to 4 whorls , moderately fragile . Aperture 
semi-lunar , large . Outer lip thin . Columellar chink large , long and white . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] smooth , chalky-white , but always covered by a thin , yellowish brown , 
smooth periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] on kelp weed . [PERSON L. porrecta Cpr] . and striata 
[PERSON Gabb] are the same . Do not confuse with vincta which has a higher spire and 
much narrower , brownish-tan umbilical chink . 

[PERSON Lacuna] variegata [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Variegated] [PERSON Lacuna] 

Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] , to [LOCATION Santa Monica] , [LOCATION California] . 

M inch in length , similar to [LOCATION unifasciata] , but having a very deep umbilical 
chink which is bordered by a sharp ridge . The spiral [PERSON carina] at the level of 
the suture is very small , but quite sharp . The yellowish tan shell has mot- 
tlings or oblique bands of darker color . Moderately common in eel-grass 
along the shore . 

Fcrmily [LOCATION LITTORINIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Haloconcha] Dall 1886 

[PERSON Haloconcha] reftexa Dall [MISC Reflexed Haloconch] 

[LOCATION Alaska] and the [LOCATION Bering Sea] . 

% inch in length , fragile , 3 whorls; body whorl large . Resembles a Vel- 



132 [MISC American Seashells] 

utina . Early whorls purplish brown , last whorl translucent , light chestnut- 
brown . [ORGANIZATION Shell] covered by a thin varnish of periostracum of the same color . 
At the edge of the thin , smooth outer lip , the periostracum is neatly curled 
back to form a minute ridge . Umbilicus slit-like , with the periostracum 
puckered along its length . Operculum littorinid , and is withdrawn well 
within the glossy-brown aperture . Not uncommon in shallow water . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Littorina Ferussac] 1821 
[PERSON Littorina] littorea [ORGANIZATION Linne Common Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 19b] 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION New Jersey] . [LOCATION Western Europe] . 

% to I inch in length , thick , smoothish . [PERSON Gray] to brownish gray in color . 
Inside of aperture chocolate-brown . [PERSON Columella] and inner edge of aperture 
whitish . In young or perfect specimens there are fine , irregularly spaced , 
spiral threads with microscopic , wavy wrinkles in between . Introduced from 
[LOCATION Europe] some time before 1840. A favorite food in [LOCATION Europe] . Very common 
along the rocky shores of [LOCATION New England] . 

[PERSON Littorina] irrorata Say [ORGANIZATION Marsh Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19c 

[LOCATION New York] to north [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

About I inch in length , thick-shelled , with numerous , regularly formed 
spiral grooves . Outer lip strong , sharp , slightly flaring , and with tiny grooves 
on the inside . Color usually grayish white with tiny , short streaks of reddish 
brown on the spiral ridges . Aperture yellowish white . Callus of inner lip 
and the columella pale reddish brown . [PERSON Commonly] found in large numbers 
among the sedges of brackish water marshes . Not recorded alive south of 
[LOCATION Indian River] ( east [LOCATION Florida] ) or [LOCATION Charlotte Harbor] ( west [LOCATION Florida] ) . 

[PERSON Littorina] ziczac [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Zebra Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 196 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

Females about i inch , males about V2 inch in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fairly thick 
and strong . Base angulate; aperture purplish brown . [ORGANIZATION Columella] various 
shades of dark-brown . Outer shell white to bluish white with many narrow , 
zigzag , oblique lines of chestnut-brown or purplish brown . Early whorls 
uniformly pale reddish brown . Female shells : higher than wide , smoothish . 
Male shells : as high as wide , with strong spiral grooves . [PERSON Operculum] dark- 
brown . Abundant in crevices between tides in rocky areas . Introduced to 
the [LOCATION Pacific] side of the [LOCATION Panama Canal] . Do not confuse with the larger and 
thinner-shelled [PERSON L. angulifera] whose operculum is light-brown , not dark- 
brown , in color , 



[ORGANIZATION LITTORINIDAE] 13 3 

[PERSON Littorina] angulifera [PERSON Lamarck Angulate Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19a 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

About I inch in length; thin-shelled but strong . First two or three 
whorls smooth , remainder with many fine , spiral grooves . Last whorl some- 
times carinate . Color variable — whitish , yellowish or orange- to red-brown 
with darker , wavy , vertical , oblique stripes . [PERSON Columella] pale purplish with 
whitish edges . [PERSON Operculum] pale-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] in mangrove areas where 
the waters are calm and brackish . It is found high above the high-tide mark 
clinging to wharf pilings , and is often seen on the trunks and branches of 
mangrove trees . Introduced to the [LOCATION Pacific] side of the [LOCATION Panama Canal] . [PERSON L.] 
scabra [PERSON Linne] is from the [MISC Indo-Pacific] . 



[LOCATION Littorina] obtiisata [ORGANIZATION Linne Northern Yellow Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] igf 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Cape May] , [LOCATION New Jersey] . [LOCATION Northwest Europe] . 

/i to % inch in length , equally wide , with a low spire; smoothish . Color 
variable but usually a uniform , bright , brownish yellow or orange-yellow . 
Sometimes with a white or brown spiral band . [PERSON Columella] whitish . Oper- 
culum bright yellow to orange-brown . This is [PERSON L.] palliata Say . A common 
coastal species associated with rockweeds . 

[LOCATION Littorina] mespilhvm [PERSON Miihlfeld Dwarf Brown] Periwinkle 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19k 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION Caribbean Area] . 

M inch in length , somewhat shaped like obtusata . Characterized by its 
dark-brown periostracum , glossy-brown columella and aperture , by its tiny , 
chink-like umbilicus , and by the presence , in some specimens , of rows of 
small , round [PERSON blackish] spots . [ORGANIZATION Common] in " splash-pools " from high-tide line 
to 6 or 7 feet above . 

[LOCATION Littorina] saxatilis [ORGANIZATION Olivi Northern Rough Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i9d 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape May] , [LOCATION New Jersey] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to Puget Sound . 

% to /4 inch in length , resembling a " distorted , small [PERSON L. littorea] . ^^ 
Adults characterized by poorly developed , smoothish , fine spiral cords . Color 
drab gray to dark-brown . Interior of aperture chocolate-brown . Females 
give birth to live , shelled young . Often found with [PERSON L. obtusata] , but not so 
common . This is [PERSON L. rudis] [LOCATION Maton] and [PERSON L.] groenlandica [PERSON Menke] . 



134 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Littorina] scutulata [PERSON Gould Checkered Periwinkle] 

Plate 20C 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in length , moderately slender , semigloss finish and smooth . Color 
light to dark reddish brown with small , irregular spots of bluish white . Colu- 
mella white; interior of aperture whitish brown . A common littoral species . 
Compare with [PERSON L. planaxis] . 

[PERSON Littorina] [PERSON planaxis Philippi] Eroded Periwinkle 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2oa 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

^ to % inch in length , usually badly eroded; grayish brown with bluish 
white spots and flecks . Characterized by the eroded , flattened area on the 
body whorl just beside the columella . Interior of aperture chocolate-brown 
with a white spiral band at the bottom . A common littoral , rock-loving spe- 
cies . Do not confuse with the smoother , higher-spired [PERSON L. scutulata] . 

[PERSON Littorina] [PERSON sitkana Philippi] Sitka Periwinkle 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ob 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

% inch in length , solid , sharp lip , characterized by about a dozen strong 
spiral threads on the body whorl . [PERSON Columella] whitish . [ORGANIZATION Shell] dark grayish to 
rusty-brown; some with 2 or 3 wide spiral bands of whitish . A common 
littoral species of the north . 

Genus N [PERSON odilittorina Martens] 1897 
[PERSON Nodilittorina] tuberculata [MISC Menke Common Prickly-winkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 191 

[LOCATION South Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

^ to % inch in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] rounded at the base . Several spiral rows 
of small , fairly sharp nodules on the whorls . [PERSON Columella] flattened , forming a 
slightly dished-out shelf . Color brownish gray . Operculum paucispiral . A 
common rock-dwelling species found near the high-tide line . Do not con- 
fuse with the extremely similar Echifiinus nodulosus Pfr . which has a multi- 
spiral operculum , and whose columella is not shelved . Erroneously listed in 
[PERSON Johnsonia] and other books as [PERSON Tectarius] tuberculatus [PERSON Wood] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Tectarius] [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes] 1833 
[PERSON Subgenus Cenchritis Martens] 1900 

[PERSON Tectarius] muricatus [ORGANIZATION Linne Beaded Periwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] iQg 

[LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 



[MISC RISSOIDAE US] 

34 to 1 inch in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thick , with 1 1 rows of neat , rounded , whit- 
[PERSON ish] , evenly spaced beads on the last whorl . [PERSON Columella] grooved; umbilicus a 
narrow , oblique slit . Color of outer shell ash-gray . Interior dark-tan . Oper- 
culum paucispiral . One of the commonest [MISC West Indian] littoral species , usu- 
ally found well out of water on the rock cliffs . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Echininus Clench] and [PERSON Abbott] 1942 
[PERSON Subgenus Tectininus] Clench and [PERSON Abbott] 1942 

[PERSON Echininus] nodiilosus [MISC Pfeiffer False Prickly-winkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i9h 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 to I inch in length . Base of shell squarish . Whorls with 2 spiral , 
carinate rows of sharp nodules in addition to 2 or 3 rows of smaller , blunt 
nodules . [PERSON Columella] not shelved . Color grayish brown . Operculum multi- 
spiral . Lives well above high-tide mark on rocky shores . Be sure not to 
confuse with [PERSON Nodilittorina tuberciilata] whose beads are lined up axially one 
under the other . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily RISSOACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family RISSOIDAE] 

Genus [PERSON Cingula Fleming] 1828 

Extremely small shells , conic-ovate; aperture round , peristome complete; 
whorls moderately rounded . Nuclear whorls smooth . Umbilicus slit-like . 
There are about 1 5 confusing species on the west coast of [LOCATION America] , most of 
which are found in [MISC Alaskan] waters . 

[PERSON Cingula] montereyensis [ORGANIZATION Bartsch Monterey Cingula] 

[ORGANIZATION Moss Beach] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION CaHfornia] . 

4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , light-brown , smooth . Suture slightly indented . Un- 
common from shore to 15 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Nodulus Monterosato] 1878 
[LOCATION Cingula] kelseyi [PERSON Bartsch Kelsey] 's [PERSON Cingula] 

[LOCATION San Diego] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , translucent-white , with microscopic spiral striations and 
fine lines of growth . There are 4 other species in this subgenus which are 
found in [LOCATION Alaska] ( [PERSON C.] asser [PERSON Bartsch] , [PERSON C. kyskensis Bartsch] , [PERSON C. palmeri] [LOCATION Dall] and 
[PERSON C.] cerinella [LOCATION Dall] ) . 



136 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Subgenus Onoba H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 
[PERSON Cingula] aculeus [PERSON Gould Pointed Cingula] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Maryland] . 

Extremely small , 2.5 mm . in length , elongate , about 5 whorls , no um- 
bilicus . [PERSON Whorls] rounded . Suture well-impressed . Aperture ovate wdth a 
slightly flaring hp . Color light- to rusty-brown . Spiral sculpture of numer- 
ous , microscopic incised Hnes . Below the suture there are numerous , short , 
axial riblets . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . 

[PERSON Genus Amphithalamus Carpenter] 1865 

Extremely small shells , less than 2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , smooth , except for a 
faint cord or spiral thread on the periphery . Nucleus large , of i % whorls 
which are finely pitted like a thimble . The most striking character is a thin 
bridge separating the inner lip from the open umbilicus . There are 3 species 
in southern [LOCATION California] : 

Periphery without spiral line 

/^^WTZ^^wi- [PERSON Carpenter] ( [LOCATION San Pedro] south ) . 

[PERSON Periphery] with thread or cord : 

Periphery angulate [PERSON w^/z/n/^ Carpenter] ( [LOCATION San Pedro] south ) . 

[PERSON Periphery] rounded 

tenuis ^2.nsc\\ ( [LOCATION Monterey] south ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Rissoina Orbigny] 1840 

Shells small , usually less than % inch in length , generally white in color , 
with strong or weak axial ribs , occasionally with fine spiral , incised lines . 
Aperture semilunar and somewhat flaring . Operculum corneous , thick , pauci- 
spiral , with a claviform process on the inner surface . We have presented 
nearly all of the species known to both sides of the [LOCATION United States] in the form 
of a key ( see pi . 22u ) . 



Key to the [LOCATION Pacific Coast Rissoina] 

[PERSON A. Color] pure-wliite or bluish white B 

Color yellow to light-red; 6 [ORGANIZATION mm .] , [LOCATION Redondo Beach] south 

kelseyi [LOCATION Dall] and [PERSON Bartsch] 

[PERSON B. Axial] ribs strong , less than 20 on the last wliorl C 

Axial ribs weak , numerous D 



[ORGANIZATION RISSOIDAE] 137 

[PERSON C. Interspaces] with silky , wavy crinkles; 3 mm . ; [LOCATION Coronado Islands] 

[PERSON cleo Bartsch] 

[ORGANIZATION Interspaces] smooth , 3 mm . ; [LOCATION CataHna Islands] , south calif ornica [PERSON Bartsch] 

[PERSON D. Whorls] decidedly inflated; 3 mm . ; [LOCATION Monterey] south [PERSON bakeri Bartsch] 
[PERSON Whorls] not inflated E 

[PERSON E. W^ith] very fine , numerous axial threads ( 48 to [PERSON ^^] on last whorl ) . [MISC F] 
With coarse riblets ( 36 on last whorl; 14 on next to last ) ; 3 mm . [LOCATION Alaska] 

to [LOCATION Monterey] neivcovtbei [LOCATION Dall] 

[PERSON F. Shell] slender; 2 mm . ; [LOCATION San Pedro] south [PERSON dalli Bartsch] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] not as slender; 3.5 mm . ; [LOCATION Redondo Beach] south 

[PERSON coronadoensis Bartsch] 



Key to the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast Rissoina] 

[PERSON A. Shell] sculptured with riblets or spiral lines B 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] smooth , glossy-white; 4 mm . ; [LOCATION Carolinas] , [LOCATION Florida] , and West Indies; 

syn . : laevigata C. B. Ads . brouoniana [PERSON Orbigny] 

B. With axial ribs more prominent than spiral threads C 

With axial ribs not more prominent than spiral threads . . . . [MISC F] 

C. Axial ribs only D 

Axial ribs and spiral threads both present E 

[PERSON D.] 4.5 to 6.0 mm . ; white or stained yellow; 16 to 22 ribs; [LOCATION South Florida] and 

the [ORGANIZATION Wgsi Indies] bryerea [PERSON Montagu] 

3.0 to 5.0 mm . ; white; 1 1 to 14 ribs; suture sometimes deep; [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] [PERSON chesneli Michaud] ( PI . 2 2u ) 

[ORGANIZATION E.] 4 to 5 mm . ; ribs strong but disappearing on base; spiral threads strongest 

on base; white to rusty; southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [ORGANIZATION \\ est Indies] 

vndticostata [PERSON C. B. Adams] 
6 to 7 mm . ; 25 to 28 low , weak ribs , spirally striated or pitted between; 
glossy; white to yellowish; [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] 
deciissata [PERSON Montagu] 

[PERSON F. Sculpture] strongly cancellate G 

Not strongly cancellate; low , spiral threads dominant; axial ribs faint; 

weakly cancellate; 5 to 10 mm . ; southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] striosa [PERSON C. B. Adams] 

G , 5 to 7 mm . ; white; strongly cancellate; depressed interspaces large and 
square; southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] [PERSON cancellata Philippi] 



138 [MISC AjT/erican] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he Us 

4 to 4.5 mm . ; glassy-white; depressed interspaces small , rounded; [LOCATION Texas] 
to the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . [PERSON sagraiana Orbigny] 

Family [ORGANIZATION VITRINELLIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Vitrinella C. B. Adams] 1850 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] minute , thin , depressed , umbihcate , and with 3 to 4 subtubular 
whorls . The umbilicus has rather flattened walls and is usually bounded by a 
spiral cord . The rounded aperture is oblique , with a thin lip , its upper margin 
arching forward . [PERSON Columella] only moderately thickened . [PERSON Operculum] corne- 
ous , thin , multispiral . There are many species in [MISC American] waters with 
quite a number of genera and subgenera . The family is undergoing consid- 
erable change under the current research by [PERSON H. A. Pilsbry] . We are includ- 
ing only three examples of this interesting group . Consult recent numbers 
of The [MISC Nautilus] . 



[PERSON Subgenus Vitrinella] s. str . 
[PERSON Vitrinella] helicoidea [PERSON C. B. Adams] [ORGANIZATION Helix Vitrinella] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in diameter , planorboid , 4 whorls , spire moderately raised . Trans- 
lucent-white , glossy , smooth . Umbilicus round , very deep , moderately wide , 
bounded by a small , spiral , smoothish thread . Wall of umbiHcus flattish . 
[ORGANIZATION Columella] strong , braced on the whorl above by a small , spreading callus . 
Outer lip thin , sharp . Not uncommon in shallow water . This is the type of 
the genus . 

[PERSON Subgenus Circulus Jeffreys] 1865 
[PERSON Vitrinella] multistriata [PERSON Verrill Threaded Vitrinella] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17V 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] . 

5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in diameter , planorboid , well-compressed , 4 whorls , opaque-white , 
with a glossy sheen . Outer surface covered with numerous , crowded , spiral , 
incised lines . Umbilicus with rounded sides , deep , rather narrow . 50 to 100 
fathoms . Locally common . 

Subgenus Solariorbis Conrad 1865 
[PERSON Vitrinella] beaui [PERSON Fischer Beau] 's [PERSON Vitrinella] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION VITRINELLIDAE] 139 

Vs inch in diameter , strong , opaque-white , depressed , 4 whorls . Top of 
whorls rounded , slightly concave just below the fine suture; bearing 5 or 6 
major , smooth , spiral threads on top with numerous , much finer threads be- 
tween . Periphery bordered above and below by a major cord . Umbilicus 
widely funnel-shaped , deep . Outer lip crenulate above . Not uncommon in 
shallow water . One of our largest American Vitrinellid species . Provisionally 
placed in this subgenus . 

[PERSON Genus Pseudomalaxts] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1885 
[LOCATION Fseudomalaxis] nobilis \^errill Noble False Dial 

[LOCATION Virginia] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in diameter , dull-white , planorboid , with a very flat spire and a 
wide concave , non-umbilicate base . Periphery of shell flat , bordered above 
and below by one or two spiral cords of small beads . Aperture squarish . 
Operculum round , multispiral with a chitinous pimple on the inside . A rare 
and choice collector 's item . Deep water . 70 fathoms . 

[PERSON Fseudomalaxis] balesi Pilsbry and [PERSON McGinty Bales] ' False Dial 

[LOCATION Palm Beach] and along the [LOCATION Lower Keys] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

1.8 mm . in diameter , 3 to 4 whorls , semitranslucent-white to burnt 
sienna . Sculpture of fine , spiral striae and strong , widely spaced , radial ribs . 
Peripheral zone flattened or concave between 2 projecting nodulose keels . 
Under rocks . Moderately common to rare . This genus was formerly placed 
in the family [ORGANIZATION Architectonicidae] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Teinostoma H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 

Shells usually about 2 to 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in diameter , depressed , glossy , white , 
usually smooth , and with an umbilical callus . They are very distinctive little 
shells , but require a high-powered lens for their inspection . We have figured 
only one species , but have included a key from the work of [LOCATION Pilsbry] and 
[PERSON McGinty] ( 1945 ) ( see pi . lyy ) . 

Key to the [LOCATION Florida Teinostoma] 

1. [PERSON Umbilical] callus encircled by a keel . 1.7 mm . ; [LOCATION Palm Beach] to [LOCATION Cape Florida] . 

1 2 to 50 faths . T. ( Ajinulicalhis ) lituspalmarum Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 

2. [PERSON Umbilical] callus and columellar lobe not closing the umbilicus completely; 

3 mm . ; southeast Forida . 80 fms 

[PERSON T. ( Ellipetyhts )] cocolitoris [MISC Vi\s] . ^nd [PERSON McG] . 



140 [ORGANIZATION Ainencan Seashells] 

3. [PERSON Umbilicus] closed by the callus , which passes smoothly into the base . . 

( subgenus Idioraphe ) 

[PERSON A. Periphery] strongly carinate; 2 mm . ; [LOCATION Destin] , [LOCATION Florida] . 20 fms . 

gonio gyrus Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 

AA . Periphery rounded or indistinctly rounded . 

B. Surface spirally striate : 

[PERSON C. Umbilical] callus extremely convex and thick; 2 mm . [ORGANIZATION Palm] 
Beach to [LOCATION Cape Florida] pilsbryi [PERSON McGinty] 

CC . Umbilical callus strong , slightly convex : 

[PERSON D. Strongly] spirally striate throughout; 2.3 mm . ; Key 

[LOCATION Largo] clavium Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 

DD . Weakly striate above only; 1.5 mm . ; southeast [LOCATION Florida] 

nesaemn Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 

BB . No Spiral striations . 

C. Diameter 1.8 to 2.2 mm . : 

[PERSON D. Rather] globose , h/d ratio 75; shore to 50 fms . ; south- 
east [LOCATION Florida] parvicallum Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 
DD . Depressed , h/d ratio about 50 : 

[PERSON E. Callus] large . [LOCATION Lake Worth] 

obtectum Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 

[LOCATION EE] . Callus small . [LOCATION Biscayne Bay] , shore 

[PERSON biscaynejise Pils] . and [PERSON McG] . 

[LOCATION CC] . Diameter 0.7 to i.o mm . ; callus thick; [LOCATION Lower Keys] , shore 
lereiJiujn Pils . and [PERSON McG] . 

Superfa ? ? iily [ORGANIZATION CERITHIACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION TURRITELLIDAE] 

Genus Tachyrhynchiis Morch 1868 

[PERSON Tachyrbynchiis] erosinn Couthouy Eroded Turret-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 21I 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION British Columbia] . 

% to I inch in length , elongate , [PERSON M] as wide; 8 to 10 rounded whorls . No 
umbilicus . Aperture round; columella smooth , slightly arched . Whorls with 
5 to 6 smooth , flat-topped , spiral cords between sutures . Color cream to 
chalky-white , with a thin , polished , gray-brown periostracum . [PERSON Operculum] 
round , multispiral , [PERSON chitinous] , dark-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 10 to 75 fathoms . 

[PERSON T. reticulatum Mighels] ( [LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to Maine; and [LOCATION Alaska] ) is similar . 



[ORGANIZATION TURRITELLIDAE] 141 

but usually has spiral cords only on the base and one just above the suture , 
and has about i8 to lo axial , rounded ribs per whorl . Some specimens show 
fine , spiral , incised lines . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 1 6 to 60 fathoms . 

[PERSON Tachyrhynchiis] lacteolum Carpenter [MISC Milky Turret-shell] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in length , similar to erosinn , but % as wide as long , and the cords 
between sutures are finely beaded . The beads are arranged more or less in 
axial rows . The last third of the body whorl bears weak , non-beaded spiral 
cords . This species differs from reticulatum in its smaller size , less slender 
shape , less convex whorls , and much finer sculpturing . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Turritella Lamarck] 1799 
[LOCATION Turritella] acropora Dall Boring Turret-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 21 ] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 inch in length , resembling exoleta , but with convex whorls , and with 
numerous , fine , spiral threads a few of which , at the periphery , are slightly 
larger than the others . There is a very weak series of riblets just below the 
suture . Color yellowish to brownish orange . [ORGANIZATION Common] just offshore . 

[PERSON T. variegata Linne] , the [PERSON Variegated Turret-shell] ( pi . 2ii ) ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
is similar , but up to 4 inches in length , with flat-sided whorls , and is mottled 
with mauve , white and dark-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Turritella exoleta [ORGANIZATION Linne Eastern Turret-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ih 
[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 inches in length , long , slender and with a sharp apex . Each whorl with 
a large , coarse cord above and below , with the part between the cords con- 
cave and occasionally crossed by microscopic , arched , brown , scale-like 
lamellae . Base of shell concave . Color glossy-white to cream with sparse , 
axial flammules of light yellow-brown . Moderately common from i to 100 
fathoms . This species is placed in the subgenus [PERSON Torcula Gray] 1847. 

[PERSON Turritella] cooperi [PERSON Carpenter Cooper] 's Turret-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20g 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , 17 to 20 slightly convex whorls . Base concave . 
[PERSON Columella] and outer lip fairly fragile . AVhorls with 2 or 3 small , spiral cords 



142 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

and usually with a number of much smaller , variously sized threads . Color 
orangish to yellowish white with darker , axial flammules . Moderately com- 
mon just offshore . 

Turritella mariana Dall [PERSON Maria] 's Turret-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 oh 

[LOCATION Catalina Island] to [LOCATION Panama Bay] , [LOCATION Panama] . 

1/4 to 1V2 inches in length , similar to cooperi , but with the whorls 
slightly concave due to the more prominent , irregularly beaded spiral cords . 
The aperture is not circular as in cooperi . Its color is usually much lighter . 
[ORGANIZATION Uncommon] 20 to 40 fathoms . 

Fatnily [ORGANIZATION ARCHITECTONICIDAE] 
Genus T ovinia [PERSON Gray] 1842 

[LOCATION Torinia] bisulcata [PERSON Orbigny Orbigny] 's Sun-dial 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 IX 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

^ to % inch in diameter , spire flattened , each whorl with 5 crowded 
rows of neat , tiny , squarish beads . Periphery with a major , and below it a 
minor , beaded cord . Base rounded and with about 7 wide cords bearing beads . 
Umbilicus quite wide and very deep . Nuclear whorl glassy-white . Color of 
shell dull gray to dull cream . Operculum solid-conic , chitinous . [PERSON Uncommon] 
from 15 to 200 fathoms on mud bottom . 

[LOCATION Torinia] cylindrica [MISC Gmelin Cylinder Sun-dial] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , equally wide; spire high; umbilicus narrow , round , 
very deep , bordered inside with 3 spiral , beaded cords . [PERSON Columella] with 4 
small , depressed , spiral lines . Top of whorls with 4 spiral cords of closely 
packed , small beads . Color dark-gray to reddish brown with a cream base 
and with white spots on the periphery . [PERSON Uncommon] at low tide . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Architectonica Roding] 1798 
[ORGANIZATION Architectonica] nobilis Roding [MISC Common Sun-dial] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4m 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in diameter , heavy , cream with reddish brown spots which 
are especially prominent just below the suture . Sculpture of 4 or 5 spiral 
cords which are usually beaded . Umbilicus round , deep and bordered by a 



[ORGANIZATION VERMETIDAE] 143 

heavily beaded , spiral cord . [PERSON Operculum] , corneous , thin , paucispiral , brown 
and with lamellate growth lines . Moderately common in sand below low- 
water line . Known for years as A. granulata [PERSON Lamarck] which , however , is a 
later name . 

[PERSON Architectonic] a krebsi Morch Krebs ' Sun-dial 

Plates 4-0; 2iy 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in diameter , similar to [PERSON A.] nobilis , but glossy-smooth on top 
except for two microscopic spiral threads above the suture , with a smooth 
rounded base and with its deep umbilicus bordered by 2 beaded spiral rows , 
the innermost having about 30 bar-like beads ( in [LOCATION contrast] to 12 in nobilis ) . 
Operculum chitinous , brown and multispiral . [PERSON Uncommon] from 16 to 63 
fathoms . Provisionally placed in this genus . 

[ORGANIZATION Architectonica] peracuta Dall [MISC Keeled Sun-dial] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4n; figure 2 2g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in diameter , similar to nobilis^ but smaller , with the spire much 
flatter , whorls almost smooth , periphery very sharp , and without color spots . 
Rare in 45 to 73 fathoms . 

Family VERMETIDAE 
Genus Petaloconchus [PERSON H. C. Lea] 1843 

[PERSON Petaloconchus] nigricaits Dall [PERSON Black Worm-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ie 

[LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Lives in closely packed colonies of long , worm-like shells about 2 to 4 
inches in length; each tube is about % inch in diameter . Shells rarely coiled , 
except at the beginning . Moderately fragile , gray to rusty-brown in color , 
and weakly sculptured spirally and longitudinally . Colonies of this species 
frequently form large reefs or banks . 

[PERSON Petaloconchus] irregularis Orbigny [ORGANIZATION Irregular Worm-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 id 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Similar to nigricans , but greatly coiled , and with heavier , larger shells 
which are strongly rugose . Occurs in compact masses attached to rocks and 
other shells . Color dark brownish . P. erectus [LOCATION Dall] is smoother , pure white 
in color , and with the last part of the tube sticking straight up from the 



144 [MISC American Seashells] 

coiled mass ( [ORGANIZATION Erect Worm-shell] ) ; the latter occurs in deep water off south- 
east [LOCATION Florida] . 



[PERSON Genus Aletes Carpenter] 1857 
[PERSON Aletes squamigerus Carpenter] < [ORGANIZATION Scaled Worm-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2oe 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 

Grows in large , twisted masses . The shelly tubes are circular , K to % 
inch in diameter . Sculpture of numerous , minutely scaled or rough , longi- 
tudinal cords . Color gray to pinkish gray . The last part of the shell which 
usually stands erect for % inch is smoothish . A very common , colonial spe- 
cies found in masses on wharf pilings or attached to rocks below the low- 
water line . 



[PERSON Genus Spiroglyphus] [PERSON Daudin] 1800 
[PERSON Spiroglyphus Htuellus] [ORGANIZATION Morch Flat Worm-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2od 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

A small worm-tube mollusk found adhering to rocks and the shells of 
abalones in a tightly wound , flat spiral . The last whorl may grow up on top 
of the previous whorls and be erect for ^ of an inch . Aperture circular , 
about Vs inch in diameter . [ORGANIZATION Shell] solid , with 2 large , scaled cords which give 
a somewhat squarish cross-section to the whole shell . Hollow scales and 
fimbriations present elsewhere . Color cream to purplish gray . [PERSON Operculum] 
horny , multispiral and brown . Moderately common . 

There is a very similar species reported from the [LOCATION West Indies] ( 5. annu- 
latus [PERSON Daudin] ) . 

Family [ORGANIZATION SILIQUARIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Vermicularia Lamarck] 1799 

[LOCATION Vermicularia] [PERSON spirata Philippi] West Indian Worm-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 21c; figure 22i 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Evenly and closely spiraled for about ^ inch , then becoming random 
and drawn out in its worm-like coiling . [ORGANIZATION Shell] rather thin , colored a trans- 
lucent to opaque amber , orange-brown or yellowish . Early whorls dark , 
smooth , except for i ( rarely 2 ) smooth , spiral cord on the middle of the 
whorl . Subsequent whorls with 2 major cords which soon lose their promi- 
nence . Smaller threads present , especially on the base of the shell . This is 



[ORGANIZATION CAECIDAE] 145 

not the common [LOCATION West Florida] species usually called [PERSON ^^spirata] ' " in other books . 
See knorri and also fargoi . 

For anatomy and relationships in the worm-shells , see the excellent works 
by [PERSON J. E] , [PERSON Morton] ( 1951 ) in the Transactions of the Royal Society of New 
[LOCATION Zealand] . 

[LOCATION Vermicularia] knorri [ORGANIZATION Deshayes Florida Worm-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ia 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

Differing from [LOCATION spirata] in having the early , evenly coiled part pure white 
in color . The later whorls are very similar to spirata . Common in sponge 
masses , and frequently washed ashore . 

[LOCATION Vermicularia] fargoi [PERSON Olsson Fargo] 's Worm-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 lb 

[LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

Similar to [LOCATION spirata] and knorri , but the " turritella " or wound stage is % 
CO I inch in length; the [ORGANIZATION shell] is thicker and sturdy , its color a drab grayish to 
yellowish brown . Early whorls tan to brown , with 2 ( sometimes 3 ) spiral 
cords . Subsequent whorls with 3 major , brown-spotted , thick cords . Aper- 
ture with a squarish columella corner . Minute minor threads are between 
the main cords . [PERSON Commonly] found crawling on mud flats . A race occurs in 
[LOCATION Texas] in which the " turritella " stage is much more slender . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Tenagodus Guettard] 1770 
( [PERSON Siliquaria Bruguiere] 1789 ) 

[ORGANIZATION Tenagodus] squainatus [ORGANIZATION Blainville Slit Worm-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ig 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

A small worm-like shell with detached whorls throughout . Character- 
ized by the long row of small holes or elongate slits on the middle of the 
whorl . Early whorls smooth , white; later whorls becoming very spinose and 
stained with brown . The coiling is very irregular and loose . [PERSON Grows] to about 
5 or 6 inches in length . T. modestus [LOCATION Dall] may be the young of this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Family CAECIDAE] 

These tiny , cucumber-shaped mollusks are occasionally found by screen- 
ing the beach sand in warm water areas or by shaking out dead sponges . The 
Caecums begin life in a normal snail-like manner with a tiny , spiral shell , but 
within a few weeks they grow only in one direction to form a simple , slightly 
curved tube . The spiral apex is usually knocked off and the hole plugged 



146 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



with a septum . As additional growth takes place , the animal retreats grad- 
ually from the apical or rear portion and forms new , internal septa . The 
operculum is thin , circular , homy , and multispiral . 




Figure 37. American Caecums . [LOCATION ATLANTIC] : a , Caecum florida ? m ? n Stimpson; 
b , [PERSON C.] cooperi S. Smith; e , [PERSON C.] carolinianum Dall; d , [PERSON C.] piilchellwn Stimpson; e , 
[PERSON C.] nitidum Stimpson; f , [PERSON C. nebulosum Rehder] ( type ) . [LOCATION PACIFIC] : g , [PERSON C. californicum] 
Dall; h , [PERSON C. dalli Bartsch] ( type ) ; 1, [PERSON C. carpenteri Bartsch] ( type ) ; j , [PERSON C. occidentale] 
[PERSON Bartsch] ( type ) ; k , [PERSON C.] heptago ? nmi Cpr . ; I , [PERSON C.] orciitti [LOCATION Dall] ( type ) ; m , [PERSON C.] crehricbic- 

tinn Cpr . All Xio . 



I 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Caecum Fleming] 18 17 
Subgenus Caecum s. str . 

[ORGANIZATION Caecum] [PERSON floridanum Stimpson] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Southern Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION Florida Caecum] 

Figure 37a 



[ORGANIZATION CAECIDAE] 147 

3.0 mm . in length by i.o mm . in diameter , opaque-white , with 20 to 30 
strong , axial rings , the last 3 or 4 being quite large . 

Caecum cayosense [ORGANIZATION Rehder Key Caecum] 

Bonefish Key , [ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] similar to [PERSON C. floridanuTn] , but with about 14 very large , sharp axial 
rings . 

[ORGANIZATION Caecum] californicum Dall [ORGANIZATION California Caecum] 

Figure 37g . 
[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2.0 to 3.0 mm . in length . With 30 to 40 moderately developed , evenly 
spaced , rounded or squarish axial rings . Lip of aperture slightly thickened . 
Color a glossy , olive-brown . 

[PERSON Caecum dalli Bartsch] Dall 's [ORGANIZATION Caecum] 

[MISC Figure ^jh] 

[LOCATION San Diego] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

About 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , usually with 18 to 24 moderately developed , 
evenly spaced , rounded or squarish , axial rings . Lip of aperture usually heav- 
ily developed in adults . Color tan . The number of raised rings varies from 
specimen to specimen , often in the same locality , and diligent search will 
usually bring to light any number desired . Extremes have been unwisely 
named ( 15 rings — [PERSON C.] grippi Bartsch; 17 to 19 rings — [PERSON C.] licalum Bartsch; and 
19 to 22 rings — [PERSON C.] diegense [PERSON Bartsch] ) . Figure 37h is the holotype . 

Subgenus iMicraneUum [PERSON Bartsch] 1920 

Shells 3 to 7 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , opaque , with numerous , fine , closely packed , 
axial rings . About 8 [ORGANIZATION Eastern Pacific] and perhaps half a dozen [MISC Western] At- 
lantic species in this subgenus . 

[ORGANIZATION Caecum] pulcbelhnn [ORGANIZATION Stimpson Beautiful Little Caecum] 

Figure 370 ! 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] south to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

About 2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , translucent-tan and glistening when alive; 
chalky-white when dead; with about 25 to 30 fine , closely set axial rings . 
[ORGANIZATION Apex] with a dome-shaped plug . 

[MISC Caecum] crebrictnctum [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Many-named Caecum] 

Figure 37m 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



148 [MISC American Seashells] 

6.0 mm , in length . Color pinkish brown to chalky-white with occa- 
sional darker brown mottlings . With about loo fine , squarish , closely set 
axial rings . Plug with a rather long , oblique spur . Spur sometimes eroded 
down to a small sharp pimple ( form oregonense [PERSON Bartsch] ) . [PERSON Irregularities] oc- 
cur in the expansion of the tube; sometimes there is a more rapid expansion 
toward the anterior end ( forms named as species : [PERSON C. pedroeiise Bartsch] and 
[PERSON C.] barkleyense [PERSON Bartsch] ) . [PERSON C.] catalinense [PERSON Bartsch] is probably this species , since 
many of the paratypes do not have the anterior end supposedly " bulbously 
expanded , " and many specimens have about loo axial rings , and not 75 as 
claimed . [PERSON C. rosaniim Bartsch] appears to be a very long specimen ( 7 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) 
with sharply defined rings . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Subgenus [PERSON Elephantanellwn Bartsch] 

3 to 5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , white , with axial rings and longitudinal ribs . One 
species in southern [LOCATION California] and 3 or 4 in the [LOCATION Western Atlantic] . They 
resemble minute scaphopods , but are distinguished from them by the apical 
plug and small size of the shell . 

Caecum cooperi [PERSON S. Smith Cooper] 's [LOCATION Atlantic Caecum] 

[MISC Figure 37b] 

[LOCATION South] of [LOCATION Cape Cod] to northern [LOCATION Florida] . 

4 to 5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , slender , glossy , opaque-white; with about 15 
strong , longitudinal ribs . Axial , raised rings are prominent near the aperture 
and sometimes give the shell a cancellate appearance at the anterior end . 
Apical plug with a fairly long , pointed prong . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Caecum carpenteri [PERSON Bartsch Carpenter] 's [ORGANIZATION Caecum] 

Figure syi 

[LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3.5 to 4.8 mm . in length . First half to first % of shell smooth , but at 
the apertural end developing about a dozen small , sharply defined axial rings . 
Longitudinal sculpture microscopic or absent . Color translucent-white to 
gray . This species is doubtfully placed in this subgenus . 

[ORGANIZATION Caecum] heptagonum [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Heptagonal Caecum] 

Figure 37 ! ^ 

[LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION Central America] . 

2.0 to 2.5 mm . in length . Opaque-white . 7-sided in cross-section . The 
7 longitudinal ribs arc strong , raised , and the spaces between them are flat or 
slightly concave . There are about 30 deeply cut circular lines around the 



[ORGANIZATION CAECIDAE] 149 

shell , cutting across the ribs . Lip of aperture with one or two swollen axial 
rings . 

[PERSON Subgenus Levia de Folin] 1875 

Rather thick , glossy , slightly curved shells; aperture minutely con- 
stricted; sculpture absent except for microscopic growth lines . The shells are 
larger , heavier and not as bulbous as those in the subgenus [ORGANIZATION Fartulum] . 

Caecum caroliniammj [ORGANIZATION Dall Carolina Caecum] 

Figure 37c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southern [LOCATION Florida] . 

About 4.5 mm . in length , glossy , cream-white . Smooth except for micro- 
scopic growth lines . Apical plug sunk in at the posterior end of the shell and 
with a sharp , horn-like projection . Aperture minutely constricted . 

[PERSON Subgenus Fartidiini Carpenter] 1857 

Shells very small , about 2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , fragile , smooth , except for 
microscopic growth lines; not swollen in the middle; and with a noncon- 
stricted aperture facing to one side ( oblique ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Caecum] nebulosuin Rehder Mottled Caecum 

[MISC Figure 37f] 

[LOCATION Missouri Key] , [LOCATION Florida Lower Keys] . 

1.5 to 2.0 mm . in length , fragile , translucent-tan with opaque-white mot- 
tlings . Not swollen in the center . Aperture oblique . [ORGANIZATION Apex] with a lopsided 
plug which has a single , weak spur . Found under flat rocks imbedded in 
tough , sticky marl . 

Caecum orcutti Dall [PERSON Orcutt] 's [ORGANIZATION Caecum] 

Figure 37I 

[LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2.0 to 2.5 mm . in length . Smooth , except for fine , circular scratches . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] stubby , slightly compressed laterally; aperture oblique; apical plug 
dome-shaped . Color translucent-tan to yellow-brown . Moderately common . 

Caecum occidentale [ORGANIZATION Bartsch Western Caecum] 

Figure 37 ) 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2.2 to 3.5 mm . in length . Smooth , except for fine , circular scratches . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] elongate , round in cross-section . Aperture moderately oblique; apical 



150 [MISC American Seashells] 

plug dome-shaped with a tiny pimple on one side . Color translucent-tan to 
light-brown . Old specimens are whitish , often with a purplish stain . The 
shell has a white band behind the aperture . [PERSON C.] hemphilli [PERSON Bartsch] and [PERSON C. bakeri] 
[PERSON Bartsch] are probably diminutive forms of this species . The development of 
the small pimple on top of the dome-shaped plug is variable . 

[PERSON Subgenus Meioceras Carpenter] 1858 

Shells 2 to 4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , very bulbous in the middle , smooth , and 
with an oblique , constricted aperture . [ORGANIZATION Resembles] a miniature [PERSON Cadulus] 
( [ORGANIZATION Scaphopoda] ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Caecum] nitidwn Stimpson Little [MISC Horn Caecum] 

Figure 376 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] , 

2.0 mm . in length , glassy translucent-white with irregular specks or mot- 
tlings of chalk-white; bulbous in the center; apex with a lopsided , rounded 
plug which has a tiny projection on the highest side . 

Caecum lennondi [LOCATION Dall] from the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] differs in having 
a single , moderately well-raised , circular hump around the middle of the 
shell . Uncommonly dredged just offshore . 

[ORGANIZATION Family PLANAXIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Flanaxis Lamarck] 1822 

[PERSON Planaxis] lineatus da Costa Dwarf [LOCATION Atlantic Planaxis] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , thick and strong; glossy-smooth when the thin , smooth- 
[PERSON ish] , translucent periostracum is worn away . Color whitish cream with neat , 
spiral bands of brown ( 10 in last whorl , 5 showing in whorls above ) . [PERSON Whorls] 
in top of spire with 4 or 5 small spiral cords , later becoming obsolete . Aper- 
ture slightly flaring , enamel-white with 10 brown dots on the edge of the 
outer lip . Nuclear whorls very small , glossy , translucent-brown and sharply 
pointed . 

[PERSON Subgenus Supplanaxis Thiele] 1929 
[PERSON Planaxis] nucleus [ORGANIZATION Bruguiere Black Atlantic Planaxis] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

H inch in length , resembling a thick , polished , dark-brown [PERSON Littormu] 
periwinkle . Characterized by 5 strong spiral cords which are developed on 



[ORGANIZATION POTAMIDIDAE] 



151 



the outside of the body whorl only in the region behind the slightly flaring 
[ORGANIZATION Hp] 3 other cords are present just below the suture . [PERSON Columella] area dished; 
reinforced by the round , pillar-like columella . A small pimple is present near 
the posterior canal in the aperture . Outer lip with strong crenulations on the 
inside . Periostracum a soft gray-black felt . A common littoral species in 
the [LOCATION West Indies] which bears its young in a brood pouch . Rare in [LOCATION Florida] . 




Figure 38. [PERSON Modulus viodiihis Umnt] ( southeast [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) . 
a , side view of living animal; b , ventral view showing foot , head and under edge of 
mantle; c , operculum; d , apertural view of shell . X2. ( From [PERSON Abbott] 1944 in 

[PERSON Johnsonia] . ) 



[ORGANIZATION Family MODULI DAE] 
[PERSON Genus Modulus Gray] 1842 

[PERSON Modulus] modulus [PERSON Linne] 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[LOCATION Atlantic Modulus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 if; figure 38 



About /4 inch in length . Characterized by the small , projecting , tooth- 
like , frequently brownish spine located on the lower end of the columella . 
Base of shell with about 5 strong , spiral cords . Top of whorls with low , 
slanting , axial ribs . Color grayish white with beach-worn specimens often 
exhibiting flecks of purple-brown . Found abundantly among weeds in shal- 
low , warm waters . 

[PERSON Modulus] carchedonius [PERSON Lamarck] , the [PERSON Angled Modulus] ( [LOCATION Caribbean] area ) 
lives in deeper water , and differs in having the periphery of the shell well- 
angulated , the spiral cords smaller and neater , in lacking the strong , axial ribs , 
and in never having the columella tooth colored . Not too common . 

[ORGANIZATION Family POTAMIDIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily POTAMIDINAE] 

( [ORGANIZATION Horn Shells] ) 

Genus Cerithidea Swainson 1840 



152 [MISC American Seashelh] 

The horn shells are intertidal mud-lovers . The shells are elongate and 
with lo to 15 convex whorls . Axial ribs are more prominent on the early 
whorls . Outer lip flares . Operculum horny , thin , paucispiral and with its 
nucleus at the center . 

[PERSON Subgenus Cerithideopsis Thiele] 1929 
[PERSON Cerithidea] costata [PERSON da Costa] Costate [ORGANIZATION Horn Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19U 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , translucent , pale yellowish brown . With 9 to 1 2 very 
convex whorls . Axial , curved ribs are round and distinct on the early whorls , 
fading out on the last two whorls . No old varices present . A common 
shallow-water , mud-loving species . 

The subspecies [PERSON C.] costata turrita Stearns , the [ORGANIZATION Turret Horn Shell] from 
the [MISC Tampa-Sanibel] region , has 15 to 20 ( instead of 25 to 30 ) axial ribs on the 
next to the last whorl . 

Cerithidea pliculosa Menke Plicate [ORGANIZATION Horn Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] ipt 

[LOCATION Texas] , [LOCATION Louisiana] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . Not [LOCATION Florida] . 

I inch in length , brownish black in color . 11 to 13 slightly convex 
whorls . Several yellowish , former varices are present . Numerous spiral 
threads make the axial ribs slightly nodulose . Locally common . It may yet 
turn up in northwest [LOCATION Florida] . 

[PERSON Cerithidea] scalari^orvns Say Ladder [ORGANIZATION Horn Shell] 

Plate 19X 

[LOCATION South Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I % inches in length . [LOCATION Pale] russet-brown to slightly violaceous , usu- 
ally with many conspicuous , dirty-white , spiral bands . 10 to 13 moderately 
convex whorls . Many coarse , axial ribs present which stop abruptly below 
the periphery of the whorl at a sharply marked , rounded spiral ridge . Base 
of shell with 6 to 8 spiral ridges . No former varices . [ORGANIZATION Common] on mud flats . 

[PERSON Cerithidea hegeivischi] cali^ornica [ORGANIZATION Haldeman California Horn Shell] 

[LOCATION Bolinas Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , resembling our photo of [PERSON C. pliculosa] from the 
[LOCATION Atlantic] ( pi . i9t ) . [PERSON Whorls] 11, spirally and weakly threaded , and axially 
strongly ribbed ( 12 to 18 ribs per whorl ) . Dark-brown in color with i or 



[ORGANIZATION CERITHIIDAE] 15 3 

2 yellowish white , swollen varices on the spire . A very common species 
found in large colonies on mud flats . 





[PERSON Cerilhidea] 



[PERSON Balillar] 'ia 




Cerilhium 



Figure 39. Last whorl and [PERSON opercula] in the Horn Shells . ( From [PERSON J. Bequaert] in 

[PERSON Johusoina] . ) 

Subfamily [LOCATION BATILLARIINAE] 
Genus [PERSON Batillaria Benson] 1842 

[PERSON Cerithium-like] in appearance . Siphonal canal very short and twisted to 
the left . Outer lip smooth inside . Operculum round , multispiral and horny , 
while in [LOCATION Cerithidea] and Cerithium it is paucispiral . 



[PERSON Batillaria] mi7iima [PERSON Gmelin] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION False Cerith] 

Plate 19s 



V2 to % inch in length , resembling the [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Cerith] , [PERSON C.] variabile ( see 
below ) . Color varies from black , gray to whitish , and often has black or 
white spiral lines . Finely nodulose with coarse axial swellings and uneven 
spiral threads . The siphonal canal is very short and twisted slightly to the 
left . Operculum multispiral . A very common intertidal species . [PERSON Percy] 
[PERSON Morris] ( i95i» pl- 31^ %• 15 ) labels this species as [PERSON Cerithidea] turrita . 

[ORGANIZATION Family CERITHIIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Cerithium Bruguiere] 1789 

[PERSON Thericium Monterosato] is this genus . The operculum is horny , thin , 
brown and paucispiral . Most species in the genus are shallow-water dwellers . 



[PERSON Cerithium floridanum Morch] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the south half of [LOCATION Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION Florida Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1911 



I to 1V2 inches in length , elongate . [ORGANIZATION Spire] pointed , with 2 or 3 white , 
former varices on each whorl . Siphonal canal well-developed . With several 
spiral rows of 18 to 20 neat beads per whorl between which are fine , granu- 
lated spiral threads . Color whitish with mottlings and specklings of reddish 
brown . Distinguished from [LOCATION C.] literatimi by its more elongate shape and 
neater , smaller , more numerous beads . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . 



154 [MISC American Seashells] 

Cerithium muscarum Say Fly-specked [ORGANIZATION Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19m 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length , moderately elongate . Siphonal canal rather long and 
twisted to the left . 9 to 1 1 nodulated axial ribs on each whorl . Base of shell 
with a very strong spiral cord , often nodulated . Former varices rarely pres- 
ent . Apertural side of body whorl convex . Color slate- to brown-gray , 
usually with brown to reddish specks in spiral rows . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow , 
warm waters on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Cerithium literatiim [ORGANIZATION Born Stocky Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19I 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Bermuda] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length , half as wide; siphonal canal short . Aperture side of 
body whorl slightly flattened . Usually i weak , former varix present . With 
numerous coarse spiral threads , and with a spiral row of 9 to 12 sharp , promi- 
nent nodules just below the suture . Sometimes a second , smaller row of 
spines is on the periphery . Color whitish with spiral rows of many black 
or reddish squares . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water on the [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] . 

Cerithium ebiirneum [ORGANIZATION Bruguiere Ivory Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i9q 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Greater Antilles] . 

% to I ( rarely iK> ) inches in length , variable in shape , but usually 
moderately elongate . Each whorl has 4 to 6 spiral rows of from 1 8 to 2 2 small 
rounded beads . The beads are slightly larger in the middle row . There are 
usually a number of fairly large , former varices . Color variable : all white or 
cream , or with reddish brown blotches . Very common in shallow water . 
[PERSON C.] versicolor [PERSON C. B. Adams] is this species . Compare with algicola which may 
ultimately prove to be a genetic form of this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Cerithiwn] algicola [PERSON C. B. Adams] Middle-spined [ORGANIZATION Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate I9P] 

[MISC Southern] third of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length , similar to [LOCATION eburneum] , but characterized by each whorl 
having the middle spiral row of 9 to 12 beads fairly large and pointed . These 
large beads may be axially drawn out to form low ribs . Former varices are 
not often present . Color as in ehumewn . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] . [PERSON C.] 
liter atum has its strongest row of spine-like beads just below the suture . 

[PERSON Certthiu7n] variabile [PERSON C. B. Adams Dwarf Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19-0 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION CERITHIIDAE] 155 

% to /4 inch in length , not elongate . Apertural side of body whorl 
sometimes flat , i to 2 former varices on last whorl . 3 or 4 spiral rows of 
even-sized fine beads on the whorls of the spire . Color dark brown-black , 
but sometimes whitish with heavy specklings and mottlings and bands of 
reddish brown . Very common under rocks in warm water . Do not confuse 
with [ORGANIZATION Batillaria] ininwia ( see above ) . 

[PERSON Genus Bittium Gray] 1847 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , very slender , spire high and body whorl small . [PERSON Whorls] 
varicose . Nucleus of about 3 glassy , smooth whorls . Aperture ovate , the 
anterior canal broad and stout . 

Subgenus Bittiwn s. str . 
[PERSON Bittiu] ? 7i altematiim Say Alternate Bittium 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION Virginia] . 

Adults very small , % to /4 inch in length , light- to dark-brown in color , 
sometimes translucent or with specklings . Suture impressed , whorls rounded . 
Sculpture on top whorls either cancellate or with 4 to 5 spiral rows of beads , 
or occasionally with axial , nodulated ribs . Base with small spiral cords . Outer 
lip flaring , thin and sharp . [PERSON Columella] short , twisted at the base and stained 
brown . Very abundant from tidal flats to 20 fathoms . 

[PERSON B.] virginicuffi [PERSON Henderson] and [PERSON Bartsch] from [LOCATION Chincoteague] , [LOCATION Virginia] , is 
similar , but very elongate , more whorls , with a much more flaring and basally 
projecting lip , and with a large , whitish , former varix on the body whorl . 

Bittium variimt Pfeiffer Variable Bittium 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 191 
[LOCATION Maryland] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Adults similar to altematiim , but smaller ( % inch ) , nearly always with 
a former , thickened varix . The aperture is proportionately smaller and the 
base of the apertural lip is squarish instead of rounded . The last third of the 
body whorl is generally destitute of sculpturing . [ORGANIZATION Common] in eel-grass just 
below low tide . 

Subgenus Stylidium Dall 1907 
Bittium eschrichti [ORGANIZATION Middendorf Giant] [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Bittium] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] . 



156 [MISC American Seashells] 

% to % inch in length , dirty whitish gray in color with an undertone 
of reddish brown . About a dozen whorls . With wide , flat-topped , raised 
spiral cords between which are depressed , squarish , spiral furrows half as 
wide as the cords . 4 to 5 cords between sutures . [ORGANIZATION Common] below low 
water . The subspecies [PERSON montereyense Bartsch] ( [LOCATION Crescent City] south to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) is glossy , whitish with brown maculations and is proportionately 
shorter . 

Bittium quadrifilatmn Carpenter Four-threaded [PERSON Bittium] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION Cahfornia] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in length , similar to atteniiatum , but earliest whorls with about 
a dozen smooth axial ribs which , however , in subsequent whorls become 
beaded as 4 to 5 small spiral threads cross them . The sculpturing may become 
faint at the very last third of the last whorl . Color reddish brown to gray . 
A very common littoral species . 

Bittium attenuatum Carpenter Slender Bittium 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/4 inch in length , slender , yellowish brown to dark-brown . Sculpture 
variable . Nuclear whorls with two smooth spiral cords . Early whorls have 
4 to 5 spiral rows of small beads , sometimes arranged axially . In the last 
whorl , the cords gradually become smooth and flat-topped and resemble those 
of eschrichti . Common just ofl^shore to 35 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Lirobitthmi Bartsch] 191 1 
Bittium interfossum Carpenter White Cancellate Bittium 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/4 inch in length , pure-white; whorls in spire with 2 rows of sharp beads 
connected by small axial and spiral threads or small cords . Base of shell with 
3 very strong , rounded , smooth spiral cords . Moderately common under 
rocks at low tide . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily LITIOPINAE] 
Genus Litiopa Rang 1829 

[MISC Litiopa] melanostojna [PERSON Rang Brown Sargassum Snail] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ik 

[PERSON Pelagic] in floating sargassum weed . 



[ORGANIZATION CERITHIIDAE] 157 

%6 to % inch in length , fragile , light-brown; moderately elongate , with 
7 whorls , the last being quite large . Nuclear whorls extremely small . Sur- 
face glossy , smooth , except for numerous , microscopic , incised spiral lines . 
Characterized by the strong ridge just inside the aperture on the columella . 
Often washed ashore with floating sargassum weed , and frequently dredged in 
a dead condition at any depth . This is [PERSON L.] bombix [LOCATION Kiener] and [PERSON L. bomhyx] 
" [PERSON Rang] . " 

[ORGANIZATION Subjmnily CERITHIOPSINAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Cerithiopsis Forbes] and [PERSON Hanley] 1849 

[PERSON Cerithiopsis] greeni [PERSON C. B. Adams Green] 's Miniature Cerith 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 9V 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Ys inch in length , elongate , slightly fusiform in shape , glossy-brown 
in color . 9 whorls , the first 3 embryonic , translucent-brown and smooth , 
the remainder with 2 to 3 spiral rows of large , glassy beads connected by 
weak spiral and axial threads . [PERSON Columella] arched in young specimens , but 
straight and continuous with the short siphonal canal in adults . Lip in adults 
smoothish , slightly flaring . [PERSON C.] virginica [PERSON Henderson] and [PERSON Bartsch] and [PERSON C.] van- 
[PERSON hyningi Bartsch] are possibly variations of this species . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow 
water . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Laskeya Iredale] 191 8 
Cerithiopsis subulata [ORGANIZATION Montagu Awl Miniature Cerith] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 19W] 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to % inch in length , rather strong , slender and with about 14 whorls . 
Sides of whorls flattish , with 3 rows of distinct , raised , [MISC roundish] beads ( about 
28 per row on the last whorl ) . There may be faint axial riblets connecting 
the beads . The middle row of beads may be reduced to a mere thread in 
specimens from southern localities . Base concave and with fine axial growth 
lines . Color chocolate-brown , with the beads a lighter shade . Some shells 
become eroded and colored an ash-gray or chalky-brown . [PERSON C.] emersoni 
[PERSON C. B. Adams] is probably a synonym . [ORGANIZATION Common] from i to 33 fathoms . 

Cerithiopsis carpenteri [PERSON Bartsch Carpenter] 's Miniature Cerith 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Ensenada] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% to /4 inch in length , dark chocolate-brown with whitish beads . 
[PERSON Whorls] in spire with 3 spiral rows of evenly sized , glassy , rounded beads . 



158 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

Base of shell with 2 large , smoothish , spiral cords . [PERSON C.] grippi [PERSON Bartsch] and 
[PERSON C. pedroana Bartsch] are possibly dwarf forms of this species whose beaded 
sculpture is more variable than is generally suspected . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Seila] [PERSON A. Adams] 1861 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , very slender , whorls flat-sided , nucleus glassy-smooth and 
of about 3 whorls . Small , short siphonal canal . Sculpture of strong spiral 
cords between which lie microscopic axial threads . 

[ORGANIZATION Seila] adamsi [PERSON H. C.] [PERSON Lea Adams] ' Miniature Cerith 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2t 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to /4 inch in length , resembling a miniature [LOCATION Terebra] , with about 
a dozen whorls . Long , slender , flat-sided , dark-brown to light orange-brown 
in color , and characterized by 3 strong , squarish , spiral cords on each whorl 
( 4 on the last whorl ) . Occasionally with minute axial threads showing be- 
tween the spiral cords . Base of shell smoothish , concave . Outer Hp fragile , 
wavy and sharp . Suture indistinct . This is S. terebralis [PERSON C. B. Adams] . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
from shore to 40 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Seila monterey] ensis [ORGANIZATION Bartsch Monterey Miniature Cerith] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

% to /4 inch in length , yellowish to reddish brown . Whorls and spire 
flat-sided . [PERSON Whorls] in spire with 3 raised , flat-topped , evenly spaced , smooth 
cords between which are numerous , microscopic , axial threads . Last whorl 
with 5 cords . Base smoothish , concave . Common from low tide to 35 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Alabma] Dall 1902 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , slender . Nucleus slender , of 3 to 4 glassy , smooth whorls . 
Aperture subcircular . Lower part of the outer lip extended and flaring . 
Umbilicus very narrow and very small . With obscure , narrow , curved axial 
ribs and prominent spiral threads . This genus is put in the family [ORGANIZATION Diastomidae] 
by some workers . 

[ORGANIZATION Alabifia] tenuisculpta [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Sculptured Alabine] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/4 inch in length , slender , 8 to 9 whorls , ashen gray with a light-brown 
undertone . Outer lip thin; umbilicus small . Spiral sculpture of 4 to 6 weak 



[ORGANIZATION TRIPHORIDAE] 159 

cords or threads . Axial sculpture of weak , obsolete or sometimes strong , very 
tiny , rounded riblets . A. t. diegeiisis [PERSON Bartsch] is a strongly sculptured form 
of this species . 

Family [ORGANIZATION TRIPHORIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Triphora Blainville] 1828 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] left-handed ( sinistral ) , very small , and slender . [MISC Aperture] subcir- 
cular . Siphonal canal short , curved backward , slightly emarginate , upper 
part almost or completely closed . Posterior canal very slightly developed . 
Sculpture of spiral rows of neat beads , often joined by axial threads . 

[PERSON Triphora] nigrocincta [PERSON C. B. Adams] Black-lined [ORGANIZATION Trifora] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i9y 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Vs ^o Vi] inch in length , left-handed , with lo to 12 slightly convex 
whorls; dark chestnut-brown with 3 spiral rows of prominent , grayish , glossy 
beads . Darker band of black-brown is just below the suture . [PERSON Aperture] and 
[PERSON columella brown] . A common species found on seaweed at low tide . Some- 
times considered a subspecies of perversa from [LOCATION Europe] . 

[PERSON Triphora] decorata [PERSON C. B. Adams] [ORGANIZATION Mottled Trifora] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19ZZ 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

^ inch in length , left-handed , with about 20 flat-sided whorls which 
bear 3 spiral rows of large beads ( 28 per row per whorl ) . Color of shell 
cream to gray with large , irregular maculations of reddish brown . Moderately 
common from i to 40 fathoms . [PERSON T. ornata Deshayes] from the same area is 
very similar , but half as large , the spire slightly concave instead of being flat . 

[LOCATION Triphora] pule hell a [PERSON C. B. Adams Beautiful Trifora] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19Z 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION \\ 'est Indies] . 

%6 inch in length , left-handed , spire slightly convex; 15 whorls slightly 
convex , and with 3 spiral rows of beads which are joined axially and spirally 
by small , low , smooth threads . Suture well-indented . Upper third of whorl , 
including beads , colored light-brown , lower two thirds white . [PERSON Uncommon] 
in shallow water down to 56 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Triphora] pedroajja [ORGANIZATION Bartsch San Pedro Trifora] 

[LOCATION Redondo Beach] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



160 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

[PERSON Yi] inch or less in length , slightly fusiform with very slightly convex 
sides to the spire . Suture almost impossible to see . Color glossy yellow-brown 
with 2 rows of glassy , whitish , rounded beads . A third much weaker row 
of beads , or an additional spiral thread , may appear in the last 2 or 3 whorls . 
Axial threads connecting the beads are weak and form small pits . Fairly 
common under stones along the low-tide zone . 

Family [LOCATION JANTHINIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Janth 'ma Roding] 1798 

Subgenus Janthina s. str . 

Janthina janthina [ORGANIZATION Linne Common Purple Sea-snail] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4 ) 
[PERSON Pelagic] in warm waters; both coasts of the [LOCATION United States] . 

I to 1/4 inches in diameter . Whorls slightly angular . Two-toned , 
with purplish white above and deep purplish violet below . Outer Hp very 
slightly sinuate . Common after certain easterly blows along the south- 
eastern [LOCATION United States] , especially from April to May . This is /. fragilis 
[PERSON Lamarck] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Violetta Tredale] 1929 
Janthina globosa [ORGANIZATION Swainson Globe Purple Sea-snail] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4k 

Cast ashore along both coasts of the [LOCATION United States] . 

/4 to % inch in diameter . Whorls globose , well-rounded . Color violet 
throughout . Outer lip very slightly sinuate . Not very common . 

Subgenus Jodina Morch i860 
Janthina exigua [MISC Lamarck Dwarf Purple Sea-snail] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4I 

Cast ashore in most warm seas . 

% inch in length . Whorls slightly flattened from above . Outer lip with 
a prominent notch . Light-violet , banded at the suture . Fairly common . 
/. bifida [PERSON Nuttall] is probably this species . 

NOTE 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily PYRAMIDELLACEA] 

The families [PERSON Pyrafiiidellidae] , [LOCATION Aclididae] , [PERSON Eulimidae] , [PERSON Styliferidae] and 
[LOCATION Efitoconchidae] , most of which are small parasitic gastropods , have in the 
past been placed here among the prosobranchs , but are now considered to 



[LOCATION EPITONIIDAE] 



161 



be opisthobranchs and related to the bubble shells . Recent work on the 
embryology and anatomy appears to justify this radical change in classifica- 
tion . They are located in this book on page 288. 

Superfa7mly [ORGANIZATION EPITONIACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family EPITONIIDAE] 

( [ORGANIZATION Wentletraps] ) 

Genus Sthenorytis Conrad 1862 

[PERSON Sthenorytis] perno bills [PERSON Fischer] and [PERSON Bernardi Noble] Wentletrap 

Figure 40c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Barbados] . 

I to 1^2 inches in length , solid , pure-white to grayish; angle of spire 
about 50 degrees . The 10 whorls are globose and each bears about 14 very 
large , thin , blade-like ribs . Apertural rim round , solid . A very choice col- 
lector 's item . It is the only member of the genus in [LOCATION Western Atlantic] waters , 
[PERSON S. cubana Bartsch] , 5. [PERSON hendersoni Bartsch] and 5. [PERSON epae Bartsch] being minor 
forms of this rare species . 



a 











Figure 40. [LOCATION Atlantic Wentletraps] . a , [PERSON Cirsotrema dalli Rehder] , [PERSON i^] inches; [ORGANIZATION b] , 
A ? mea mitchelli [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Texas] ) ; c , [PERSON Sthetiorytis] pernobilis [PERSON Fischer] and 
[PERSON Bernardi] , i inch; d , [PERSON Ajmea] retifera [LOCATION Dall] , i inch; e , [PERSON Epitonium krebsi Morch] , 

% inch . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Cirsotrema Morch] 1852 
[ORGANIZATION Cirsotrema dalli Rehder] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Brazil] . 



[LOCATION Dall] 's [PERSON Wentletrap] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22c; figure 40a 



162 [ORGANIZATION Avierican Seashells] 

I to 1/4 inches in length , rather slender , with a quite deep suture , thus 
giving the whorls a shouldered appearance . No umbilicus . Color a uniform , 
chalky grayish white . Outer lip with a thickened varix . Whorls with numer- 
ous groups of foliated costae . Surface pitted with small holes when the 
costae or ribs are closely crowded . [PERSON Uncommon] from i8 to 75 fathoms . 
[PERSON C.] arcella Rehder is believed to be the young of this species . 

Genus Actrsa Morch 1857 

[ORGANIZATION Acirsa costulata Mighels] and [PERSON Adams] Costate Wentletrap 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . 

% to 1% inches in length , rather turreted in shape and fairly thin in 
structure . 8 to 9 moderately convex whorls are devoid of sculpture except 
for weak , incised spiral lines and , in the early whorls , numerous but incon- 
spicuous costae . Color straw to whitish , rarely with brown lines . Uncom- 
mon from low water to 50 fathoms . This is [LOCATION Scalaria] borealis [PERSON Beck] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Opalia H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
Subgenus Demise ala de Boury 1886 

[MISC Opalia] hotessieriana [PERSON Orbigny Hotessier] 's [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

H to /4 inch in length , moderately slender . Characterized by 10 to 14 
large , square notches along the suture of each whorl . Ribs are rather weak . 
[LOCATION Surface] , in fresh specimens , microscopically pitted . Color grayish white . 
Not uncommon from low water to 90 fathoms . [PERSON O. crenata Linne] ( same 
range , but also the [ORGANIZATION Eastern Atlantic] ) is larger , its whorls more strongly 
shouldered , and the notches at the suture are much weaker and more nu- 
merous . 

[PERSON Opalia UDrobleiDskii Morch Wroblewski] 's [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20 ) 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to off [LOCATION San Diego] . 

I to I M inches in length , slender , heavy; looks beachworn; grayish white 
in color , often stained purple from the animal 's dye gland . With 6 to 8 low , 
pronounced , axial , wide ribs . Base of shell bounded by a strong , smooth , 
low , spiral cord . Fairly common . [PERSON O. chacei] ( [PERSON Chace] 's [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] ) is probably 
a southern representative of this species . 

[PERSON Opalia] insculpta [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Scallop-edged Wentletrap] 

[LOCATION Southern California] to west [LOCATION Mexico] . 



EPITONIIDAE 163 

[PERSON Vo] X.0 % inch in length , dull whitish , 7 to 8 whorls , moderately slender . 
[PERSON Characterized] by the smoothish sides of the whorls and by the spiral ramp 
below the suture which bears 12 to 14 short , horizontal ribs per whorl . 
Early whorls may have weak axial ribs running from suture to suture . Spinal 
sculpture of microscopic , numerous scratches . [PERSON O. crenimarginata] [LOCATION Dall] is this 
species . Very common among rocks at low tide . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Ainaea H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 
Amaea iititchelU Dall [PERSON Mitchell] 's [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2zi\ figure 4oh 

[LOCATION Texas] coast to [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

I % to 2% Inches in length , thin but strong; without an umbilicus . With 
about 1 5 rather strongly convex , pale-ivory whorls which have a dark brown- 
ish band at the periphery and a solid brown area below the [PERSON basal ridge] . 
About 22 low , irregular costae per whorl . Numerous spiral threads are fine , 
and produce a weak , reticulated pattern . Not very common , but occasionally 
washed up on [LOCATION Texas] beaches . 

[PERSON Subgenus] [PERSON Scalina Conrad] 1865 
[ORGANIZATION {Ferminoscala] Dall 1908 ) 

[PERSON Amaea] retifera Dall Reticulate Wentletrap 

Figure 4od 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Barbados] . 

I inch in length , elongate , thin but strong; with about 16 whorls which 
are beautifully reticulated by strong , sharp threads . Color straw to pale- 
brown with 2 light and narrow brownish bands , one above and one below 
the periphery . Commonly dredged off [LOCATION Florida] from 13 to 120 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Epitonhnn Roding] 1798 ( [PERSON Scala] ) 
Subgenus Epitonium s. str . 

Epitonium krebsi Morch Krebs ' [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] 

Figure 406 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] to the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

V2 to % inch in length , stout . With umbihcus fairly narrow to wide , and 
very deep . 7 to 8 whorls attached by the costae ( 10 to 12 per whorl ) . 
[MISC China-white] , rarely with a trace of brown to pinkish brown undertones . 
Moderately common from a few feet to 160 fathoms . [PERSON E.] swifti Morch and 
[PERSON E. contorqiiata] [LOCATION Dall] are this species . 

Do not confuse with [PERSON E. occidentale Nyst] ( [ORGANIZATION Western Atlantic Wentletrap] ) 
from the same areas . It is not so stout , has 1 2 to 15 costae per whorl , a very 



164 [MISC American Seashells] 

small umbilicus or none , and the shoulder of the whorls is somewhat flattened . 
It is not common . 

Epitonmm tollini [PERSON Bartsch Tollin] 's [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] 

[LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Y2 inch in length , slender , no umbilicus . 9 to 10 whorls strongly convex; 
suture deep . Each whorl has from 11 to 16 costae which are not shouldered , 
but are rounded , on top . They often line up one below the other . Outer lip 
thick and reflected . Inner lip much smaller . Color china-white , with the 
first few whorls a very faint amber-brown . Fairly common just off the outer 
beaches . Do not confuse with [PERSON E. humphrey] si whose costae are angular at 
the top , 

Epitonium humphrey si [PERSON Kiener Humphrey] 's [ORGANIZATION Wentletrap] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2d 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to % inch in length , fairly slender , thick-shelled , and without an 
umbilicus . Color dull-white . Suture deep . The 9 to 10 convex whorls each 
have about 8 to 9 costae that are somewhat angled at the shoulder . Costae 
usually thick and strong . Outer and lower part of the apertural lip thickened 
and slightly flaring . Common from shore to 52 fathoms . Do not confuse 
with [PERSON E. angulatum] which is not so slender , is glossier , has thinner costae that 
are usually more angular at the shoulders . 

Epitonium ehurneum Potiez and [PERSON Michaud] listed by [PERSON Percy Morris] ( 1951, 
p. 122 ) does not occur in [MISC American] waters . His illustrations are probably 
those of E , commune [PERSON Linne] from [LOCATION Europe] . 

Epitonium angulatum Say Angulate Wentletrap 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 22b] 
[LOCATION New York] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to I inch in length , moderately stout to somewhat slender , strong and 
without an umbilicus . 8 whorls with about 9 to 10 strong but thin costae 
which are very slightly reflected backwards and which are usually angu- 
lated at the shoulder , especially in the early whorls . The costae are usually 
formed in line with those on the whorl above and are fused at their points 
of contact . Outer lip thickened and reflected . Color china-white . One of 
the commonest [LOCATION Atlantic] wentletraps found in shallow water to 25 fathoms . 
Do not confuse with [PERSON E. humphrey] si . 

Epitonium foliaceicostwm Orbigny Wrinkled-ribbed Wentletrap 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] to the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 



[ORGANIZATION HIPPONICIDAE] 165 

% to % inch in length , moderately stout , without an umbilicus , and 
similar to [PERSON E. angulatum] , except that the 7 to 8 costae per whorl are thinner , 
more highly developed and usually quite angular . Moderately common from 
low water to 120 fathoms . Alias muricata Sby . , spina-rosae Morch and pre- 
tiosula Morch . 

[PERSON Subgenus Gyroscala Boury] 1887 
Epitonium lamellosum [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Lamellose Wentletrap] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 23 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . [LOCATION Also Europe] . 

% to I % inches in length , without an umbilicus . 1 1 whorls whitish with 
irregular , brownish markings . Costae thin , high , always white . Characterized 
by a fairly strong , raised , spiral thread on the base of the shell . Moderately 
common from low water to 33 fathoms . [PERSON Ahas E.] clathrmn of authors , not 
[PERSON Linne] . 

Epitonium [PERSON rupicola Kurtz] Brown-banded Wentletrap 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2e 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

/4 to I inch in length , moderately stout to slender , and without an um- 
bilicus . Color whitish or yellowish with 2 brownish , spiral bands on each 
side of the suture . Color often diffused . About 1 1 globose whorls , each of 
which has from 12 to 18 weak or strong costae . Former , thickened varices 
sometimes present . Base of shell with a single , fine , spiral thread . Formerly 
known as lineatum Say and reynoldsi Sby . Common from low water to 
about 20 fathoms . 

Epitonium indianorum [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Money Wentletrap] 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I inch in length , slender , pure white , of 1 1 whorls , each of which has 
13 to 14 sharp costae which are slightly bent backwards . The tops of the 
costae are slightly pointed . Fairly common offshore . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily HIPPONICACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION HIPPONICIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cheilea Modeer] 1793 

[LOCATION Cheilea] equestris Linne False Cup-and-saucer 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ip 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



166 [MISC American Seashells] 

/4 to I inch in size , cap-shaped , dull-white , and with an internal , delicate , 
deep cup which has its anterior third neatly sliced away . The base of the 
cup is attached near the center of the inside of the shell but slightly off in 
the direction in which the apex of the shell points . Exterior has small , axial 
corrugations or tiny cords , rarely spinose . Nucleus minute , spiral and glassy- 
white . Uncommon except in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Genus] Hipponix Defrance 1819 
[PERSON Hipponix] antiquatus [PERSON Linne] [MISC White Hoof-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 It 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to 
[LOCATION Peru] . 

/4 inch in size , white , heavy for its size , cap-shaped , and usually with a 
poorly developed spire which may be located either at one end of the shell 
or near the center . The nuclear whorls are spiral and glassy-white . There 
is a horseshoe-shaped muscle scar inside the shell . Axial sculpture of promi- 
nent , rugose ribs which are crossed by microscopic , incised lines . Periostracum 
absent or very thin and light-yellowish . Moderately common . Found cling- 
ing to rocks and other shells . 

Some [LOCATION Pacific] northwest specimens are limpet-like in shape , [PERSON flattish] , cir- 
cular , gray-white , with the apex near the center of the shell , and with smooth- 
[PERSON ish] , strong , circular cords ( form [PERSON cranoides Carpenter] ) . Another form bears 
foliaceous concentric lamellae which are finely striate axially {serratus Car- 
penter from [LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Panama] ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Hipponix] subrufus subrufus [MISC Lamarck Orange Hoof-shell] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 inch in size , similar to antiquatus , but usually stained with light orange- 
brown , and with numerous , small spiral cords crossing concentric ridges of 
about the same size . This frequently gives a beaded surface . Periostracum 
fairly heavy , tufted and light brown . Moderately common . 

[PERSON Hipponix] benthopbilns [LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION Dall] 's [ORGANIZATION Deepsea Hoof-shell] ) is well-spired 
in one plane and is entirely smooth . It is rare and comes from deep water 
off " [LOCATION Florida] and throughout the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[ORGANIZATION Hipponix] szibruftis tiimens [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Pacific Orange Hoof-shell] 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Very close in characters to the [LOCATION Atlantic subrufus] subrufus , but the shell 



[ORGANIZATION TRICHOTROPIDAE] 167 

is white in color ( although the periostracum is yellow-brown ) , with more 
prominent spiral threads , and with coarser spiral threads in the young . Found 
offshore . 

Hipponix barbatus [PERSON Sowerby] ( Bearded Hoof-shell ) from the same region 
is limpet-shaped , with coarse , nodulated ribs which are largest on the anterior 
slope of the shell . The edge of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is strongly serrated with cut lines . 
The periostracum is very shaggy especially on the middle of the anterior slope . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Family [ORGANIZATION VANIKOROIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Vanikoro] Quoy and [ORGANIZATION Gaimard] 1832 

[PERSON Vanikoro] oxychone [MISC Morch West Indian] [PERSON Vanikoro] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Vz] inch in length , solid , strong and pure white . With 3 whorls . Charac- 
terized by its large aperture , by its deep , narrow , arched umbilicus and 
straight , rounded , pillar-like columella and by the 10 or 12 beaded , spiral 
cords on the last whorl . Small axial threads tend to give a slightly cancellate 
sculpture . [ORGANIZATION Apex] glassy and smooth . Suture well-indented . [PERSON Uncommon] in 
shallow water . 

[ORGANIZATION Superjamily CALYPTRAEACEA] 

Faimly [ORGANIZATION TRICHOTROPIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Trichotropis] Broderip and [PERSON Sby] . 1829 

[PERSON Trichotropis] borcalis Broderip and [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Boreal Hairy-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24d 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Maine] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION British Columbia] . 

V2 to % inch in length , with 4 to 5 carinate whorls . [ORGANIZATION Shell] not very 
strong , chalky-white and covered with a thick , brownish periostracum which 
has hairy spicules on the region of the shell 's 3 major spiral cords . [ORGANIZATION UmbiHcus] 
chink-like , bordered by a large , spiral cord . [PERSON Spire] usually eroded badly . 
Numerous , crowded axial threads present . A common cold-water species 
found from below low water to 90 fathoms . 

[PERSON Trichotropis] cancellata [ORGANIZATION Hinds Cancellate Hairy-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 24b] 
[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Oregon] . 

% to I inch in length , 5 to 6 rounded whorls bearing between sutures 
4 to 5 strong spiral cords , between which there may be small axial ribs which 
produce a cancellate sculpturing . [MISC Spire] high , rather pointed . Aperture a little 



168 [MISC American Seashells] 

more than H the length of the shell . Periostracum thick , brown and with 
long spicules over the region of the cords . Commonly dredged in cold , 
shallow water . 

[PERSON Trichotropis] bicarinata Sowerby Two-keeled [MISC Hairy-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24a 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Alaska] . [LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Newfoundland] . 

I % inches in length , equally wide , with about 4 whorls . Characterized 
by 2 strong , spiral carinae at the periphery , by the wide , flattened columella 
and by the flaky , brown periostracum which is grossly spinose on the carinae . 
[LOCATION Uncommon] just ofl^shore in cold water . 

[PERSON Trichotropis] insignis [ORGANIZATION Middendorfl^ Gray Hairy-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24c 

[LOCATION Alaska] to northern [LOCATION Japan] . 

I inch in length , similar to [PERSON T. bicarinata] but smaller , with a much heavier 
shell , weakly carinate with other numerous , uneven , spiral threads , and with 
a thin , grayish periostracum . Both this species and bicarinata are easily distin- 
guished from the more common cancellata by their much shorter spires and 
large flaring apertures . Uncommon just offshore . 

[ORGANIZATION Family CAPULIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Capulus Montfort] 18 10 
Subgenus Krebsia Morch 1877 

[PERSON Capulus] incurvatus [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Incurved] [MISC Cap-shell] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in size , cap-shaped , white to cream , and with a very large , cir- 
cular to slightly oval aperture , i /4 to 2 whorls . [ORGANIZATION Spire] small , usually tightly 
coiled , but sometimes partially free . Early whorls usually with small spiral 
cords , but these are frequently worn smooth . Sculpture of small , irregular , 
rounded growth lines which are crossed by numerous spiral cords which 
may be rounded or sharp . Periostracum thick , light-brown , with spirally ar- 
ranged rows of small tufts . Muscle scar within the aperture is horseshoe- 
shaped with the swollen end just inside the columella . Uncommon on rocks 
just below low water . I believe that C intortus [PERSON Lamarck] is merely a variant 
of this species . Compare with [ORGANIZATION Hipponix] antiquata which is much heavier , 
lacks the spiral cords and is more coarsely sculptured . 

[PERSON Capulus] calif ornicus Dall [MISC Californian Cap-shell] 

[LOCATION Redondo Beach] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



CALYPTRAEIDAE 169 

I % inches in diameter , Vs as high , obhquely ovate , fairly thin , and with 
a small , hooked-over apex . [PERSON Shell w^hite] , covered by a soft , fuzzy , light-brown 
periostracum . Interior glossy-white . A rather rare species found in 20 to 
30 fathoms attached to [MISC Pecten] diegensis . 



[ORGANIZATION Family CALYPTRAEIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Calyptraea Lamarck] 1799 

[LOCATION Calyptraea] centralis [PERSON Conrad Circular] Cup-and-saucer 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 21-0 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to % inch in diameter , cap-shaped , with a circular base , and pure 
white in color . [ORGANIZATION Apex] central , small , minutely coiled and glossy-white . The 
[PERSON shelly] cup is attached to the inside of the shell and is [PERSON flattish] , arises near the 
center of the shell and flares out to the edge . Its free side is thickened into a 
columella-like , rounded edge . Commonly dredged in shallow water , espe- 
cially off southeast [LOCATION Florida] . Formerly known as [PERSON C.] candeana Orbigny . 



[MISC Calyptraea] fastigiata [ORGANIZATION Gould Pacific Chinese Hat] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20I 

[LOCATION Alaska] to southern [LOCATION California] . 

Ys to I inch in diameter , about H to % as high; the outline of the base 
of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is perfectly circular , and the apex is at the center of the shell . 
Interior glossy-white with the sinuate edge of the internal cup arising at the 
apex of the shell as a thickened , twisted columella and ending in fragile at- 
tachment near the edge of the shell . Young forms ( [PERSON C.] contorta Cpr . ) are 
relatively higher-spired . Exterior chalky-white with a thin , brownish perios- 
tracum . Dredged moderately commonly from lo to 75 fathoms . 



Genus [PERSON Crucibulum Schumacher] 18 17 
[PERSON Crucibulum] auricula [MISC Gmelin West Indian] Cup-and-saucer 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 IS 

[LOCATION West Florida] to the [LOCATION Lower Keys] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in diameter , similar to [PERSON C.] striatum , but the edges of the inner cup 
are entirely free . The edges of the main shell are crenulated , the external 
ribs are coarser , and the interior is sometimes pinkish . The outer surface may 
show coarse diagonal ribs if the specimen has lived attached to a scallop or 
other ribbed mollusk . Uncommonly dredged in shallow water and occasion- 
ally washed ashore . 



170 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Crucibulum] spinosum [MISC Sowerby Spiny Cup-and-saucer] 

Figure yi 

[LOCATION Southern California] to [PERSON Chili] . 

% to I inch in diameter , variable in height ( % to % as high ) , and usually 
with an almost circular base . Exterior with a smoothish apical area , the re- 
mainder of the shell with radial rows of small prickles or sometimes erect , 
tubular spines . Interior glossy , chestnut-brown , sometimes with light radial 
rays , and with a delicate white cup attached by one side . A very common 
species from low water to 15 fathoms . [PERSON Albino shells] are sometimes found . 

[PERSON Subgenus] Dispotaea Say 1826 
[PERSON Crucibulum] striatum Say Striate Cup-and-saucer 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ir 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION South Carolina] ( and [LOCATION Florida] ? ) . 

I inch in diameter , cap-shaped , base round , edge smoothish and the 
slightly twisted apex near the center of the shell . Interior of shell with a 
small , [PERSON shelly] cup , of which only 73 is free from attachment to the main 
shell . [ORGANIZATION Apex] wax color and smooth; remainder of exterior with small , wavy , 
radial cords . Interior glossy , yellow-white or tinted with light orange-brown . 
[ORGANIZATION Commonly] dredged in shallow water . 

[PERSON Genus Crepipatella] Lesson 1830 
[ORGANIZATION Crepipatella] lingiilata [ORGANIZATION Gould Pacific Half-slipper Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20k 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

H to % inch in diameter , thin , almost circular , low and with the apex 
near the edge of the shell . Characterized by its [PERSON tannish] to mauve-white , 
glossy interior which has a shallow deck which is attached to the main 
part of the shell only along one side . The middle of the deck often has a 
weakly raised ridge . Exterior wrinkled and brownish . A very common 
species found on rocks and on the shells of living gastropods . 

[PERSON Genus Crepidula] Lamarck 1799 

[LOCATION Crepidula] fornicata [ORGANIZATION Linne Common] [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Slipper-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2im 
[LOCATION Canada] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to 2 inches in size . [PERSON Shelly] deck extending over the posterior half on 
the inside of the shell . The deck is usually concave and white to buff . Its 
edge is strongly sinuate or waved in two places . Exterior dirty-white to 
tan , sometimes with brownish blotches and rarely with long color lines . 



[ORGANIZATION CALYPTRAEIDAE] 171 

Variable in shape , rarely quite flat , sometimes high and arched . They may 
be corrugated if the individual has lived attached to a scallop or ribbed 
mussel . A common littoral species . When collecting on the west coast of 
[LOCATION Florida] , do not confuse with [PERSON C. maculosa] . [PERSON C.] fornicata has been introduced 
to the [LOCATION West Coast] of the [LOCATION United States] . 

[PERSON Crepidula] maculosa [PERSON Conrad Spotted] [MISC Slipper-shell] 

[LOCATION AVest Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] to [PERSON Vera Cruz] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Resembling C. fornicata , but often spotted with small , mauve-brown 
blotches and sometimes streaked . The edge of the deck is straight or only 
very slightly convex . There is an oval muscle scar on the inside of the shell 
just below and in front of the right anterior edge of the deck and the main 
shell . The young are very much like southern forms of [LOCATION C.] convexa Say . 

[PERSON Crepidula] convexa Say [MISC Convex Slipper-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 in 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^ to ^ inch in size , usually highly arched and colored a dark reddish to 
purplish brown . Interior , including the deck , chestnut to bluish brown . 
Some specimens may be spotted . The edge of the deck is almost straight . 
There is a small muscle scar inside the main shell on the right side just under 
the outer corner of the deck ( see also maculosa ) . Some specimens are thick 
and heavy , others quite fragile , the latter type found attached to other shells . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] just offshore down to 1 16 fathoms . 

The form glauca Say is H inch long , thin-shelled , usually dark-brown 
or translucent-tan , and with a white deck . It is found in over-crowded col- 
onies on eel-grass where specimens become long and narrow . [PERSON C.] acuta [PERSON Lea] 
is this form also . 

[PERSON Crepidula] aculeata [PERSON Gmelin Spiny Slipper-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2iq 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to I inch in size , similar to foniicata , but characterized by its rough , 
spinose exterior , thinner and flatter shell and by its irregular edges . Color 
whitish , although often heavily mottled with reddish brown . The exterior 
is sometimes stained green by algal growths . A common species found at- 
tached to stones , mangroves and other shells . Occasionally dredged . 

[LOCATION Crepidula] onyx Sowerby [ORGANIZATION Onyx Slipper-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2of 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 



172 [MISC American Seashells] 

I to 2 inches in length , fairly thick-shelled , characterized by its glossy , 
dark-chocolate to whitish brown interior , and by the large , slightly concave , 
pure-white deck inside which has a sinuate free edge . Very common from 
shallow estuaries to 50 fathoms on rocks , on other shells , or stacked up on 
top of each other . 

[PERSON Crepidula] excavata Broderip Excavated [PERSON Slipper-shell] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 

I inch in size , rather thin; back strongly arched with the apex distinct 
and hooked under itself near the posterior margin of the shell . Characterized 
by its light brownish white color , by the straight or slightly curved edge of 
the interior deck , and by a weak muscle scar on each side just under the deck . 
Found commonly attached to rocks and other shells . 

Subgenus Janacus Morch 1852 
[PERSON Crepidula] plana Say [MISC Eastern White Slipper-shell] 

[LOCATION Canada] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . Rare in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

34 to I % inches in size , very flat , either convex or concave , and always 
a pure milky white . The apex is very rarely turned to one side . It commonly 
attaches itself to the inside of large , dead shells , and rarely , if ever , " piles up " 
like fornicata . A common shallow-water species . 

[LOCATION Crepidula] ninmnaria [MISC Gould Western] [MISC White Slipper-shell] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% to I ^ inches in length , characterized by its glossy-white underside , 
flattened shell , large deck which usually has a weak , raised ridge ( or some- 
[PERSON rimes] a hint of an indentation ) running from the apical end forward to the 
leading edge . Exterior with or without a yellowish periostracum . Found 
in rock crevices and apertures of dead shells . 

Super fajmly [ORGANIZATION STROMBACEA] 

Family XENOPHORIDAE 

[PERSON Genus] Xenophora [PERSON Fischer von W.] 1807 

This group of gastropods is noted for its peculiar habit of cementing 
to its own shell fragments of other shells , stones , bits of coral and coal . The 
animals resemble those of the Strombus conchs , but the operculum is much 
wider and not sickle-shaped . [PERSON B. R. Bales] once humorously observed : 



i 



[ORGANIZATION STROMBIDAE] 17 3 

" It is generally admitted that the camouflage of [ORGANIZATION Xe] ? iophora is for protection 
rather than ornamentation , for it would be inconceivable that a female 
[PERSON Xenophora] would call over the back fence to her girl friend with , 'Come 
and see the perfect dream of a shell I picked up today and tell me if I have 
it on straight . ' " 

There are 3 species in the [LOCATION Atlantic] , one a shallow water species , the other two 
( [PERSON longleyi Bartsch] , pi . 23d , and [PERSON caribaea Petit] , pi . 2 3e ) deep water inhabit- 
ants . 

[PERSON Xenophora] conchy liophor a Born [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Carrier-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 5b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 inches in diameter , not including foreign attachments . No umbilicus . 
From above , the shell with its attached rubble and shells looks like a small 
heap of marine trash . It will attach any kind of shell to itself , but in some 
areas has access to only one kind , say [PERSON Chione] cancellata . Animal bright-red . 
Seasonally not uncommon . [PERSON Johnsonia] is in error in calling this trochiformis 
Bom 1778 ( not 1780 ) , which is the [MISC Peruvian] shell known formerly as 
[PERSON Trochita] radians [PERSON Lam] . 

[ORGANIZATION Family APORRHAIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Aporrhais da Costa] 1778 

[ORGANIZATION Aporrhais Occident] alis [ORGANIZATION Beck American Pelican 's Foot] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23c 

[ORGANIZATION Labrador] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

2 to 2% inches in length , spire high , whorls well-rounded and with 
about 15 to 25 curved axial ribs per whorl . Many minute spiral threads 
present . Outer hp greatly expanded and its edge heavily thickened . Color 
ashen-gray to yellowish white . Operculum small , corneous , brown , claw-like , 
but with smooth edges . Commonly dredged off [LOCATION New England] from a few 
to 200 fathoms . 

The form mainensis [PERSON C. W. Johnson] ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Mt Desert] ) differs 
in having 14 axial ribs , instead of about 22 to 25 as in the typical form , 
but specimens intergrade . The form labradorensis [PERSON C. W. Johnson] is smaller , 
more slender , and with up to 29 ribs per whorl . 

Fajnily STROMBIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Strom] bus [ORGANIZATION Linne] 1758 

[PERSON Strombus] pugilis [MISC Linne West Indian] Fighting Conch 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



174 A ? 7ierican Seashells 

3 to 4 inches in length . Always with spines on the last whorl , but those 
on the next to the last whorl are nearly always the largest . Shoulder of 
outer lip nearly always turns slightly upwards . Color a rich cream-orange 
to salmon-pink throughout , except for a cobalt-blue splotch of color on the 
end of the canal . Periostracum very thin and velvety . This is primarily a 
[MISC West Indian] species , and apparently will not interbreed with the [LOCATION mainland] 
species , [LOCATION S. alatus] . An aberrant form which has club-like spines was unneces- 
sarily named sloani [PERSON Leach] 1814 and pecidiaris [PERSON M. Smith] 1940. [PERSON Percy Morris] ' 
colored figure ( 1951, pi . 19, fig . 9 ) is not pugilis , but alatus . 

[PERSON Strombus] alatus [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Florida Fighting Conch] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5h 
[LOCATION South Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

3 to 4 inches in length . With or without short spines on the shoulder 
of the last whorl . Shoulder of outer lip slopes slightly downward . Color 
a dark reddish brown , often mottled with orange-brown or having zigzag 
bars of color on the shiny parietal wall . Periostracum very thin and velvety . 
A very common shallow water species , especially on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 
Not found in the [LOCATION West Indies] . Do not confuse with 5. pugilis . 

Strombus gigas Linne Queen Conch 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23a 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

6 to 1 2 inches in length . Characterized by its large size , large and flaring 
outer lip , and the rich pinks , yellows and orange shades in the aperture . Peri- 
ostracum fairly thick and horny . It flakes off in dried specimens . A malform 
with flattened spines was named borridus [PERSON M. Smith] . A form with a deep chan- 
nel at the suture occasionally turns up in the [LOCATION Bahamas] . It was named canali- 
culatus [PERSON L. Burry] . S. gigas [PERSON verrilli McGinty] is a form of questionable value 
described from [LOCATION Lake Worth] , [LOCATION Florida] . Very common in the [LOCATION West Indies] , 
becoming uncommon in the [LOCATION Florida Keys] from over-fishing . Also called the 
Pink Conch . 



Strombus costatus [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Milk Conch] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 23b] 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 7 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] very heavy usually , and with low , blunt 
spines . [ORGANIZATION Parietal] wall and thick outer lip highly glazed with cream-white 
enamel . Outer shell a yellowish white . The periostracum in dried specimens 
flakes off . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 5. spectabilis [PERSON A. H. Verrill] is this 
species . 






[ORGANIZATION LAMELLARIIDAE] 175 

[PERSON Strombus] ranimis [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Hawk-wing Conch] 

Plate 5c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] bluntly spinose with the last two spines 
on the last whorl by far the largest . Outer lip points upward at the top . 
Color of outer shell a brownish gray with chocolate-brown mottlings . Aper- 
ture cream-colored with a salmon-pink interior . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 
S. bitiiberculatus [PERSON Lamarck] is the same species . 

Strombus gallus [ORGANIZATION Linne Rooster-tail Conch] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 56 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] ( rare ) and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 6 inches in length , characterized by the long extension of the poste- 
rior end of the outer lip and the rather high spire . This species is not at all 
common , although it may be obtained in fair numbers along the north coast of 
[LOCATION Jamaica] . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfmiily CYPRAEACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION LAMELLARIIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Lamellaria Montagu] 1815 

[LOCATION Lamellaria] diegoensis Dall [LOCATION San Diego Lamellaria] 

Figure 43d 

[LOCATION Southern California] . 

% inch in length , equally wide , quite fragile and transparent-white in 
color . 3 whorls moderately globose , the last large . Aperture very large . 
[PERSON Columella] very thin . Surface smoothish , except for fine , irregular growth 
lines . Periostracum thin , clear and glossy . Uncommon offshore . 

[PERSON Lamellaria] rhombic a [LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION Washington] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) is the same 
size , much flatter and thicker-shelled , and is opaque-white in color . Its colu- 
mella is thicker and ridge-like . This species is more common than the pre- 
ceding and is commonly washed ashore . 

[PERSON Subfamily] VELUTININAE 
Genus [PERSON Velutina Fleming] 1821 

[PERSON Velutina] laevigata [ORGANIZATION Linne Smooth Velutina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2n 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [PERSON Cahfomia] . 

34 to % inch in length , very thin and fragile , translucent amber , and 
covered with a thick , brownish periostracum which is spirally ridged . Colu- 
mella arched and narrow . Common offshore from 3 to 50 fathoms . V. undata 



176 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Brown {zonata Gould] is the same ) from the [LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION Cape] 
Cod is similar , but rarely over % inch in length , with a flattened shelf -like 
columella , and often colored with narrow , spiral bands of brown . 

[ORGANIZATION Family FOSSARIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Fossarus Philippi] 1841 

[PERSON Fossarus] elegans [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Smith Elegant Fossarus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25c 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

2 to 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , turbinate in shape , with 4 whorls , chalky-white 
to gray in color and characterized by its delicate sculpturing which consists 
of 2 strong carinae on the periphery and 3 smaller ones below and a large 
one bordering the chink-like umbilicus . Between the cords are numerous , 
distinct , arched riblets . Outer lip thickened by a large varix . 2 or 3 smaller , 
former varices commonly present on the last whorl . The base of the arched 
columella is projecting . [PERSON Uncommon] below 70 fathoms . 

Fa7mly [LOCATION ERATOIDAE] 

S7ibfa77iily [LOCATION ERATOINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Erato Risso] 1826 

Subgenus Hespererato Schilder 1932 

[PERSON Erato] 77iaugeriae [PERSON Gray Mauger] 's [PERSON Erato] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2\v 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[ORGANIZATION ViQ] inch in length , resembling a small [LOCATION Marginella] , but the curled-in , 
thickened outer lip has a row of about 1 5 small , even-sized teeth . Upper end 
of the outer lip is well-shouldered . [ORGANIZATION Shell] glossy , tan with a pinkish or yellow- 
ish undertone . [ORGANIZATION Apex] bulbous . Commonly dredged on either side of [LOCATION Florida] 
from 2 to 63 fathoms . 

[PERSON Erato] colim7beUa [PERSON Menke Columbelle Erato] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% inch in length , glossy-smooth , slate-gray in color with a whitish , 
thickened outer lip . [ORGANIZATION Spire] elevated , nucleus brown . Outer lip markedly 
shouldered above , and bearing about a dozen extremely small teeth . [PERSON Siphonal] 
canal stained inside with purple-brown . Not uncommon from shore to 50 
fathoms . Occasionally washed ashore with kelp weed . 

[PERSON Erato] vitellina [ORGANIZATION Hinds Apple Seed] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20-0 

[LOCATION Bodega Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



ERATOIDAE 177 

^ inch in length , resembling a " beach-worn [PERSON Columbella] , " and glossy- 
smooth . Body whorl with a large purple area bounded by a faint whitish 
line; remainder of shell , including the spire which is often glazed over , is 
dark brownish cream . [ORGANIZATION Columella] arched , bearing 5 to 8 small , whitish teeth . 
Lower % of slightly incurled outer lip is with 7 to lo small , whitish teeth . 
Moderately common in fairly shallow water . Occasionally washed ashore 
with kelp weed . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily TRIVIINAE] 
Genus Trivia Broderip 1837 

Resembling miniature cowries ( [LOCATION Cypraea] ) , but characterized by strong 
wrinkles or riblets running around the shell from the slit-like aperture to the 
center of the back of the shell . We have carefully reviewed and included 
all of the [MISC Western Atlantic] species , but have not followed the [PERSON Schilderian] use 
of numerous genera , such as [ORGANIZATION Piisiila Jousseaume] . 

Trivia pediculus [PERSON Linne Coffee Bean] Trivia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2ibb 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , characterized by its tan to brownish pink color with 
3 pairs of large , irregular , dark-brown spots on the back , and in having 16 to 
19 ( usually 17 ) ribs crossing the outer lip . The center pair of spots on the 
back are the largest . Some specimens may be quite pink . 

In some areas , a dwarf form of this species occurs ( named [PERSON piillata Sby] . ) 
which is \i inch in length , with a pink base , 13 to 17 riblets on the outer lip , 
and often with the brown mottlings spread over most of the back . Do not 
confuse this form with the species suffusa which is light-pink , with a white 
( not pink ) outer lip crossed by 19 to 24 riblets , and with a pink blotch on 
each side of the anterior canal . 

[PERSON T. pediculus] is a common species found from low water to 25 fathoms . 

Trivia suffusa [MISC Gray Suffuse Trivia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2iaa 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^ to ^ inch in length , elongate-globular , bright-pink with suffused 
brownish splotches and fine specklings . Anterior canal with a weak pinkish 
blotch on each side . Riblets on back somewhat beaded . Dorsal groove fairly 
well-impressed . Outer lip white and crossed by 18 to 23 ( usually 20 ) riblets . 
Quite common in the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . [PERSON T. armandina Kiener] is 
the same . 



178 [ORGANIZATION Afjierican Seashells] 

Trivia maltbiana Schwengel and [PERSON McGinty Maltbie] 's Trivia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2IZ 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

/4 to /4 inch in length , globose , slightly flattened above , and character- 
ized by its pale tannish pink , translucent color , by its fine riblets , and by 
having 24 to 28 ribs crossing the outer lip . Areas between the ribs are micro- 
scopically granular . Nuclear whorls visible through the last whorl . The dor- 
sal groove is slight and the riblets nearly cross it . Moderately common just 
offshore to 50 fathoms . 

Trivia quadripiinctata Gray Four-spotted Trivia 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Yucatan] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to Yk inch in length , very similar to siiffiisa , but smaller , brighter pink , 
and with 2 to 4 very small , dark red-brown dots on the center line of the 
back . Riblets very fine , 19 to 24 crossing the outer lip . A very common 
species frequently found on beaches with the color dots worn away and the 
pink background rather faded . The riblets on the back are never pustulose 
as they tend to be in suffusa , nor is there any fine color speckling . 

Trivia antillarinn Schilder Antillean Trivia 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION Antilles] . 

% to /4 inch in length , characterized by its deep reddish or brownish 
purple color . Elongate-globular in shape . Riblets smooth . With or without 
a faint dorsal groove over which the riblets usually cross . Outer lip with 1 8 
to 22 teeth . Dredged from 30 to 100 fathoms and rarely cast upon the beach . 
Formerly T. subrostrata [PERSON Gray] . 

Trivia candidula Gaskoin Little White Trivia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 [ORGANIZATION ICC] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Barbados] . 

Vs , to ^ inch in length , characterized by its fairly globular shape , pure- 
white color , somewhat rostrate ends and by the smooth riblets that pass over 
the back . There is no dorsal furrow . Many specimens have only a few 
rather strong riblets of which 1 7 cross the inside of the outer lip . Another 
common form has more riblets ( 20 to 24 over the outer lip ) . It has been 
named leucosphaera Schilder {globosa of authors , not [PERSON Gray] ) . The forms 
intergrade . Trivia nix is also white , but is larger , more globose and with a 
strong dorsal groove interrupting the ribs . 



ERATOIDAE 179 

Trivia 7tix [MISC Schilder White Globe] Trivia 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , globular , pure-white in color . Characterized by about 
2 2 to 26 riblets . Back with a strong groove interrupting the riblets . Alias 
[PERSON T. nivea Gray] . This is the largest and most globular of the white species 
found in the [LOCATION Western Atlantic] . It is moderately uncommon . 

Trivia ritteri [PERSON Raymond Ritter] 's Trivia 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in length , globular , pure-white in color . Characterized by about 
15 fine riblets that run over the bottom , sides and back of the shell without 
being interrupted by a dorsal groove . Uncommonly dredged on gravel bot- 
[PERSON tom] from 25 to 60 fathoms . 

Trivia califorfiiana [MISC Gray Californian] Trivia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20V 

[LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Vs to just less than K ' inch in length , rotund , and characterized by its 
mauve color , white , slightly depressed crease on the midline of the back , and 
by the fairly coarse riblets crossing over the entire shell ( outer lip with 
about 15 ) . A common littoral species , often washed ashore with seaweed . 
Also lives as deep as 40 fathoms . Trivia sangninea [PERSON Sowerby] , a more south- 
erly species , is larger , deeper purple , without the prominent white streak on 
the back and with finer , more numerous riblets ( outer lip with about 20 ) . 

Trivia soIa ? idri Sowerby Solander 's Trivia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20U 

[LOCATION Catalina Island] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% to % inch in length , rotund , and characterized by the strong , raised , 
smooth riblets running over the lip and up onto the back . Dorsal groove 
deep , cream-colored and flanked by 8 to 10 cream nodules on each side . 
Ground color of shell dark purplish brown . Moderately common in the lit- 
toral zone . 

[PERSON Trivia radiajzs Lamarck] ( [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Ecuador] ) is larger , flatter , 
and with a brownish spot on the back which discolors the central groove . It 
is fairly common . 



180 [MISC American Seashells] 

family [ORGANIZATION CYPRAEIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cypraea Linne] 1758 

Subgenus Trona Jousseaume 1884 

[LOCATION Cypraea] zebra Linne Measled [PERSON Cowrie] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 6d 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3/4 inches in length , oblong , light-faun to light-brown , with large , 
round , white dots over the back . Toward the base of the shell these white 
dots have a brown center . The shell is darker brown , narrower and less 
inflated than cervus . Moderately common in intertidal waters . Formerly 
called [PERSON C.] exanthema Linne . A light orangish form , probably due to being 
buried in sand for some time , was described from [LOCATION Cuba] ( form vallei [PERSON Jaume] 
and [PERSON Borro] 1946 ) . 

[PERSON Cypraea] cervus [ORGANIZATION Linne Atlantic Deer Cowrie] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 6i 
[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , similar to zebra , but usually with smaller and 
more numerous white spots , with a more inflated and larger shell , and never 
has ocellated spots on the base of the shell . Moderately common from low 
tide to several fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Liiria Jousseaume] 1884 
[MISC Cypraea] cinerea [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Atlantic Gray Cowrie] 

Plate 6c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I /4 inches in length , rotund , with its back brownish mauve to light 
orange-brown which may be flecked with tiny , black-brown specks . Base 
cream to old ivory with light mauve-brown between some of the teeth , or 
sometimes with tiny flyspecks of brown . A moderately common species 
found under rocks on reefs . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Eros] aria [PERSON Troschel] 1863 
[LOCATION Cypraea] spurca aciciilaris [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Atlantic Yellow Cowrie] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 6a 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Yucatan] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to 1/4 inches in length; back irregularly flecked and spotted with 
orange-brown and whitish . Base and teeth ivory-white . Lateral extremities 
often with small pie-crust indentations . Distinguished from cinerea in being 
flatter and without color on the base . A moderately common species found 
under rocks at low tide . True spurca [PERSON L.] is from the [MISC Mediterranean] . 



[ORGANIZATION CYPRAEIDAE] 181 

[PERSON Cypraea mus Linne] ( pi . 6e ) is often found in [MISC American] collections al- 
though it is limited to the southern part of the [LOCATION Caribbean] . It is 2 inches in 
length , mouse-gray ( Mouse Cowrie ) , and has a pair of irregular black-brown 
stripes on the back . It is frequently deformed with one or two small bumps 
on the back . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Zonaria Jousseaume] 1884 
[PERSON Cypraea] spadicea [ORGANIZATION Swainson Chestnut Cowrie] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 6b] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Cerros Island] , [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , half as high , with a hard , glossy enamel finish . 
Base white , with about 20 to 23 teeth on each side of the long , narrow aper- 
ture . Sides bluish to mauve-gray , above which there is dark-chocolate fading 
on top to light chestnut-brown with a bluish undertone . Moderately com- 
mon at certain seasons at low tide among seaweed , and also down to 25 
fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Family OVULIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Frimovula Thiele] 1925 

Subgenus Pseiidosbnnia Schilder 1927 

[LOCATION Frimovula] carnea Poiret Dwarf Red [PERSON Ovula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2q 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and the [MISC Mediterranean] . 

% to ^/2 inch in length . This species resembles a miniature cowrie . The 
body whorl is rotund , pink to yellow in color and with numerous , fine spiral , 
incised lines . Aperture narrow , arched , and with a canal at each end . Outer 
lip curled in like that of a cowrie , and with about 20 small , rounded , whitish 
teeth . [MISC Upper] parietal wall with a large , rounded , short ridge or tooth . [ORGANIZATION Apex] 
not showing . Rare from 25 to 100 fathoms . 

Genus Pedicidaria Swainson 1840 
[PERSON Subgenus Pediculariella Thiele] 1925 

Fedicularia decussata [PERSON Gould Decussate Pedicularia] 

Plate yd 

[LOCATION Georgia] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to V2 inch in length , moderately thick-shelled , with a long and flaring 
aperture , and pure-white in color . Sculpture of fine reticulations with the 
spiral threads the strongest . [PERSON Columella] a straight ridge with the parietal wall 
concavely dished . The entire [ORGANIZATION shell] has a distorted , " squeezed " appearance . 
Nuclear whorls obese , translucent-brown , reticulated , and with a sinuate lip 



182 [MISC American Seashells] 

when in its free-swimming , larval stage . An uncommon species found cling- 
ing to coral stems in moderately deep water . This is the only Eastern Ameri- 
can species in this genus . 

[LOCATION Pedicularia] californica [PERSON Newcomb Californian Pedicularia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 7b] , c 

[LOCATION Farallon Islands] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to /4 inch in length , solid , aperture greatly enlarged and flaring . [ORGANIZATION Apex] 
hidden by the expanded lip . Early whorls showing minute decussations , the 
rest of the shell with small spiral threads . Interior uneven and glossy . Color 
rose with the outer lip whitish . Uncommon . Found attached to red hydro- 
coraUine , [ORGANIZATION Allopora] californica [PERSON Verrill] . We have also illustrated the form 
[PERSON ovulifor7ms Berry] ( pi . 7c ) . 

[PERSON Genus Neosimnia Fischer] 1884 
[LOCATION Neosimnia] acicularis [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Common] [MISC West Indian] [LOCATION Simnia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 7a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , narrow , glossy , thin-shelled but strong , and with a 
long , toothless aperture . Color deep lavender or yellowish . [PERSON Columella] area 
flattened or sometimes slightly dished and , in adults , always bordered by a 
long , whitish ridge , one inside the aperture , the other on the body whorl . 
Posterior end of columella sometimes slightly swollen . A common species 
which attaches itself and its tiny egg-capsules to purple or yellow seafans . 

[PERSON Neosivmia] iiniplicata Sowerby Single-toothed [LOCATION Simnia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 76 

[LOCATION Virginia] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V '2 to % inch in length , similar to acicularis , but with only the innermost , 
longitudinal ridge on the columella , and with a twisted , spiral plication at the 
posterior end of the columella . Moderately common on seafans . 

'Neosimnia piragua Dall [LOCATION Dall] 's Treasured Simnia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate ^i] 
[LOCATION Between Jamaica] and [LOCATION Haiti] . 

I inch in length , extremely narrow , with the ends greatly produced . 
[PERSON Columella] area bordered by two longitudinal ridges , the inner one tinted with 
rose . Remainder of shell yellowish white . One of the rarest of the [MISC Western] 
[LOCATION Atlantic] mollusks . 23 fathoms . 



[ORGANIZATION OVULIDAE] 183 

[LOCATION Neosimnia] avena [PERSON Sowerby Western Chubby Simnia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 7g 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

/4 inch in length , oblong , with short extremities . Lower end of the 
aperture wide , upper end narrow where the columella has a spiral swelling . 
[MISC Inner] and lower part of the columella with a long , light-colored ridge . Exte- 
rior of whorls with numerous , microscopic , wavy , incised scratches . Color 
mauve to deep-rose with the varix and extremities a lighter pink . Rare in 
[LOCATION California] , uncommon southward . 5. smilis [PERSON Sowerby] is probably this species . 

[LOCATION Neosimnia] loebbeckeana [PERSON Weinkauff Loebbeck] 's [LOCATION Simnia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate yi] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , translucent yellowish , rather fragile , and fusiform in 
shape with the extremities narrow and the middle gently swollen . [PERSON Columella] 
rounded , usually smoothish , but sometimes with a hint of flattening and sub- 
sequent thickening of the lower part of the columella . [MISC Upper] end of the 
columella with a weak , spiral fold . Two subspecies have been described 
{barbarefisis [LOCATION Dall] and [ORGANIZATION catalinensis Berry] ) but their distinctiveness has not 
been clearly demonstrated as yet . Not uncommonly dredged in association 
with seafans from 20 to 50 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION NeosiTtmia] inflexa [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Inflexed Simnia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 7h 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% inch in length , a very vivid and dark lavender-rose or reddish purple . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] elongate; columella flattened , bordered within and also somewhat on 
the body whorl by a long , axial , lighter-colored ridge . [PERSON N. variabilis Carpenter] 
is this species , and detailed studies of the animals may also show that [PERSON N.] 
aequalis [PERSON Sowerby] is a synonym . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cyphoma Roding] 1798 
[PERSON Cyphoma] gibbosum [PERSON Linne Flamingo Tongue] 

[PERSON Plates] 8; 4r 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , glossy-smooth , chubby , and colored a rich cream- 
orange to apricot-buff except for a small whitish rectangle on the back . 
[PERSON Callus] on sides of shell indistinct and extending high up on the back with 
poorly defined edges . [PERSON Mantle] of animal pale-flesh with numerous squarish , 
black rings . Fairly common on gorgonians below low water . 



184 



Avier 'ican [ORGANIZATION Seashells] 



[PERSON Cyphoma] mcgintyi [PERSON Pilsbry McGinty] 's [PERSON Cyphoma] 

Plates 8; 4s 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 

Similar to gibbosa , but more elongate , whitish with tints of lilac or pink 
on the back . The side callus on the right is thick and narrow . [PERSON Aperture] 
cameo-pink . [PERSON Mantle] with numerous solid spots which are roughly round or 
in the shape of short bars . Not uncommon . 



[MISC Fingerprint Cyphoma] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4t 



[PERSON Cyphovta] signatum Pilsbry and [PERSON McGinty] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] . 

Similar to mcgintyi , but with the transverse ridge on the back much 
weaker , and the anterior end of the aperture more dilated than in the two 
preceding species . Color light-buff with a cream-buff tint deep inside the 
aperture . [PERSON Mantle] pale-yellow with numerous , crowded , long , black trans- 
verse lines . The rarest of the [LOCATION Florida Cyphomas] . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily HETEROPODA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION ATLANTIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Atlanta Lesueur] 181 7 

[ORGANIZATION Atlanta peroni Lesueur Peron] 's [LOCATION Atlanta] 

Figure 41 

[LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Pacific] warm waters; pelagic . 

^ inch in diameter , planorboid , compressed from above , fragile , trans- 
parent and glassy . Later whorls openly coiled but connected by a sharp 
peripheral keel . Outer lip notched in the region of the shell . Often washed 
ashore after storms , and frequently brought up in dredge hauls . Five other 
species have been reported from [MISC American] waters . 





Figure 41. [PERSON Shell] of the hcteropod , [LOCATION Atlanta peroni Lesueur] , y , inch . 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Oxy] gyrus [PERSON Benson] 1835 
[PERSON Oxy] gyrus keraudreni [PERSON Lesueur Keraudren] 's [LOCATION Atlanta] 

[LOCATION Atlantic] warm waters; pelagic . 



[ORGANIZATION NATICIDAE] 185 

^ inch in diameter , planorboid , nuclear whorls not visible; narrowly 
umbilicate on both sides . Whorls keeled only near the aperture . Body whorl 
near the aperture and the keel are corneous . No apertural slit . [PERSON Operculum] 
small , trigonal and lamellar . A common pelagic species , and the only one 
reported from our waters . 

Family [ORGANIZATION CARINARIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Camiaria Lamarck] 1801 

[LOCATION Carinaria] lamarcki [PERSON Peron] and [PERSON Lesueur Lamarck] 's [LOCATION Carinaria] 

Figure 42 

[LOCATION Atlantic] warm waters; pelagic . 

Body up to 10 inches in length , tissues transparent; proboscis large and 
purple . [ORGANIZATION Shell] K the size of the animal , cap-shaped , very thin , fragile and 
transparent . Its apex is hooked . The shell is borne on top of the animal . This 
is a valuable collector 's item , and in former years it brought fancy prices . 
Formerly known as [PERSON C.] mediterrafiea [PERSON Lamarck] and erroneously attributed 
under that name to Peron and [ORGANIZATION Lesueur] . 




Figure 42. The heteropod , [LOCATION Carinaria] lamarcki [PERSON Peron] and [PERSON Lesueur] , lives a pelagic 
life in warm seas . The animal mav reach a length of 10 inches . It lives in an upside 

down position at the surface . 

Super jainily [ORGANIZATION NATICACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family NATICIDAE] 

Subfamily [ORGANIZATION POLINICINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Polijiices Montfort] 1810 

[ORGANIZATION Polinices] lacteiis Guilding Milk [PERSON Moon-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 111 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to 1^/2 inches in length , glossy , milk-white , umbilicus deep with its 
upper portion covered over by the heavy callus of the parietal wall . Peri- 
ostracum thin , smooth , yellowish . [PERSON Operculum] , corneous , thin , transparent , 
either wine-red or amber . Common in sandy , intertidal areas . [PERSON P. uberinus] 



186 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Orbigny] is /4 to /4 inch in length , with its umbilicus not so much covered , 
and it may be only a form of this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Polinices] ififmaculatus [ORGANIZATION Totten Immaculate Moon-shell] 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

% inch in length , subovate , smooth , milk-white and glossy when de- 
prived of its thin greenish-yellow periostracum . The ivory-white , thickened 
callus does not encroach upon the small , round , deep umbilicus . [PERSON Operculum] 
corneous , thin , light-brown . Commonly dredged off [LOCATION New England] , and 
often found in fish stomachs . 

[ORGANIZATION Polinices] bnmneiis [PERSON Link Brown] [PERSON Moon-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5 ) 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] ( rare ) , [LOCATION West Indies] ( [LOCATION Texas] ? ) . 

I to 2 inches in length , heavy , glossy-smooth , with a deep , white umbili- 
cus and small , low spiral callus . Exterior tan to orange-brown . [PERSON Operculum] 
corneous , thin , amber-brown . 

[ORGANIZATION Polinices] uberinus Orbigny Dwarf White [MISC Moon-shell] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

^ inch in length , very similar to lacteiis , but the umbilical opening is 
larger , the callus is button-shaped and located against the columella near the 
center , and there is a large , rounded ridge running back from the callus into 
the umbilicus . Commonly dredged from 15 to 100 fathoms . Rarely in beach 
drift . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Neverita Risso] 1826 
[ORGANIZATION Polinices] duplicatus [MISC Say Shark Eye] 

[PERSON Plates] 5k; 22h 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

I to 2>2 inches in length , glossy-smooth; umbilicus deep but almost cov- 
ered over by a large , button-like , brown callus . Color slate-gray to tan; base 
of shell often whitish . [PERSON Columella] white . The shell is generally flattened and 
much wider than high , but some specimens ( pi . 2 2h ) are as wide as high and 
globose in shape . Operculum corneous , brown , and thin . This is a very com- 
mon sand-lover found along our eastern coasts . Compare young specimens 
with [LOCATION Natica] livida . 



[ORGANIZATION NATICIDAE] 187 

[PERSON Subgenus Glossaulax] Pilsbry 1929 
[ORGANIZATION Polinices] reclusianus [PERSON Deshayes Recluz] 's Moon-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2oi 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1V2 to 1V2 inches in length , very heavy for its size . [ORGANIZATION Spire] moderately to 
quite vi^ell elevated . Exterior semi-glossy , grayish with rusty-brown or green- 
[PERSON ish] stains . Characterized by a large , tongue-like callus , brownish or white in 
color , which may or may not cover the entire umbilicus . There is a strong 
white , reinforcing callus at the top of the inside of the aperture . [PERSON Operculum] 
translucent , reddish brown . The shape of shell and degree of development of 
the umbilical callus is variable , and has received various names — alms [PERSON Arnold] 
and imperforatus [LOCATION Dall] . A common shallow water species also found as deep 
as 25 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Polmices] draconis Dall [PERSON Drake] 's Moon-shell 

Figure 43a 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 2 % inches in length , very similar to [LOCATION Lunatia] leivisi , but with a wider 
more elongate umbilicus , and with a very small , almost obsolete callus above 
the umbilicus . Uncommon in waters from i o to 2 5 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Sigatica Meyer] and [PERSON Aldrich] 1886 
[LOCATION Sigatica] carolinensis Dall [ORGANIZATION Carolina Moon-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22I 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^/4 inch in length , white , glossy , ovate , fairly thin-shelled; umbilicus 
deep , round , without a callus . Characterized by 2 smooth nuclear whorls , 
followed by 3 whorls which are finely grooved by about 20 spiral lines . 
Suture well-channeled . [ORGANIZATION Operculum] paucispiral , corneous , its early whorls 
thickened and raised somewhat . [PERSON S. holograpta McGinty] is so similar that it 
may well be this species . Dredged 20 to 95 fathoms; not uncommon . 

5. se ? nisulcata [PERSON Gray] from [LOCATION West Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] reaches 34 
inch in size , has 5 to 6 spiral [ORGANIZATION Hnes] cut into the top third of the whorl , and a 
few within the umbilicus . Often confused with [ORGANIZATION Polinices] lacteus . Rare . 

Genus Amauropsis Morch 1857 
[PERSON Amaiiropsis] islandica [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Iceland Moon-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2r 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION Virginia] . 

I to 1^/2 inches in length , % as wide , rather thin , but strong . Suture 



188 



Am [PERSON eric ail Se] ash ells 



smooth and narrowly channeled . [ORGANIZATION Shell] smooth , yellowish white and covered 
with a thin , yellowish brown periostracum which flakes off when dry . Um- 
bilicus absent or a very slight slit . Operculum paucispiral , horny , translucent- 
brown and with microscopic , spiral lines . A moderately common , cold-water 
species found just offshore down to 70 fathoms . 

Its counterpart , [PERSON A.] purpurea [LOCATION Dall] , common in [LOCATION Alaska] , is very similar , but 
% inch in length and with a greenish and darker periostracum . 



Oldroyd 's [MISC Fragile Moon-slieli] 

Figure 4^^- 



Genus [PERSON Eunaticina Fischer] 1885 
[LOCATION Eunaticina] oldroydi [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

1/4 to iVi inches in length , resembling [PERSON Lunatia] leivisi , but much lighter 
in weight , with a more pointed spire , without the heavy , brownish callus and 
having , instead , the upper part of the columella expanded into a white , thin 
area which partially obscures the umbilicus . Micro-sculpturing on shell exte- 
rior is prominent . Moderately common; dredged offshore 30 to 70 fathoms . 




Figure 43. a , [ORGANIZATION Polifiices] draconis [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; b , [PERSON Natica] clausa 

Bred , and [PERSON Sby] . , i inch ( [MISC Arctic] waters ) ; c , [PERSON Jjiimtia pallida Bred] , and [PERSON Sby] . , 1^-2 

inches ( [MISC Arctic] waters ) ; d , [LOCATION Lamellaria] diegoensis [LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON Y^] irich ( [LOCATION Calif] oi-nia ) ; e , 

[LOCATION Eunaticina] oldroydi [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) . 



[ORGANIZATION NATICIDAE] 189 

[PERSON Genus Lunatia Gray] 1847 
[LOCATION Lunatia] beros Say [ORGANIZATION Common Northern Moon-shell] 

Figure 22a 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

2 to 4% inches in length , not so wide; globular in shape; umbilicus deep , 
round , not very large , and only slightly covered over by a thickening of the 
columellar wall . Color dirty-white to brownish gray . Aperture glossy , whit- 
ish or with tan or purplish brown stains . Periostracum thin , hght yellow- 
brown . Operculum corneous , light-brown and thin . A very common inter- 
tidal species in the [LOCATION New England] area . The t^^ case is a wide , circular ribbon 
of sand , about the thickness of an orange peel and easily bent when damp . 
The tiny eggs are embedded in the ribbon . 

[PERSON Lunatia] triseriata Say Spotted [MISC Northern Moon-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22m 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

^ inch in length , similar to young heros but the last whorl usually has 
three spiral rows of 12 to 14 bluish or reddish brown , squarish spots . The 
borders of the egg case are crenulated in [LOCATION contrast] to the smooth borders of 
that in heros . This is a moderately deep-water species . Not uncommon from 
I to 63 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Lunatia] groenlandica [PERSON Moller Greenland Moon-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22k 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION New Jersey] . 

% to I inch in length , 4 to 5 well-rounded whorls . [ORGANIZATION Spire] about ^ the 
total length of the shell . Umbilicus very small , mostly covered over by the 
callus-like swelling of the top of the columella . Suture fine , deeply indented , 
bordered below by a weakly raised spiral swelling . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white , covered by 
a thin , smooth , greenish-yellow periostracum . Operculum chitinous , trans- 
lucent , light-tan , paucispiral . Moderately common offshore . 

[PERSON Lunatia] leivisi [PERSON Gould Lewis] ' Moon-shell 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2411 

[LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , moderately heavy . Whorls globose , slightly 
shouldered a little distance below the suture . Umbilicus deep , round and 
narrow . Characterized by the brown-stained , rather small , button-like callus 
partially obscuring the top edge of the umbilicus . A very common species 
found in shallow water to 25 fathoms . They are more commonly found in 
the summer months . Do not confuse with [PERSON P. draconis] . 



190 [ORGANIZATION Afnerican Seashells] 

[PERSON Lunatia] pallida Broderip and [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Pale Northern Moon-shell] 

Figure 43c 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION California] . 

1% to 1% inches in length , not quite so wide , smooth , pure-white in 
color , and covered with a thin , yellowish white periostracum . [PERSON Parietal] wall 
moderately thickened with a white glaze . Umbilicus almost closed to slischtlv 
open . Commonly dredged offshore in cold northern waters . In the [LOCATION Atlantic] , 
this species rarely exceeds i inch in length . [PERSON P.] groenlandica [PERSON Moller] may be 
this species . 



[ORGANIZATION Subfamily SININAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Sinum Roding] 1798 

[PERSON Sinum] perspectivum [ORGANIZATION Say Common Baby 's Ear] 

Plate 22s 
[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . The [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in maximum diameter , but very flat , with very large white 
aperture and strongly curved columella . Numerous fine spiral lines on top of 
whorls . Color dull-white with a light-brown , thin periostracum . Animal 
envelops the shell . [PERSON Commonly] found in shallow , sandy areas , especially in 
the [LOCATION Carolinas] and the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 



Sinum maculatum Say Maculated Baby 's Ear 

[LOCATION Carolinas] and west coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Similar to perspectivum , but shell not so flat , with weaker spiral sculp- 
ture , and colored dull-brown or with yellowish brown maculations . 

Sinum scopulosum [PERSON Conrad Western Baby] 's [MISC Ear] 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Todos Santos Bay] , [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , 4 whorls , the early ones being very smooth , 
the last whorl very large . Numerous spiral grooves can be seen with the 
naked eye . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky-white , but usually covered with a thin , yellowish , 
translucent periostracum . The spire is more elevated and the whorls more 
inflated than those in [LOCATION S.] debile [PERSON Gould] , from [LOCATION Catalina Island] to the [LOCATION Gulf of] 
[LOCATION California] . [PERSON S. scopulosum] is moderately common , and is the same as S. cali- 
fornicum Oldroyd . 



[ORGANIZATION NATICIDAE] 191 

[ORGANIZATION Subjainily NATICINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Natica Scopoli] 1777 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Naticarius Dumeril] 1806 

[LOCATION Natica] canrena [MISC Linne Colorful] [LOCATION Atlantic Natica] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5I 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in length , glossy-smooth , except for weak wrinkles near 
the suture . Color pattern variable; sometimes with axial , wavy , brown lines 
and with 4 spiral rows of arrow-shaped or squarish brown spots . Umbilicus 
and its large round , internal callus white . Exterior of hard operculum with 
about 10 spiral grooves . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] in eastern Florida; common in the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] . 

[LOCATION Natica] livida [PERSON Pfeiffer Livid Natica] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22-0 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Caribbean] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% inch in length , glossy-smooth , exterior lead-gray with vague , spiral , 
darker-gray bands . Aperture and columella brown; callus which almost fills 
the umbilicus characteristically dark to light chocolate-brown . Moderately 
common on intertidal sand flats . Do not confuse with [ORGANIZATION Folinices] duplicatus , 
which is much flatter and has a corneous operculum , but which also has a 
brown to purplish brown callus . 

[PERSON Subgenus Cryptonatica] Dall 1892 
[LOCATION Natica] clausa Broderip and [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Arctic Natica] 

[MISC Figure 43b] 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . [LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to off southern Cali- 
fornia . 

I to I % inches , in length , fairly thin , smooth , yellow-white , with a 
smooth , gray to yellowish-brown periostracum . Umbilicus sealed over by a 
small , flat callus . [PERSON Operculum] , calcareous , thin , slightly concave , smooth , 
white and paucispiral . Commonly dredged in moderately deep water , and 
occasionally found intertidal north of [LOCATION Massachusetts] . The sand-collar egg- 
case has smooth edges , and has a pimpled surface caused by the small com- 
partments of young . 

[LOCATION Natica] pusilla Say Southern Miniature [LOCATION Natica] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22 ) 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to [LOCATION Va] inch in length , glossy-smooth , similar to clausa , but more ovate , 
often with a small , open chink next to the umbilical callus , and is a much 



192 [ORGANIZATION Avierican Seashells] 

smaller shell . Nucleus of operculum often stained with brown . Color white , 
but often with weak , light-brown color markings . Commonly dredged in 
shallow water to 1 8 fathoms . 

Super jamily TONNAGE A 

[ORGANIZATION Family CASSIDIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Sconsia Gray] 1847 

[LOCATION Sconsia] striata [PERSON Lamarck Royal Bonnet] 



[LOCATION Southeast Florida] to off [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9h 



1/4 to 2% inches in height . [ORGANIZATION Shell] hard , polished , often with numerous 
fine , spiral incised lines . Usually two old varices are present . Rare , but re- 
cently being brought in by shrimp trawlers in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . A choice 
deep-water species . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Morum Roding] 1798 

Moru77t oniscus Linne [LOCATION Atlantic Wood-louse] 

Plate 25s 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in height . Whorls with 3 spiral rows of rather prominent 
bulbous low tubercles . [PERSON Parietal] wall glazed over and ingrained with numer- 
ous white dots which are developed into minutely raised pustules . Color 
( with thin , velvety , gray periostracum removed ) whitish with specklings or 
mottlings of brown or black-brown . [PERSON Nucleus] papilliform , white or pink . 
[ORGANIZATION Operculum] very small , corneous , and with its nucleus on the side . Nocturnal . 
Just below low-tide mark under coral slabs . 

[PERSON Genus Vhaliwn Link] 1807 

These are miniature helmet shells which rarely exceed a length of 5 
inches . The Scotch Bonnet of [LOCATION Florida] ( [PERSON Phaliiim grajiulatwn] ) is well-known 
to most collectors . This genus differs from Cassis in having much smaller 
shells which do not have an extended , upturned siphonal canal and do not 
develop a massive parietal shield . Typical Fhalium which has 4 or 5 tiny 
spines on the base of the outer lip ( as for example in the [MISC Indo-Pacific] geno- 
type , [PERSON P.] glaiicwn [ORGANIZATION Linne] ) is not represented in [MISC American] waters . Our two 
species belong to the [PERSON subgenus Seinicassis] which lacks these tiny spines . 
[PERSON Operculum] as in Cassis . 

Subgenus Semicassis Morch 1852 
Fhalium granulatum [PERSON Born Scotch Bonnet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 96 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION CASSIDIDAE] 193 

1% to 3 inches in length , with about 20 spiral grooves on the body 
whorl . Weak axial ribs sometimes present which make the shell coarsely 
beaded . [MISC Lower] parietal area pustulose . Outer lip may be greatly thickened 
occasionally . Not uncommonly washed ashore . It is also present on the 
west coast of [LOCATION Central America] as the subspecies centiqiiadrata [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes] . 
Formerly known as [ORGANIZATION Semicassis] abbreviata [PERSON Lamarck] and S. inflatum [PERSON Shaw] . 

Phalium cicatricosiim [PERSON Gmelin Smooth Scotch Bonnet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9f 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Bermuda] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] i 'V2 to 2 inches in length , similar to [PERSON P. granulatum] but without 
the spiral grooves; sometimes smaller specimens have nodules on the shoulder 
of the whorl . Rare in [LOCATION Florida] . [PERSON Meuschen] named this shell first , but his 
works are now ruled out as invalid . The nodulated , smaller variety was 
named peristephes Pilsbry and [PERSON McGinty] . 

Genus Cassis Scopoli 1777 

The helmet shells are large , handsome mollusks which have been used 
by man for centuries . Large numbers of cameos are still cut from them , 
the meat is often used in chowders , and the uncut shells serve as attractive 
doorstops or mantel-pieces . In the [LOCATION Pacific] , they are sliced in half and the 
body whorl used either as a cooking container or boat-bailer . The half dozen 
known species are found only in the [LOCATION West Indies] and [MISC Indo-Pacific] area . They 
live in moderately deep water and although sometimes are obtained in knee- 
deep waters , they usually must be dived for in 10 to 20 feet of water . The 
helmet shells are carnivorous and include the spiny sea urchins in their diet . 
Operculum semicircular , corneous and concentric . 

Cassis tuberosa [ORGANIZATION Linne King Helmet] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Adults 4 to 9 inches in length , massive , with a finely reticulated sculp- 
ture . Color brownish cream with black-brown patches on the lip and a 
large patch of brown at the center of the parietal shield . This species may 
be easily confused with the Flame Helmet ( Cassis fiaminea [ORGANIZATION Linne] ) which 
occurs in the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Antilles] . The latter lacks the reticulated sculpture , 
lacks brown color between the teeth on the outer lip , has a rounded ( not 
triangular ) parietal shield and is from 3 to 5 inches in length . Rare in [LOCATION Florida] 
( 10 fathoms ) , common to the south in shallow water . 

[PERSON Cassis] 7nadagascariensis [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Emperor Helmet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23V 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] . 



194 [MISC American Seashells] 

Adults 4 to 9 inches in length , massive . Three spiral rows of large blunt 
spines; the topmost spine of the first row generally the [ORGANIZATION largest . Color] pale- 
cream on the outer surface . Parietal shield and outer lip pale- to deep-salmon . 
Teeth white , brown sometimes between them . Moderately common from 
5 to 10 fathoms in the [LOCATION Bahamas] . Very rare in [LOCATION Florida] where it is replaced 
by the [PERSON Clench] 's Helmet , the subspecies spinella [PERSON Clench] . 

Cassis madagascariensis spinella [PERSON Clench Clench] 's Helmet 

Off [LOCATION Beaufort] , [LOCATION North Carolina] ( fossil ? ) , and the [LOCATION Florida Keys] . 

Similar to the typical madagascariensis , but with numerous small , evenly 
sized spines , more noticeable on the top row . [PERSON Frank Lyman] has collected 
this novel form or subspecies by the dozen in 20 feet of water off the [LOCATION Florida] 
Keys . It is not a rarity and has been in old collections for many years . We 
have seen specimens labelled as coming from the [LOCATION Bimini Islands] , [LOCATION Bahamas] , 
but the record needs confirmation . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cypraecassis Stutchbury] 1837 
[MISC Cypraecassis] testiculus [ORGANIZATION Linne Reticulated] Cowrie-helmet 

Plate 9c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , [LOCATION Bermuda] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 3 inches in length . Body whorl closely sculptured by small , distinct , 
longitudinal ridges which are crossed by a dozen or so spiral grooves , thus 
producing a reticulated surface . The shoulder of the body whorl in a very 
few specimens may have pinched-up , low tubercles or ribs . It is only a 
form . Entire animal light brownish orange , with underside of foot smeared 
with darker shades of orange . No periostracum . No operculum . Eggs laid 
under small rocks in greenish-brown clusters of 100 or so , teardrop-shaped , 
translucent capsules . Reef inhabitant , below low-water level . 

[ORGANIZATION Family CYMATIIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Argobiiccinwn Bruguiere] 1792 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Fusitriton Cossmann] 1903 

[LOCATION Argobuccinu] ? / ! oregoveiisc [ORGANIZATION Redfield Oregon Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24g 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , about 6 whorls . Characterized by its fusiform 
shape , convex whorls , which each bear 16 to 18 axial ribs nodulated by the 
crossing of smaller spiral pairs of threads . The epidermis is heavy , spiculose , 
bristle-like and gray-brown . Aperture and siphonal canal interiors are 



CYMATIIDAE 195 

enamel-white . [PERSON Enamel] , single tooth on parietal wall near the top of the aper- 
ture . Operculum chitinous , thick , brown . A common offshore species in 
its northern range . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cymatium Roding] 1798 
[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Cymatiufn] s. str . 

Cymatium femorale [ORGANIZATION Linne Angular Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5d 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 7 inches in length , with 2 or 3 former varices; outer lip flaring , 
thickened into a noduled varLx which is drawn up to a point posteriorly . 
[PERSON Columella] with i small fold and above it sometimes several much smaller 
ones . Color varies from brownish to reddish orange . Not uncommon in the 
[LOCATION West Indies] in shallow water among eel-grass . 

Subgenus La ? npusia [PERSON Schumacher] 1817 
Cymatium martinianum [ORGANIZATION Orbigny Atlantic Hairy Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9I 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1% to 3 inches in length; old varices strong , beaded , and spaced % of 
a whorl apart . Spiral sculpture of a dozen or so squarish , irregularly sized , 
weakly beaded cords . Aperture orange-brown with the [LOCATION parietal area] dark- 
brown between the white teeth . Periostracum very thick , matted , light- 
brown . The embryonic shell is about 4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , glossy-brown , with 
a flaring lip which has a small stromboid notch . Dissentoma prima [PERSON Pilsbry] 
1 945 is this species . [PERSON C.] velei [PERSON Calkins] is also a synonym . [PERSON C.] aquatile [PERSON Reeve] and 
[PERSON C.] pileare [PERSON Linne] are names applied to [MISC Indo-Pacific] forms , and not this species . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . 

Do not confuse with [PERSON C. chlorostomum] which has just inside its outer lip 
a series of single , rather large , whitish teeth , instead of smaller , paired , 
yellowish brown teeth . 

Cymatium gracile [ORGANIZATION Reeve Dwarf Hairy Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2511 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length , with only one or no former varix . Whorls squarish 
at the shoulder where there are 2 spiral rows of prominent beads . The last 
whorl has only i row of about 6 to 8 rather large tubercles in addition to 
spiral and axial threads . Siphonal canal moderately long , slender . Color 
whitish with i or 2 orange-brown bars on the varix . Periostracum rather 
thick , gray-brown . [PERSON Uncommon] below low-water line . 



196 [ORGANIZATION Afiierican Seashells] 

Cymatiu77t chlorostomwn [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Gold-mouthed Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25q 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% to 2% inches in length; coarsely corrugated by spiral , noduled cords; 
varices spaced 73 of a whorl apart . [ORGANIZATION Shell] ash-gray with brown flecks and 
characterized by an orange mouth with white teeth . A common [MISC West Indian] 
species which is also abundant in the [MISC Indo-Pacific] . See differentiating re- 
marks under [PERSON C.] martinianum . 

[PERSON Subgenus Tritoniscus] Dall 1904 
Cymatium labiosum [ORGANIZATION Wood Lip Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25m 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] % inch in length , much like [LOCATION Cyinatiwn] gracile , but heavier , with 
a much shorter siphonal canal , slightly umbilicated , and with strong spiral 
cords on the base of the shell . Uncommon in intertidal reef areas . 

Subgenus Gutturnium Morch 1852 
[ORGANIZATION CymatiuTn muricinum Roding] Knobbed [ORGANIZATION Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 251 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

I to 2 inches in length; characterized by a thickened cream parietal 
shield and a long , bent back siphonal canal . Color ash-gray , sometimes dark- 
brown with a narrow cream , spiral band . Not uncommon in intertidal 
reef areas . Interior of aperture brownish red to yellowish white . [PERSON C.] tube- 
[PERSON rosum Lamarck] is a later name for this species . 

[PERSON Subgenus Ranularia Schumacher] 181 7 
Cymatium cynocephahwi [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Dog-head Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9J 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1V2 to 2^ inches in length; with globular whorls which are squarish 
at the shoulder . Siphonal canal long and slender . Usually with only one 
former varix . Apical whorls cancellate; last whorl with slightly noduled , 
spiral cords . [PERSON Parietal] wall with an oval splotch of dark-brown , over which 
run light-orange spiral cords . [PERSON Uncommon] in [LOCATION Florida] . The subgenus Tri- 
tonocauda [LOCATION Dall] 1904 is the same as [LOCATION Ranularia] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Distorsio Roding] 1798 
Distorsio clathrata [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Atlantic Distorsio] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2533 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 



[ORGANIZATION BURSIDAE] 197 

% to 2^2 inches in length; whorls distorted , aperture with grotesque 
arrangement of the teeth; siphonal canal twisted . Whorls with coarse retic- 
ulate pattern . Parietal shield glossy , reticulated with raised threads , colored 
white to brownish white . Differs from constricta mcgintyi in having a less 
distorted body whorl which is more evenly rounded and more evenly knobbed 
or reticulated . The parietal wall is generally reticulated instead of pustuled . 
[PERSON Dredged] from 5 to 65 fathoms . Frequently brought in by shrimp fisherman . 

Distorsio constricta mcgintyi [PERSON Emerson] and Puffer 1953 [PERSON McGinty] 's Distorsio 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 52 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

I to 2 inches in length , very close to clatbrata , but the body whorl is 
very distorted , bulging and with cruder nodules . The upper and inner corner 
of the aperture usually has only one small , short , white tooth , while in cla- 
tbrata there are usually 2 fairly large , longer , obliquely set teeth . The lower 
parietal wall has a deep , smooth , wide groove separating the two axial rows 
of teeth . Commonly dredged from 25 to 125 fathoms . Formerly called [PERSON D.] 
[PERSON -ftoridana Olsson] and [ORGANIZATION AlcGinty] 1951 ( not [PERSON floridana Gardner] 1947 ) . Typical 
constricta Broderip is from the [ORGANIZATION Eastern Pacific] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Charonia Gistel] 1848 
[PERSON Charojiia] tritonis nobilis [ORGANIZATION Conrad Trumpet Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 5f 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Adults I to I % feet in length . The early whorls are purplish pink . In old 
specimens these are usually lost . Adults usually have a swollen , angular 
shoulder on the last whorl , a feature which distinguishes our [LOCATION Atlantic] sub- 
species from the typical tritonis [PERSON Linne] of the [MISC Indo-Pacific] area . [PERSON C.] atlantica 
[PERSON Bowdich] is a synonym of the [LOCATION Pacific] subspecies , despite the name . Rare in 
Florida; moderately common in the [LOCATION West Indies] below low water . 

[ORGANIZATION Family BURSIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Bursa Roding] 1798 ( [PERSON = Ranella] ) 

[LOCATION Subgrenus Bursa] s. str . 



'& 



[LOCATION Bursa] thomae Orbigny St [PERSON Thomas Frog-shell] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 to I inch in length . Characterized by the varices being placed axially 
one below the other and by the dehcate lavender aperture . Rare in moder- 
ately shallow water . The posterior siphonal canal is prominent and not 
attached to the body whorl . 



198 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Tutufa Jousseaume] 1881 
[LOCATION Bursa] tenuisculpta [PERSON Dautz] . and [PERSON Fischer] Fine-sculptured [MISC Frog-shell] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length; with 5 to 7 spiral rows of numerous , evenly 
sized beads . Old varices spaced % of a whorl apart so that the varices do 
not line up under each other . Color dull ash-gray . Dredged on rare oc- 
casions . 

[PERSON Subgenus Colubrellina Fischer] 1884 

[LOCATION Bursa] corrugata [PERSON Perry Gaudy Frog-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9k 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Ecuador] . 

2 to 3 inches in length; flattened laterally; with 2 prominent , knobbed 
varices on each whorl . Just in front of each varix there is a sharp frill . There 
are generally i or 2 rows of blunt nodules on the whorls . This is a rare species 
in the [LOCATION Atlantic] , but more frequently encountered on the west coast of [LOCATION Cen-] 
tral [LOCATION America] . Alias caelata Broderip , ponder [PERSON osa Reeve] and [PERSON louisa M. Smith] . 

[LOCATION Bursa] gra ? 2ularis Roding [PERSON Granular Frog-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25-0 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to 2 inches in length , flattened laterally . [PERSON Varices] axially placed one 
below the other . Color orange-brown with 3 narrow , white bands which 
appear as prominent white squares on the varices . Spiral sculpture of several 
rows of small beads , those on the periphery of the whorl having the largest 
beads . Teeth in aperture white . Uncommon . Alias cubajiiana Orbigny and 
affinis [PERSON Broderip] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Bujonaria Schumacher] 18 17 
[LOCATION Bursa] spadicea [ORGANIZATION Montfort Chestnut Frog-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 5P 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

I to 2 inches in length , flattened laterally; with strong , rounded varices , 
2 on each whorl and lined up axially one under the other . Surface covered 
with spiral rows of numerous , small beads . Posterior siphon has one wall 
next to the body whorl . Color yellowish with diff^used markings of orange- 
brown . Rare . Dredged off [LOCATION Florida] in moderately deep water . Alias B. crassa 
[PERSON Dillwyn] . 



[ORGANIZATION TONNIDAE] 199 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Crossata Jousseaume] 1881 
[LOCATION Bursa] califorfiica [MISC Hinds Californian] [PERSON Frog-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2or 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , moderately heavy , tan-cream in color and with 
about 6 whorls , each of which has 2 varices , one opposite the other . The 
last varix has 4 to 5 large nodules; in the spire only one nodule shows . Be- 
tween the varices there are 2 stout spines . [PERSON White] aperture with a posterior 
canal almost the size of the anterior ( siphonal ) canal . Lip crenulate . Com- 
mon offshore , occasionally washed ashore . A scavenger . 

[ORGANIZATION Family TONNIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Torma Briinnich] 1772 

[LOCATION Toiina] maculosa [ORGANIZATION Dillwyn Atlantic Partridge Tun] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] gd 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 5 inches in length , thin but strong . Nuclear whorls golden-brown 
and glassy-smooth . Periostracum thin and usually flakes off in dried specimens . 
Do Hum album [PERSON Conrad] is only an albino form . [PERSON Tonna] perdix [PERSON Linne] is not 
this species , but an Indo-Pacific shell which has a more pointed spire , clearer 
squares of color and fewer spiral ribs . Our species is fairly common , espe- 
cially in the [LOCATION West Indies] . Adults do not have an operculum in this genus . 

[LOCATION Tonna] galea [ORGANIZATION Linne Giant Tun] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2^{ 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

5 to 7 inches in length , thin but rather strong , although the lip is easily 
broken . Ground color whitish to light coffee-brown , sometimes slightly 
mottled . With 19 to 21 broad , flatfish ribs . This species also occurs in the 
[MISC Mediterranean] and the [MISC Indo-Pacific] . The subspecies , [PERSON brasiliana Morch] , known 
only from [LOCATION Brazil] , has a pushed-down , [PERSON flattish] spire . Not uncommon below 
low water . 

Genus Eudolium Dall 1889 
[PERSON Eudoliu7n] crosseanum [LOCATION Monterosato Crosse] 's [PERSON Tun] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 3g 

Ofl^ [LOCATION New Jersey] to the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

2 to 3/4 inches in length , moderately thin-shelled , but strong . Each of 
the 6 whorls bears numerous , spiral ridges and fine threads . Nuclear whorls 



200 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

smooth , dark-brown . Outer lip turned back , slightly thickened and with its 
inner edge crenulated . Color white to light-cream , with the ridges straw- 
yellow . Periostracum thin and light yellowish brown . No operculum in 
adults . Uncommon from 96 to 300 fathoms . Very rare in private collections . 

[ORGANIZATION Family FICIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Ficus Roding] 1798 

[PERSON Ficus] communis [ORGANIZATION Roding Common Fig Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9 ! 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . The [LOCATION Bahamas] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , thin , rather fragile , and with spiral threads which 
are sometimes made reticulate by axial threads . Uncommon , except on the 
west coast of [LOCATION Florida] where it is washed ashore in great numbers . No oper- 
culum present . Formerly known as [LOCATION Pyrula] and [PERSON Ficus] papyratia Say , but the 
latter name is preceded by two earlier names , communis Roding 1798 and 
reticulata [PERSON Lamarck] 1816 ( as well as 1822 ) . 

[PERSON Carol] 's [PERSON Fig Shell] ( named after Mrs . [PERSON Richard W. Foster] ) , [PERSON Ficus] carolae 
[PERSON Clench] , is very rare , and is irregularly spotted with reddish brown on the 
inside of the shell . It was first discovered by Mr [PERSON Leo L. Burry] of [LOCATION Sarasota] off 
[LOCATION Key Largo] , [LOCATION Florida] , in 100 fathoms . 

Order [ORGANIZATION NEOGASTROPODA] 
[ORGANIZATION Superjamily MURICACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 

Subfa7mly [LOCATION RAPANINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Forreria Jousseaume] 1880 

[LOCATION Forreria] belcheri [ORGANIZATION Hinds Giant Forreria] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24 ) 

[LOCATION Morro Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3 to 6 inches in length , solid , smoothish , cream-brown; surface with 
10 prominent , pointed , scale-like spines on the shoulder of each whorl . These 
are the tops of the varices which flatten out and are welded closely to the 
lower part of the whorl . Former siphonal canals prominent to the left of 
a narrow , not deep umbilicus . Interior enamel-white . [ORGANIZATION Common] in intertidal 
areas near oyster bars . Also down to 15 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Austrotrophon] Dall 1902 
[ORGANIZATION Forreria cerrosensis] cerrosensis [LOCATION Dall Cerros Forreria] 



Off southern Lower [LOCATION California] . 



Figure 44a , [ORGANIZATION b] 



[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 



201 



3 inches in length , with a rather long siphonal canal , and bearing 8 long 
axial ribs ( or former varices ) which are blade-like and are curled into long 
upswept , large spines . With or without small , low , spiral threads which may 
be more pronounced on the last whorl . Color yellowish to brownish white . 
Sometimes with subdued , wide brown lines . The form pinnata [LOCATION Dall] is a 
smaller , 8 to 9 ribbed , spirally threaded variant from the same region . Un- 
common from 21 to 74 fathoms . 




Figure 44. a and b , [LOCATION Forreria] cerroscusis [LOCATION Dall] and , c and d , its subspecies , cataVmen- 
[PERSON sis Oldrovd] , from [LOCATION California] . Reduced y_> . 



[ORGANIZATION Forreria cerrosensis] catalmensis Oldroyd 
[MISC Southern] third of [LOCATION California] . 



[PERSON Catalina Forreria] 

Figure 44c , d 



2 to 3 inches in length , similar to the typical cerrosensis , but with 7 ribs , 
sturdier shell , with less development of the blade-like ribs , and often with 
more brownish coloration . Formerly thought to be [MISC Boreotrophon] triangu- 
laris Cpr . Moderately common offshore , sometimes cast ashore . 



Subfainily [ORGANIZATION MURICINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Miirex Linne] 1758 

Subgenus Murex s. str . 

Murex cabriti [PERSON Bernardi] 

[LOCATION South] % of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 



Cabrit 's [ORGANIZATION Murex] 

Plate I oh 



202 [ORGANIZATION Ainerican Seashells] 

I to 3 inches in length . The long , slender siphonal canal bears 3 rows of 
long and slender spines . Color drab-white , sometimes a pale yellowish pink 
between the varices . Each varix has 3 to 4 sharp , long spines . [PERSON Uncommonly] 
dredged in moderately deep water . Considered a collector 's item . Do not 
confuse with the less rare Murex tryoni [PERSON Hidalgo] of southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the 
[LOCATION West Indies] , which is much the same except that it lacks spines all down the 
siphonal canal and is almost smooth between the varices . Compare also with 
the next species which is common . 

[ORGANIZATION Murex] recurvirostris rubidus [PERSON F. C. Baker Rose Murex] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 

1 to 2 inches in length . Siphonal canal rather long and slender , and with 
3 pairs of short prickly spines near the top . The knobby varices may have 
a short spine at the top . Between the varices are 3 low knobby ribs , 2 of 
which are larger than the third . Color variable : cream , pink , orange or red . 
A spiral band of darker color is found in some specimens . It lives in shallow , 
sandy areas and is commonly washed ashore . Alias inessorhis Sby . , anniae [PERSON M.] 
[PERSON Smith] , delicatus [PERSON M. Smith] and citrinus [PERSON M. Smith] . 

True recurvirostris Broderip is found in the [LOCATION Eastern Pacific] . M. recur- 
virostris sallasi Rehder and [PERSON Abbott] from the [LOCATION Yucatan] , [LOCATION Mexico] , area has 3 
equal-sized , finely beaded ribs between each varix , is brightly colored with 
shell-pink and occasionally has fine spiral lines of brown . 

[ORGANIZATION Murex] beaui [PERSON Fischer] and [PERSON Bernardi Beau] 's [ORGANIZATION Murex] 

Plate lod 

[LOCATION South Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 5 inches in length . The spiny varices usually have prominent , thin , 
wavy webs . Between the varices there are 5 or 6 rows of low , evenly sized 
and evenly spaced knobs . Color cream to pale brownish . Uncommon off- 
shore . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Hexaplex Perry] 1 8 1 1 
Section . ? hyllonotus Swainson 1833 

[PERSON Murex] pomum [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Apple Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lol 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4^/2 inches in length . [PERSON Sturdy] with a rough surface . No long spines . 
Colored dark-brown to yellowish tan . Aperture glossy , ivory , buff , yellow or 
orangish with a dark-brown spot on the upper end of the parietal wall . 



[ORGANIZATION MU RIGID AE] 203 

Outer lip crenulate and with 3 or 4 daubs of dark-brown . A very common 
shallow water species . 

Section [PERSON Muricanthus Swainson] 1840 
[ORGANIZATION Murex] fuhescens [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Giant Eastern Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lob 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

5 to 7 inches in length . Characterized by the large shell , and the strong , 
straight , rather short spines . Exterior milky-white to dirty-gray . [PERSON Aperture] 
enamel white . Thin spiral color lines are usually prominent on the whorls . 
Fairly common along the shallow areas of northeastern [LOCATION Florida] where they 
are found abundantly during the breeding season . Well-known to the shrimp 
fishermen whose nets often ensnare them . Murex burryi Clench and Far- 
fante is probably the young of this species . 

Section [PERSON Murexiella Clench] and [PERSON Farfante] 1945 
[PERSON Murex] hidalgoi [PERSON Crosse Hidalgo] 's [ORGANIZATION Murex] 

Figure 45a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length . [PERSON Spines] frondose and long , with webbing in 
between which is exquisitely sculptured with scale-like lamellations . Color 
grayish white to cream . This is probably the rarest of our eastern [ORGANIZATION Murex] 
species . Recently , one specimen was dredged oif northeast [LOCATION Florida] in a few 
fathoms of water . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Chicoreus Montfort] 18 10 
[ORGANIZATION Murex] brevifrons [MISC Lamarck West Indian] [PERSON Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] loa 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 6 inches in length . Numerous , stout , fairly long spines on the 
varices which arch backwards and bear sharp fronds . Raised , spiral lines 
prominent between the varices . Color variable from cream to dark-brown . 
[ORGANIZATION Uncommon] in the [LOCATION Lower Keys] , but fairly common to abundant in the [LOCATION West] 
Indies . [PERSON Percy Morris] ( 1951, pi . 14, fig . i ) labels this species as [ORGANIZATION Murex] 
fiorifer . 

[PERSON Murex] fiorifer [PERSON Reeve Lace Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate loe] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 3 inches in length . Aperture small , nearly round . 8 to 10 crowded . 



204 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



frondose , scaly spines bordering the outer lip and siphonal canal . Top spine 
sometimes twice as long as the others . Color dark-brown , light-brown , or 
whitish and , in the latter case , the nuclear whorls at the spire are pinkish . 
Usually I axial low ridge between each varix , although occasionally with 
more and smaller axial ribs . 

The Lace Murex is one of [LOCATION Florida] 's most common species in this genus . 
It lives in a wide variety of habitats from mangrove , muddy areas to protected 
rocks and frequently in clear , sandy areas . The ecological variety , which 
is whitish and with reduced spines , was named arenarius by [PERSON Clench] and 
[PERSON Farfante] . This species differs from the 4 to 5 inch-long [PERSON M. brevifrons] in 
being smaller , in having closely crowded scaly spines , and in having a round 
instead of elongate operculum . For many years this species was called [PERSON rufus] 
[PERSON Lamarck] 1822 ( not [PERSON rufus Montagu] 1803 ) . 




Figure 45. a , [LOCATION Murex {Miirexiella] ) [PERSON hidalgoi Crosse] ( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) ; b , [PERSON A/z/r] ex ( [PERSON Favartia] ) 
[PERSON celhdosiis Conrad] ( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) ; c , [PERSON Mzirex] ( [PERSON Pterynottis] ) trialattis Shy . , form carpenteri 
[LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) ; d , [ORGANIZATION Murex {Maxnjoellia] ) santarosmm [LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) . All reduced %. 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Favartia Jousseaume] 1880 
Murex cellulosus [PERSON Conrad Pitted] [PERSON Murex] 

[MISC Figure 45b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] rough , with 5 to 7 poorly developed fluted varices . 
It rarely develops spines , but when present they are short and stubby with 
a thin webbing connecting each spine in the varix . The siphonal canal 
strongly upturned . Aperture small , almost round . Color a dull grayish white . 

This is one of the smallest and most compact species of [ORGANIZATION Murex] on the 
[LOCATION Atlantic Coast] and is often found in shallow , intertidal waters , especially near 
oyster beds where it probably does moderate damage to young oysters . Its 
identification is made difficult when the siphonal canal has been broken off 



[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 205 

completely . A deep water form , [PERSON M. celhilosiis] levimilus [LOCATION Dall] ( pi . 25J ) , of 
more delicate sculpturing and with brown markings , is found off the coast 
of [LOCATION North Carolina] and eastern [LOCATION Florida] . An inch-long , chubby subspecies , 
[PERSON nuceus Morch] ( pi . 251 ) , with a shorter and wider siphonal canal and heavily 
scaled varices , occurs in the [LOCATION West Indies] but has been collected by [PERSON Dr J. S.] 
[PERSON Schwengel] on Tea Table Key , [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] , and off [PERSON Fort Walton] 
by Mr [PERSON L. A. Burry] , 



[PERSON Subgenus Pterynotus Swainson] 1833 
Section [ORGANIZATION Pteropurpura Jousseaume] 1880 

[ORGANIZATION Murex] bequaerti Clench and [PERSON Farfante Bequaert] 's [ORGANIZATION Murex] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] south to Key W 'est . 

1 to 2% inches in length . [MISC Spire] high . No spines . Each varix is a high , 
rounded , thin plate or web . Between these varical webs there is a single , 
low , rounded nob . Color a uniform cream-white . A bizarre species which 
is the least spinose of our [MISC American] forms . It is being collected in dredging 
operations along the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] in increasing numbers , although it 
remains a rarity . It was named after one of our foremost malacologists at 
[ORGANIZATION Harvard University] , Dr [PERSON Joseph C. Bequaert] . [LOCATION Dall] identified this species as 
[ORGANIZATION Murex] macropterus Desh . 

[ORGANIZATION Murex] trialatus Sowerby Western Three-winged [ORGANIZATION Murex] 

Figure 45c 

[LOCATION Northern California] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , with 3 large , wavy , wing-like varices per whorl . 
Siphonal canal closed along its length . The body whorl between each varix 
is smoothish , with or without one low , rounded tubercle , and sometimes with 
2 to 5 weak , spiral cords or threads . Anterior face of each varix with fine , 
crowded , axial fimbriations . Color grayish , dark- or light-brown , or with 
white spiral bands . 

Typical trialatus from southern [LOCATION California] and [LOCATION Lower California] reaches 
a length of 3 inches , is generally dark chestnut to [PERSON blackish] brown with 4 to 6 
narrow white bands , and has very fine spiral threads which are sometimes 
scaled , beaded or smooth . 

The subspecies carpenter ! Dall ( fig . 45c ) — tremperi [LOCATION Dall] and petri Dall 
are ecological forms or color varieties , as is the all-white [PERSON alba Berry] — has 
larger wings which are smooth on the posterior face . The color is generally 
light yellowish brown , all-white or with 2 wide white bands . [ORGANIZATION Common] off- 
shore . 



206 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON M. erinaceoides] rhyssus [LOCATION Dall] is similar to trialatiis , but with scaly fim- 
briations all over , sometimes with numerous , rather strong spiral cords , and 
grayish white in color . [LOCATION Southern CaHfornia] , south . Uncommon offshore . 

[PERSON Subgenus Maxwellia Baily] 1950 
[PERSON Murex] gejimm [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Gem Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 246 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION CaHfornia] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I % inches in length , moderately high-spired , with 6 varices per 
whorl . The varices are swollen , [PERSON roundish] and smooth and connect with each 
other in the middle area of the whorl , but in the area of the suture , and again 
near the base of the shell , the varix is thin , elevated and curled back and may 
bear one or several small spines . There are several spiral low cords colored 
blackish blue which are more obvious on the middle or smoother part of the 
whorl . The spire appears to have squarish pits crudely dug out . Very com- 
mon along rocky areas under protective rubble and masses of worm tubes . 

[ORGANIZATION Murex santarosana] Dall [ORGANIZATION Santa Rosa Murex] 

Figure 45d 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara Islands] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I /4 inches in length , spire low , and with 6 curled-back , spined varices per 
whorl . Anterior surface of varices strongly fimbriated . Narrow intervarical 
space smooth . Color brownish white . Uncommon to rare on gravel bottom 
just offshore to 30 fathoms . Do not confuse with the common gemma . 

[PERSON Murex] festivus [ORGANIZATION Hinds Festive Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24I 

[LOCATION Morro Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I /4 to 2 inches in length , spire high , 3 varices per whorl . Color brownish 
cream with numerous fine , dark spiral lines . [PERSON V^arix] , with its thin , fimbriated 
surface , curled backwards . One very large , rounded nodule between varices . 
Very common on rocks or mud flats and down to 75 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Boreotrophon Fischer] 1884 
[PERSON Boreotropho7i] clathratus [ORGANIZATION Linne Clathrate Trophon] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Maine] . 

I to 2 inches in length , with rounded whorls , slightly flaring lip , and 
numerous axial , foliated ribs . Chalk-white in color . There are several forms 



1 



[ORGANIZATION MU RIGID AE] 



207 



described , and we have figured the subspecies scalariformis [PERSON Gould] , commonly 
dredged in the [MISC Grand Banks] . 



Handsome Trophon 

Figure /\6d 



[LOCATION Boreotrophon] scitulus [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1% inches in length , rather fragile , pure-white in color , with a 
rather long siphonal canal . Characterized by 5 or 6 spiral rows of long , deli- 
cate , anteriorly hollowed spines . In the spire only two rows show . Oper- 
culum thin , light-brown , [PERSON chitinous] , ungulate . Rare , 50 to 250 fathoms . 



r , ( . , \\M 'vi# 




Figure 46. Pacific Coast Trophons . a , [PERSON Boreotrophon] dalli Kobelt; b , [PERSON B.] triangiila- 

tus Cpr . ; c , [PERSON B.] iniilticostatiis [PERSON Esch] . ; d , [PERSON B.] scitulus Dall; e , [PERSON B.] orpheiis Gould; f , 

[PERSON B.] pacificus [LOCATION Dall] . All about natural size . 

[PERSON Boreotrophon] miilticostatiis [ORGANIZATION Eschscholtz Many-ribbed Trophon] 

Figure 46c 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . [LOCATION Northern Japan] . 

I to i^ inches in length , short canal , deep suture , 5 or 6 whorls are 
shouldered above . Characterized by the flaring thin lip , brownish aperture , 
8 to 10 lamella-like ribs per whorl , and weak microscopic spiral threads . 
Moderately common; littoral in [LOCATION Alaska] , 10 to 30 fathoms in Puget Sound . 



[PERSON Stuart] 's [PERSON Trophon] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24 ) 



[PERSON Boreotrophon] stiiarti [PERSON E. A. Smith] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 inches in length , waxy texture , pure-white to yellow-cream , with 9 
to 1 1 strong , [PERSON lamella-like] , high-shoulder ribs per each of the 7 whorls . [PERSON Whorls] 
in spire cancellated by the 2- or 3 -spiral raised cords . Body whorl with 5 
very weak spiral rounded threads . B. s ? mthi [LOCATION Dall] is the same . Uncommon 
from low tide ( in [LOCATION Alaska] ) to 25 fathoms . 



208 [ORGANIZATION Auierican Seashelh] 

[PERSON Boreotrophon] pacificus Dall [ORGANIZATION Northwest Pacific Trophon] 

[MISC Figure 46f] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to off [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to I inch in length , similar to multicostatiis , with the spire % the 
length of the shell , canal twice as long , with 12 to 14 ribs which are shoul- 
dered further below the suture . Suture slightly indented . Fairly common at 
low tide in [LOCATION Alaska] . Occurs in very deep water farther south . 

[PERSON Boreotrophon] dalli Kobelt [LOCATION Dall] 's [PERSON Trophon] 

Figure 46a 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Fuca Strait] , [LOCATION Washington] 

2 inches in length , spire /4 and canal nearly 34 the length of the shell . 
5 whorls globose , crowned at the shoulder with 12 to 20 short spines per 
whorl . The ribs over the whorl are moderately to obsoletely developed . 
Rare in about 30 to 50 fathoms . 

[PERSON Boreotrophon] triangulatus [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Triangular Trophon] 

[MISC Figure 46b] 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

Nearly i inch in length , 7 whorls , with 8 delicate axial ribs which bear 
rather short erect protuberances on the shoulder . Nuclear whorl smooth , 
followed by squarish whorls which bear ribs from suture to suture , and which 
are smooth in between . Siphonal canal rather short . [PERSON Grayish] white with 
enamel-white aperture . [PERSON B.] peregrimis [LOCATION Dall] is the same . Formerly confused 
with [ORGANIZATION Forreria] ( [LOCATION Austrotrophon] ) cerrosensis cerrosensis and its form , p 'mnatiis 
[LOCATION Dall] , and its subspecies catal 'mensis Oldroyd . The latter group has longer 
spines , longer siphonal canal and the ribs are only on the periphery of the 
early whorls . 

[LOCATION Boreotrophon] orpheus [PERSON Gould Orpheus Trophon] 

Figure 46e 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Redondo Beach] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to I inch in length , resembling pacificus but with a spire [PERSON Yi] the length 
of the shell , and with 3 strong , but small , spiral cords showing in the spire , 
but with about the same number and type of axial ribs . It resembles an im- 
mature stuarti , but has more and smaller ribs and its whorls are not so sharply 
shouldered on top nor so strongly cancellate in the spire . Moderately com- 
mon from 1 2 to 80 fathoms . 

Genus Trophonopsis Bucquoy , [PERSON Dautz] . and Dollfuss 1882 
Trophonopsis lastiis Dall [PERSON Sandpaper Trophon] 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 



209 



1% to 2 inches in length; spire half the length of the grayish white shell; 
6 whorls with numerous , indistinct to moderately well-developed , rounded 
ribs and more numerous , small , frequently scaled , spiral cords — all of which 
gives the shell a rough , sandpaper feel . [PERSON Whorls] in spire shouldered slightly . 
Aperture enamel-white . References in 1937 and earlier to [LOCATION Trophon] tejmi- 
sculptus [PERSON Carpenter] are this species . The true temiiscidptiis is an [ORGANIZATION Ocenebra] . 



[ORGANIZATION Hexagonal Murex] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 5h 



[PERSON Genus Muricopsis Bucquoy] , [PERSON Dautz] . and DoUfuss 1882 
[PERSON Muricopsis] hexagona [PERSON Lamarck] 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , elongate , heavy , with a high spire , and sharply 
spinose on each of the 7 axial ribs on each whorl . Exterior chalk-white or 
tinted with orange-brown . Aperture white . A moderately common reef 
species . The genus Muricidea Morch 1852, not [PERSON Swainson] 1840, is the same 
as this genus . 




Figure 47. Oyster Drills of the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] , a , [PERSON Eiipleiira] stimpsoni [PERSON Dall;] b , 
[PERSON Eiipleiira] caudata Say; c , [PERSON Eiipleiira] sidcidevtata Dall; d , [PERSON Urosalpinx] pernigata Con- 
rad; e , [PERSON Urosalpinx] chierea Say; f , [PERSON Pseiidoneptunea] vndtangida Philippi; g , [PERSON Muri-] 
copsis ostreanim Conrad . All about i inch in length . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 17 



[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. ANTILLEAN LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] antil- 

lariwi Sby . , i inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 106. 

[PERSON b. DWARF] SUCK-ON LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] 

leuco [PERSON pleura Gmelin] , V2 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 
and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 106. 

c. JAMAICA LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea ja^naicensis] 

[PERSON Gmelin] , V2 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 106. 

d. KNOBBY KEYHOLE LIMPET , [PERSON Fissurella] 

nodosa Born , i inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 100. 

e. ROSY KEYHOLE LIMPET , [PERSON Fissurella] 

[PERSON rosea Gmelin] , i inch ( east [LOCATION Florida] to 
[LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 100. 

[PERSON f. BARBADOS] KEYHOLE LIMPET , Fis- 

surella barbadensis [PERSON Gmelin] , i inch ( Flor- 
ida and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 100. 

[PERSON g. WOBBLY] KEYHOLE LIMPET , Fissu- 

rella fascicularis [PERSON Lam] . , i inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 10 1. 
[PERSON h. SOWERBY] 'S FLESHY LIMPET , [PERSON Luca^] 

pina sowerbii Sby . , V4 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to 

[LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 98. 
i. FILE FLESHY LIMPET , [PERSON Lucapinella] lima- 

[LOCATION tula Reeve] , V2 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 98. 
j. NORTHERN BLIND LIMPET , [PERSON Lepeta] 

caeca [PERSON Miiller] , Y^ inch ( [MISC Arctic] to [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts ) , p. 107. 
k. CANCELLATE FLESHY LIMPET , Lu- 

capina suffusa [PERSON Reeve] , i inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 98. 
1. [PERSON LISTER] 'S KEYHOLE LIMPET , [PERSON Diodora] 

[PERSON listeri Orb] . , 1V2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 96. 
[PERSON m. CAYENNE] KEYHOLE LIMPET , Dio- 
dora cayenensis [PERSON Lam] . , i inch ( [LOCATION Virginia] 

to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 96. 



[PERSON n. DYSON] 'S KEYHOLE LIMPET , [PERSON Diodora] 

[PERSON dysoni Reeve] , V2 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 97. 
[PERSON o. RUFFLED] [ORGANIZATION RIMULA] , [PERSON Emarginula] phrixo- 

des [LOCATION Dall] , y^ inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 94. 
[PERSON p. SMOOTH] [ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC TEGULA] , Te- 

gula fasciata Born , 14 inch ( southeast 

[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 118. 
q. GEM [LOCATION ARENE] , [ORGANIZATION Arene] gemina Tuom , and 

[PERSON Holm] . , Vs inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 122. 
[PERSON r. SHOULDERED] PHEASANT , [PERSON Tricolia] 

pulchella C. B. Ads . , Vs inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 127. 
s. VARIABLE ARENE , [PERSON Areite] variabilis 

[LOCATION Dall] , Va inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 123. 
t. NORTHERN ROSY [LOCATION MARGARITE] , 

Margarites costalis [PERSON Gould] , V& inch 

( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Massachusetts;] also [LOCATION Alaska] ) , 

p. 107. 
u. BAIRD 'S [LOCATION LIOTIA] , [PERSON Liotia] bairdi [LOCATION Dall] , % 

inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 121. 
[PERSON V. THREADED] [LOCATION VITRINELLA] , [PERSON Vitrinella] 

multistriata [PERSON Verrill] , Vs inch ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 138. 
[PERSON w. SCULPTURED TOP-SHELL] , [ORGANIZATION Calliostoma] 

euglyptum A. Ads . , V^ inch ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 112. 
X. LAMELLOSE [LOCATION SOLARELLE] , [PERSON Solariella] 

[PERSON lamellosa Verr] . and [PERSON Smith] , Vs inch 

( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 

no . 
y. SHORT-SPIRED TEINOSTOMA , [MISC Tei-] 

nostoDia cryptospira Verr . , 2 mm 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 139. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 18 
[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. KEYHOLE LIMPET , [PERSON Megathura] crenu- 

lata Sby . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Monterey] , Califor- 
nia , south ) , p. 99. 

b. ROUGH KEYHOLE LIMPET , [PERSON Diodora] 

aspera [PERSON Esch] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 97. 

[ORGANIZATION c. VOLCANO SHELL] , [PERSON Fissurella] volcano 

[PERSON Reeve] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , 
south ) , p. 100. 

[PERSON d. TWO-SPOTTED] KEYHOLE LIMPET , 

[PERSON Megatebennus] hiniacidatus [LOCATION Dall] , '^2 
inch ( entire coast ) , p. 99. 

[PERSON e. HARD-EDGED] KEYHOLE LIMPET , 

[LOCATION Liicapiriella] callomargijiata [LOCATION Dall] , 1 inch 
( [LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 99. 

f. FINGERED LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] digitalis 

[PERSON Esch] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 103. 

g. TEST 'S LIMPET , Acmaea conus Test , % 

inch ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , 
p. 102. 

h. [MISC WESTERN BANDED] [LOCATION TEGULA] , [PERSON Tegula] 
ligidata Menkc , % inch ( [LOCATION Monterey] , 
[LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 120. 

i. CARPENTER 'S [LOCATION DWARF TURBAN] , Ho- 

malopoma [PERSON carpenteri Pils] . , ^/;j inch 
( entire coast ) , p. 126. 

[ORGANIZATION j. GIANT OWL SHELL] , [PERSON Lottia] gigantea 
[PERSON Gray] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Crescent City] , Califor- 
nia , south ) , p. 101. 

[PERSON k. GILDED TEGULA] , [PERSON Tegula] anreotincta 
[PERSON Forbes] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Southern California] , 
south ) , p. 120. 

1. [PERSON ROUGH] LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] scabra [PERSON Gould] , 
1 inch ( [LOCATION Washington] to [LOCATION Lower Califor-] 
nia ) , p. 103. 

[PERSON m. NORRIS SHELL] , [LOCATION Norrisia] norrisi Sby . , [PERSON V/j] 
inches ( [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , south ) , 
p. 117. 



[PERSON n. SHIELD] LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] pelta [PERSON Esch] . , 
13^2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [ORGANIZATION Lower Califor-] 
nia ) , p. 102. 

o. FILE LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] limatula Cpr . , 1 [ORGANIZATION V^] 

inches ( [LOCATION Northern California] , south ) , 

p. 102. 
[PERSON p. WAVY TURBAN] , [PERSON Astraea nndosa Wood] , 

3 inches ( [LOCATION Ventura] , [LOCATION California] , south ) , 

p. 124. 

q. MASK LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] persona [PERSON Esch] . , 
Ij , ^ inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , Cali- 
fornia ) , p. 103. 

r. WHITE CAP LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea mitra] 
[PERSON Esch] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to off Lower Cali- 
fornia ) , p. 101. 

s. GRANULOSE TOP-SHELL , [ORGANIZATION Calliostoma] 
snpragranosum Cpr . , 3^2 inch ( [LOCATION Monterey] 
[LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 115. 

t. FENESTRATE LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] fenes- 
trata [PERSON Reeve] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] , south ) , 
p. 102. 

u. [LOCATION CALIFORNIAN LIOTIA] , [PERSON Liotia] fenes- 
trata Cpr . , % inch ( [LOCATION Monterey] , Califor- 
nia , south ) , p. 122. 

[PERSON V. SPECKLED TEGULA] , [PERSON Tegula] gallina 
[PERSON Forbes] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION San Francisco] , Califor- 
nia , south ) , p. 119. 

w. CRIBRARIA LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] fenestrata 
[PERSON cribraria Gould] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [MISC Ca-] 
[LOCATION lifornia] ) , p. 102. 

X. MONTEREY [ORGANIZATION TEGULA] , [PERSON Tegula] moulereyi 
[LOCATION Kiener] , [ORGANIZATION Ij^] inches ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 121. 

y. [ORGANIZATION DUSKY TEGULA] , [PERSON Tegula] pulligo [PERSON Gmelin] , 
1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] ) , p. 120. 

[PERSON z. SEAWEED] LIMPET . Ac7naea insessa 
[PERSON Hinds] , ^4 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [MISC Lower Cali-] 
fornia ) , p. 105. 

z.z. UNSTABLE LIMPET , [PERSON Acmaea] insiabilis 
[PERSON Gould] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 105. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. ANGULATE [LOCATION PERIWINKLE] , [PERSON Littonna] 

angulifern [PERSON Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 133. 

b. COMMON PERIWINKLE , [PERSON Littonna] lit- 

torea [PERSON L. ,] 1 inch ( [PERSON Labrador] to New 
[LOCATION Jersey; Europe] ) , p. 132. 

c. MARSH [LOCATION PERIWINKLE] , [PERSON Littonna irrorata] 

Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION New York] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 132. 

d. NORTHERN ROUGH [LOCATION PERIWINKLE] , 

[PERSON Littoriua] saxntilis Olivi , '2 inch ( [MISC Arctic] 
[LOCATION New Jersey] ) , p. 133. 

e. ZEBRA PERIWINKLE , [PERSON Littorina ziczac] 

[PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and 
south ) , p. 132. 

L NORTHERN YELLOW PERIWINKLE , 
[PERSON Littorina] obtnsata [PERSON Linne] . '2 inch 
( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION New Jersey] ) , p. 133. 

[PERSON g. BEADED] PERIWINKLE , [PERSON Tectarius] miiri- 
catus [PERSON Linne] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] , 
south ) , p. 134. 

h. FALSE [MISC PRICKLY-WINKLE] , [PERSON Ecliininus] 
nodulosus Pfr . , % inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] , 
south ) , p. 135. 

i. COMMON [MISC PRICKLY-WINKLE] , Nodilit- 
torina tuberculata Mke . , j^ inch ( Flo- 
[PERSON rida Keys] , south ) , p. 134. 

[PERSON j. SPOTTED] [LOCATION PERIWINKLE] , [PERSON Littorina] 
[PERSON rneleagris Pot] . and [LOCATION Mich] . , [PERSON V.s] incli 
( [LOCATION Florida Keys] , south ) . 

[PERSON k. DWARF BROWN] [LOCATION PERIWINKLE] , Litto- 
[PERSON rina] mespilhini Miihlfeld , y^ inch ( Flo- 
[PERSON rida Keys] , south ) , p. 133. 

1. [PERSON STOCKY] CERITH , [PERSON CeritJiium] literatum 
Born , I inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 154. 

[PERSON m. FLY-SPECKED] CERITH , Cerithium mus- 
caruni Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 154. 

n. [LOCATION FLORIDA] CERITH , Cerithium florida- 
num Morch , \ ] /^ inches ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 153. 



[PERSON o. DWARF] CERITH , [PERSON Cerithium] variabile 
[PERSON C. B. Adams] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] , 
south ) , p. 154. 

[PERSON p. MIDDLE-SPINED] CERITH , [PERSON Cerithium] 
[ORGANIZATION algicola] , [PERSON C. B. Adams] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 
and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 154. 

q. [LOCATION IVORY CERITH] , [PERSON Cerithium eburneum] 
[PERSON Brug] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 154. 

[PERSON r. VARIABLE BITTIUM] , Bittium variiim 
Pfr . , y^ inch ( [LOCATION Maryland] to [LOCATION Texas] and 
[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 155. 

s. FALSE CERITH , [PERSON Batillaria] minima Gme- 
lin , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
p. 153. 

t. PLICATE HORN SHELL , [PERSON Cerithidea] 
[PERSON pliculosa Menke] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to 
[LOCATION Texas] , south- , p. 152. 

u. COSTATE HORN SHELL , [PERSON Cerithidea] 
costata [ORGANIZATION Da Costa] , Ij inch ( [LOCATION West Florida] , 
south , p. 152. 

[PERSON V. GREEN] 'S MINIATURE CERITH , Ceri- 
thiopsis greeni [PERSON C. B. Adams] , ] 4, inch 
( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION West Indies] , p. 157. 

[PERSON w. AWL] MINIATURE CERITH , Cerithiop- 
sis subulata [LOCATION Montagu] , Y inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts to [LOCATION West Indies] , p. 157. 

X. LADDER HORN SHELL , [PERSON Cerithidea] 
scalarijormis Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION South] C; ro- 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 152. 

y. BLACK-LINED [LOCATION TRIFORA] , [PERSON Triphora] 
nigrocincta [PERSON C. B. Adams] , Y inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts , south ) , p. 159. 

[PERSON z. BEAUTIFUL] [LOCATION TRIFORA] , [PERSON Triphora] pul- 
chella [PERSON C. B. Adams] , 34 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] , 
south ) , p. 159. 

zz . MOTTLED [LOCATION TRIFORA] , [PERSON Triphora] decorata 
[PERSON C. B. Adams] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 159. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20 
[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. ERODED PERIWINKLE , [PERSON Littorina] pla- 

naxis [PERSON Phil] . , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Washington] to 
[LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 134. 

[PERSON b. SITKA] PERIWINKLE , [PERSON Littorina sitkana] 

[PERSON Phil] . , % inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Washington] ) , 
p. 134. 

c. CHECKERED PERIWINKLE , [PERSON Littorina] 

scutulata Old . , Yj inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 
[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 134. 

d. FLAT WORM-SHELL , [PERSON Spiroglyphus] 

[PERSON lituellus Morch] ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] ) , 
p. 144. 

e. SCALED WORM-SHELL , [PERSON Aletes] squami- 

[PERSON geriis Cpr] . ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Peru] ) , p. 144. 

f. ONYX SLIPPER-SHELL , [PERSON Crepidula] ojiyx 

Shy . , 2 inches . Left shell lived on 
scallop ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Chili] ) , p. 171. 

[PERSON g. COOPER] 'S TURRET-SHELL , [PERSON Turritella] 

cooperi Cpr . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION California] to 
[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 141. 

[PERSON h. MARIA] 'S TURRET-SHELL , [PERSON Turritella] 
[PERSON mariana Dall] , 2^ inches ( [LOCATION California] to 
[LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 142. 

i. RECLUZ 'S MOON-SHELL , [ORGANIZATION Polinices] reclii- 
sianus Desh . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION California] to 
[LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 187. 

[PERSON j. WROBLEWSKI] 'S WENTLETRAP , [PERSON Opalia] 
[PERSON wrobleivshii Morch] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 
[LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] ) , p. 162. 

k. [MISC PACIFIC HALF-SLIPPER] SHELL , [MISC Crepi-] 
patella lingulata Gld . , % inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 170. 



1. [MISC PACIFIC CHINESE] HAT , [LOCATION Calyptraea] 
fastigata Gld . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to Cali- 
fornia ) , p. 169. 

[PERSON m. GOULD] 'S DOVE-SHELL , [PERSON Nitidella] goiildi 
Cpr . , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] ) , 
p. 222. 

n. [ORGANIZATION PACIFIC MUD] [LOCATION NASSA] , [PERSON Nassarius] tegula 
[PERSON Reeve] , % inch ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 238. 

[PERSON o. APPLE SEED] , [PERSON Erato] [PERSON vitellina Hinds] , [PERSON Yi] 
inch ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , 
p. 176. 

[PERSON p. IDA] 'S MITER , [PERSON Mitra] idae [PERSON Melville] , 2 
inches ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 249. 

q. BEATIC DWARF OLIVE , [PERSON OUveUa] beatica 
Cpr . , Y inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] ) , 
p. 247. 

[PERSON r. CALIFORNIAN FROG-SHELL] , [LOCATION Bursa] 
[PERSON californica Hinds] , 4 inches , with cluster 
of eggs laid on clam shell ( [LOCATION California] 
to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 199. 

s. GIANT [MISC WESTERN NASSA] , [PERSON Nassarius] 
fossatus [PERSON Gould] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Vancouver] , 
B. C , to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 240. 

t. Top view of living animal of [PERSON Oliva] , p. 245. 

u. SOLANDER 'S [LOCATION TRIVIA] , [PERSON Trixna solandri] 
Sby . , % inch ( [LOCATION Catalina Island] , Cali- 
fornia to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 179. 

v. [MISC CALIFORNIAN] TRIVIA , Trivia califor- 
niana [PERSON Gray] , '2 inch ( [LOCATION California] to 
[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 179. 

w. X-ray photo of [ORGANIZATION SPINDLE SHELL] , [PERSON Fusinus] , 
p. 243. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 21 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. [ORGANIZATION FLORIDA WORM-SHELL] , [LOCATION Vermiculnria] 

[PERSON knorri Desh] . , 5 inches ( [ORGANIZATION North Carohna] 
to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 145. 

[PERSON b. FARGO] 'S WORM-SHELL , [LOCATION Vermicidaria] 

[PERSON fnrgoi Olsson] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION West Florida] 
to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 145. 

c. [LOCATION WEST INDIAN WORM-SHELL] , Vermi- 

cidaria spirata [PERSON Phil] . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] 
Keys and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 144. 

[PERSON d. IRREGULAR WORM-SHELL] , Petalocon- 

chns irregularis Orb . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] 
and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 143. 
c. BLACK WORM-SHELL , [ORGANIZATION Petalconchm] 
7iigricaiis [LOCATION Dall] , 3 inches [LOCATION West Florida] ) , 
p.^143. 

f. [LOCATION ATLANTIC MODULUS] , [PERSON Modulus] vwdu- 

lus [PERSON L.] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 151. 

g. SLIT WORM-SHELL , [PERSON Tenagodus] squa- 

rnatus [PERSON Blainville] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 145. 

[PERSON h. EASTERN TURRET-SHELL] , [PERSON Turriiella] 
exoleta [PERSON L. ,] 2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 141. 

i. VARIEGATED TURRET-SHELL , Turri- 
[PERSON tella] variegata [PERSON L. ,] 4 inches ( [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 141. 

j. BORING TURRET-SHELL , [PERSON Turritella] 
acropora [LOCATION Dall] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 141. 

[PERSON k. BROWN SARGASSUM SNAIL] , [PERSON Litiopa] 
[PERSON melanostoma Rang] , 'Vin inch ( [PERSON Pelagic] , 
warm seas ) , p. 156. 

1. ERODED TURRET-SHELL , [MISC Tachyrhyn-] 
chus [ORGANIZATION erosurn Couthouy] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Nova] 
[LOCATION Scotia] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] , p. 140. 

[PERSON m. COMMON ATLANTIC SLIPPER-SHELL] , 
[LOCATION Crepidula] fornicata [PERSON L.] , 2 inches ( [MISC Ca-] 
nada to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 170. 

[PERSON n. CONVEX SLIPPER-SHELL] , [PERSON Crepidula] 
convexa Say , ji inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 171. 

o. CIRCULAR [MISC CUP-AND-SAUCER] , Calyp- 
traea centralis [PERSON Conrad] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 169. 



hb . 



FALSE [MISC CUP-AND-SAUCER] , [PERSON Cheilea] 
ecfuestris [PERSON L.] , % inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 165. 

[LOCATION SPINY SLIPPER-SHELL] , [PERSON Crepidula] acu- 
[PERSON leata Gmelin] , % inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 171. 

STRIATE [MISC CUP-AND-SAUCER] , Crucibu- 
lum striatum Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] 
to [LOCATION South Carolina] ) , p. 170. 

[LOCATION WEST INDIAN CUP-AND-SAUCER] , Cru- 
cibulum auricula [LOCATION Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION West] 
[LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 169. 

WHITE HOOF-SHELL , [PERSON Hipponix] anli- 
( juatus [PERSON L.] , 3 " 2 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] , south; Cali- 
fornia , south ) , p. 166. 

[ORGANIZATION GRACEFUL MELANELLA] , [PERSON Melanella] 
gracilis C. B. Ads . , 34 i '^ch ( [MISC North Ca-] 
[LOCATION rolina] to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , not in text . 

FAT [LOCATION MELANELLA] , [PERSON Melanella] gibba D2 
[PERSON Folin] , 34 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Gulf] 
of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , not in text . 

TWO-LINED [LOCATION MELANELLA] , [PERSON Melanella] 
[PERSON bilineata Alder] , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , not in text . 

ORBIGNY 'S SUN-DIAL , [PERSON Torinia] bisulcata 
Orb . , i/;{ inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Gulf] 
of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 142. 

KREBS ' [ORGANIZATION SUN-DIAL] , [ORGANIZATION Architectonica] krebsi 
[LOCATION Morch] , Yj inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 143. 

MALTBIE 'S [LOCATION TRIVIA] , [LOCATION Trivia maltbiana] 
Schw . and [PERSON McG] . , 3 ? inch ( [LOCATION North] ( >aro- 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 178. 

[LOCATION SUFFUSE TRIVIA] , Trivia suffusa [PERSON Gary] , 
^/a inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 177. 

COFFEE BEAN TRIVIA , Trivia pediculus 
[PERSON L.] , Yj inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 177. 

[LOCATION LITTLE] WHITE [LOCATION TRIVIA] . Trivia candi- 
dula [PERSON Gaskoin] , 34 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 178. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22 



[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. LAMELLOSE WENTLETRAP , Epitonium 

[PERSON laynellosiiin Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION Caribbean] ) , p. 165. 

b. ANGULATE WENTLETRAP , Epitonium 

angulaiwn Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION New York] to 
[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 164. 

c. DALE 'S WENTLETRAP , [ORGANIZATION Circostrema] 

( lain Rehder , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 161. 

[PERSON d. HUMPHREY] 'S WENTLETRAP , Epito- 

nium hiimphreysi Kiener , % inch 
( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 164. 

[PERSON e. BROWN-BANDED] WENTLETRAP , Epi- 

tonium [PERSON rupicola Kurtz] , 1 inch ( [MISC Mas-] 
sachusetts to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 165. 

[PERSON f. MITCHELL] 'S WENTLETRAP , [PERSON A7naea] 

mitchelli [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 163. 

[PERSON g. HOTESSIER] 'S WENTLETRAP , [PERSON Opalia] 

[PERSON hotessieriann Orb] . , }/2 inch ( South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 162. 

h. SHARK EYE , [ORGANIZATION Polinices] duplicatus Say , 2 
inches ( high-spired form ) ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] 
to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 186. 

i. MILK MOON-SHELL , [PERSON Polinices] lacteus 
[PERSON Guilding] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 185. 

j. SOUTHERN MINIATURE NATICA , 

[LOCATION Natica] pusilla Say , [PERSON ^/] . -i inch ( [LOCATION Mass] ;- 

chusetts to [LOCATION Gulf] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 

p. 191. 
[PERSON k. GREENLAND MOON-SHELL] , [PERSON Lunatia] 

gronlandica [PERSON Moller] , 1 inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 

off [LOCATION New Jersey] ) , p. 189. 
1. [ORGANIZATION CAROLINA] MOON-SHELL , [LOCATION Sigatica] caro- 

linensis [LOCATION Dall] , % inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 187. 
[PERSON m. SPOTTED] [ORGANIZATION NORTHERN MOON] [ORGANIZATION SHELL] , 

[PERSON Lunatia] triseriata Say , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Canada] 

to off [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 189. 



n. SMOOTH [LOCATION VELUTINA] , [PERSON Velutina] laevigata 

[PERSON L.] , % inch ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Massachusetts;] also 

to [LOCATION California] ) , p. 175. 
o. LIVID NATICA , [PERSON Natica livida Pfr] . , [PERSON Yi] 

inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 191. 
p. C : OMMON NORTHERN LACUNA , La- 

cuna vincta [LOCATION Turton] , % inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 

[LOCATION Rhode] Island; also to [LOCATION California] ) , 

p. 130. 
q. [ORGANIZATION DWARF RED OVULA] , [PERSON Primovula] carnea 

[LOCATION Poiret] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 181. 
r. ICELAND MOON-SHELL , [PERSON Amauropsis] 

islandica [PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] ) , p. 187. 
s. COMMON BABY 'S EAR , [PERSON Sinum] perspec- 

tivum Say , [PERSON XYi] inches ( [LOCATION Virginia] to 

[LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 190. 
t. [PERSON ADAM] 'S MINIATURE CERITH , [PERSON Seila] 

adamsi [PERSON H. C. Lea] , Y& inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts to [LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 158. 
u. CHESNEL 'S RISSOINA , [PERSON Rissoina] cJiesneli 

[LOCATION Mich] . , 1/ . 5 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 137. 
[PERSON V. VARIABLE] DWARF OLIVE , [PERSON Olivella] 

mutica Say , [PERSON V.] 's inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 246. 
[PERSON w. MAUGERI] 'S ERATO , [PERSON Erato] maugeriae 

[PERSON Gray] , [PERSON Vio] inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 176. 
X. JASPER CONE , Conus jaspideus [PERSON Gmelin] . 

^4 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 

p. 262. 
y. STEARNS ' CONE , Conus stearnsi [PERSON Conrad] , 

[PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 262. 
[PERSON z. WARTY] CONE , Conus verrucosus [PERSON Hwass] , 

% inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 263. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. QUEEN CONCH , [PERSON Strojnbus] gigas [PERSON L.] , 10 

inches ( also young ) ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 174. 

[PERSON b. MILK] CONCH , [PERSON Stroinbiis] costatiis [PERSON Gmelin] , 

6 inches ( [LOCATION Southern Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 174. 

c. AMERICAN PELICAN 'S FOOT . Aporr- 

hais [PERSON occideriialis Beck] , 2 inches ( also 
young ) ( off [LOCATION New England] ) , p. 173. 

[PERSON d. LONGLEY] 'S CARRIER-SHELL , Xeno- 

phora [PERSON longleyi Bartsch] , 7 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 
of [LOCATION Mexico] , south ) , p. 173. 

e. CARIBBEAN CARRIER-SHELL , Xeyw- 

phora caribaea [PERSON Petit] , 4 inches ( off 
[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 173. 

f. GIANT TUN , [LOCATION Tojma] galea [PERSON L.] , 6 inches 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION West] 
Indies; [LOCATION Pacific] ) , p. 199. 

[PERSON g. CROSSE] 'S TUN , [PERSON Eiidoliiim] crosseamim 

[PERSON Montero] . , 3 inches ( off [LOCATION New Jersey] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 199. 

h. WEST [MISC INDIAN] CROWN CONCH . 

[LOCATION Melongeria] melongejia [PERSON L.] , 4 inches 
( [LOCATION Florida Keys] , south ) , p. 235. 

i. KNOBBED WHELK , [PERSON Biisycon] carica 
[PERSON Gmelin] , 8 inches ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [PERSON Massa-] 
chusetts to [ORGANIZATION Northeastern Florida] ) , 
p. 235. 

j. NEW ENGLAND [LOCATION NASSA] , [PERSON Nassarius] trivit- 
tatus Say , % inch ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION South] 
[LOCATION Carolina] ) , p. 239. 

[PERSON k. PERVERSE WHELK] , [PERSON Biisycon] perversiim 
[PERSON L.] , form eliceans [LOCATION Mont] . , 6 inches North- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 236. 

1. [LOCATION CARIBBEAN VASE] , [PERSON Vasum] miiricatum 
Born , 4 inches ( [LOCATION South Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 245. 



[PERSON m. PYGMY COLUS] , Coins pygmaea [PERSON Gould] , 

1 inch ( [LOCATION Quebec] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , 
p. 229. 

n. CHANNELED WHELK , [PERSON Biisycon] canalicii- 
latum [ORGANIZATION L. ,] 6 inches ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to North- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 236. 

o. LIGHTNING WHELK , [PERSON Busycon] contra- 
[PERSON rinm Conrad] , 8 inches ( [LOCATION South Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 236. 

p. EASTERN MUD [LOCATION NASSA] , [PERSON Nassarius] ob- 
soletus Say , % inch ( [LOCATION Quebec] to North- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 240. 

q. COMMON [LOCATION EASTERN NASSA] , [PERSON Nassarius] 
vibex Say , [PERSON J/^] inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 237. 

[PERSON r. VARIABLE NASSA] , [PERSON Nassarius] ambiguus 
Pult . , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 239. 

s. BROWN-CORDED NEPl [ORGANIZATION UNE] , [LOCATION Neptunca] 
clecemcostata Say , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] 
to [LOCATION Massachusetts] ) , p. 229. 

t. HAIRY [LOCATION COLUS] , [PERSON Coins pubescens Verrill] , 

2 inches ( [LOCATION Quebec] to off [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] ) , p. 229. 

u. FAT [LOCATION COLUS] , [PERSON Coins ventricosus Gray] , 2V2 
inches ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION New York] ) , not 
in text . 

[PERSON V. EMPEROR] HELMET , Cassis madagas- 
cariensis [PERSON Lam] . , 9 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 
[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 193. 

[PERSON w. LONGHORNED] SMOKE SHELL . [PERSON Typhis] 
longicornis [LOCATION Dall] , ] / ! inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , not in text . 

X. [PERSON STIMPSON] 'S [LOCATION COLUS] , [PERSON Coins siimpsoni] 
Morch , 4 inches ( [PERSON Labrador] to off [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] ) , p. 227. 

y. [LOCATION FLORIDA] HORSE CONCH . [ORGANIZATION Pleiiroploca] 
gigantea [PERSON Kiener] , 20 inches ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 242. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24 
[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



[ORGANIZATION TWO-KEELED HAIRY-SHELL] , Tiiclio- 
tropis bicarinata Sby . , 13^ inches ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Pacific] and [LOCATION North Atlantic] ) , p. 168. 

CANCELLATE HAIRY-SHELL , TvicJio- 
tropis [PERSON caucellata Hinds] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION Oregon] ) , p. 167. 

[LOCATION GRAY HAIRY-SHELL] , [PERSON TrichoOopis] in- 
signis Midd . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Japan] ) , 
p. 168. 

BOREAL HAIRY-SHELL . [PERSON Trichotropis] 
borenlis B. and Sby . , ^4 inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 
[LOCATION Washington;] also to [LOCATION Maine] ) , p. 167. 

[ORGANIZATION GEM MUREX] , [PERSON Murex gemma Sby] . , 1 inch 
( [PERSON Santa Barbara] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , 
p. 206. 

[PERSON NUTTALL] 'S 1 [ORGANIZATION HORN PURPURA] , Ptero- 
rytis [PERSON mittaUi Conrad] , [ORGANIZATION Ij/^] inches ( Cali- 
fornia to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p . 219. 

[LOCATION OREGON TRITON] , [PERSON Argobuccimnn] oie- 
gonc7isi . s [LOCATION Rcdfield] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 
[LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] ) , p. 194. 

EOLIATED THORN [LOCATION PURPURA] , Ptero- 
rylis joliata [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 
[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] ) , p. 218. 

GIANT [LOCATION FORRERIA] , [ORGANIZATION Forreria belclieri] 
[PERSON Hinds] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 200. 

STUART 'S TROPHON , [PERSON Boreotrophon] 
stuarii [PERSON E. A. Smith] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 
S : [LOCATION n Diego] , [LOCATION California] ) , p. 207. 

PCULSON 'S [LOCATION DWARF IRITON] , Ocene- 
bra poulsoni Cpr . , 2 inches ( [MISC Santa Bar-] 
[LOCATION bara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , 
p. 218. 

FESTIVE MUREX , [PERSON Mnrex] jestivus [PERSON Hinds] , 
2 inches ( [LOCATION Morro Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to 
[LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 206. 

GRACEFUL DWARF [LOCATION TRITON] , [PERSON Ocenehra] 
[LOCATION gracillima Stearns] , Va inch ( [LOCATION Monterey] , 
[LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] ) , 
p. 217. 



LEWIS MOON-SHELL , [PERSON Lnnaiia] lewisi 

[PERSON Gould] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to [LOCATION Lower] 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 189. 
SPOTTED THORN DRUPE , [PERSON Acauthiua] 

spirata [LOCATION l^lainville] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Washington] 

to [LOCATION California] ) , p. 211. 
LEFT-HANDED [LOCATION BUCCINUM] , Volutop- 

sius harpa Morch , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] ) , 

p. 226. 

COMMON NORTHWEST [LOCATION NEPTUNE] , 

[ORGANIZATION Neptunca] lyrata [PERSON Gmelin] , 5 inches 

( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Washington] ) , p. 230. 
PRIBILOFF [LOCATION NEPTUNE] , [PERSON Nepiunea] pri- 

bilojfensis [LOCATION Dall] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 

[LOCATION British Columbia] ) , p. 230. 
FAT [LOCATION NEPTUNE] , [PERSON Neptuuea] ventricosa 

[PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [MISC Arctic] and [LOCATION Alaska] ) , 

p. 230. 
[ORGANIZATION GLACLAL BUCCINUM] , [PERSON Buccimim] gla- 

ciale [PERSON L.] , 3 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Washington;] 

also to [LOCATION Nova Scotia] ) , p. 226. 
SILKY [LOCATION BUCCINUM] , [PERSON Buccinum] tenue 

[PERSON Gray] , 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Washington;] 

also to [LOCATION Maine] ) , p. 225. 
BAER 'S BUCCINUM , [PERSON Buccinum] baeri 

[LOCATION Midd] . , lYi inches ( [LOCATION Bering Sea] , [LOCATION Alaska] ) , 

p. 226. 
KELLET 'S WHELK , [PERSON Kelleiia] hcllcti For- 
bes , 4 inches ( State Barbara , [LOCATION California] , 

to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 231. 
[LOCATION LIVID MACRON] , [PERSON Macron] lividus A. Ads . , 

1 inch ( [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower] 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 234. 
COOPER 'S [LOCATION NUTMEG] , [PERSON Narona] cooperi 

[PERSON Gabb] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , 

to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 253. 
[PERSON SANTA BARBARA] SPINDLE , [PERSON Fusinu] . s 

[PERSON barbarensis Trask] , 1 inches ( [LOCATION Oregon] to 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 244. 
GIANT [LOCATION PANAMA SPINDLE] , [PERSON Fusinus] 

[PERSON dupelit-lhouarsi Kiener] , 6 inches ( off 

[LOCATION Lower California] ) , not in text . 






[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. [ORGANIZATION FLORIDA ROCK-SHELL] , [MISC Thais] liaema- 

stoma [PERSON floriddjui Conrad] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 213. 

[PERSON b. DELTOID ROCK-SHELL] , [MISC Thais] deltoidea 

[PERSON Lam] . , 1 inch . ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] to 
[LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 214. 

c. ELEGANT FOSSARUS , [PERSON Fossarus] elegans 

[PERSON Verr] . and [PERSON Smith] , 3 mm ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] 
to [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 176. 

[PERSON d. RED-MOUTHED ROCK-SHELL] , [MISC Thais h.] 

haemastoma [PERSON L. ,] 3 inches ( [LOCATION Europe] : 
[LOCATION South America] ) , p. 213. 

e. SCALY DOGWINKLE , [MISC Thais] lapillus [PERSON L.] , 

form imbricata [PERSON Lam] . ( [LOCATION North Atlantic] 
to [LOCATION New York] ) , p. 215. 

f. [ORGANIZATION RUSTIC ROCK-SHELL] , [MISC Thais] ritstica 

[PERSON Lam] . , 13/2 inches ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] 
to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 214. 

g. [LOCATION ATLANTIC DOGWINKLE] , [MISC Thais] lapil- 

lus [PERSON L.] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Atlantic] to New 
[LOCATION York] ) , p. 214. 

[PERSON h. HEXAGONAL MUREX] , [PERSON Muriscopsis] hexa- 
[PERSON gona Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 209. 

i. [PERSON MoRCH] 'S PITTED MUREX , [PERSON Murex] cel- 
lulosus nuceus [LOCATION Morch] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 205. 

j. DALE 'S PITTED MUREX , [PERSON Murex] cellu- 
losus leviculus [LOCATION Dall] , }/2 inch ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Florida] ) , p. 205. 

[PERSON k. DELTOID ROCK-SHELL] , [MISC Thais] deltoidea 
[PERSON Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] to 
[LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 214. 

1. [LOCATION WIDEMOUTHED PURPURA] , [PERSON Purpura] 
patula [PERSON L. ,] 3 inches ( [ORGANIZATION Southeastern Florida] 
and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 213. 

[PERSON m. LIP] [LOCATION TRITON] , [PERSON Cymatiuni] labiosum [PERSON Wood] , 
% inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 196. 

n. DWARF HAIRY TRITON , Cymalium 
gracile [PERSON Reeve] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 195. 

o. ( [LOCATION GRANULAR FROG-SHELL] , [LOCATION Bursa] gra- 
nularis [PERSON Roding] , 2 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 
[LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 1 ! ) 8. 

[PERSON p. CHESTNUT FROG-SHELL] , [LOCATION Bursa] spadi- 
[ORGANIZATION cea Montfort] , 2 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 
[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Caribbean] ) , p. 198. 

cj . GOLD-MOUTHED TRITON , [PERSON Cymatinni] 
[PERSON chlorostomum Lam] . , 2 inches ( [MISC SoiUli-] 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 190. 



hb . 



dd . 



If 



] ih 



KNOBBED [LOCATION TRITON] , [PERSON Cymaiuim] murici- 
uum [PERSON Roding] , 2 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 
[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 196. 

[LOCATION ATLANTIC WOOD-LOUSE] , Morum onis- 
cus L. , % inch ( and young ) ( South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 192. 

[ORGANIZATION INTRICATE BAILY-SHELL] , [PERSON Bailya] iniri- 
cata [LOCATION Dall] , 3^2 inch ( south half of Flo- 
[PERSON rida )] , p. 231. 

CANDe 'S PHOS , Antillophos candei Orb . , 
1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 231. 

[LOCATION BLACKBERRY DRUPE] , [PERSON Drupa nodulosa] 
[PERSON C. B. Adams] , % inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 211. 

[ORGANIZATION WHITE-SPOTTED ENGINA] , [PERSON Eugina] tur- 
[PERSON binella Kiener] , Yj inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] , 
south ) , p. 232. 

ARROW DWARF [LOCATION TRITON] , [LOCATION Colubraria] 
[PERSON lanceolata Menke] , I inch ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 232. 

[LOCATION TINTED CANTHARUS] , [PERSON Cantharus] tinctus 
[PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 233. 

[LOCATION FLORIDA] DISTORSIO , Distorsio constrict ! 
mcgintyi Em and Puff . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North] 
( [LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 197. 

[LOCATION ATLANTIC DISTORSIO] , Distorsio cla- 

thrata [PERSON Lam] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to [LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 196. 
COMMON DOVE-SHELL , [PERSON Columbella] 

luercatoria L. , 3^ inch ( [PERSON Souther] , stern 

[LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 220. 
RAVENEL 'S DOVE-SHELL , [PERSON Mitrella] ra- 

veneli [LOCATION Dall] , % inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 223. 
[ORGANIZATION GLOSSY DOVE-SHELL] , [PERSON Nitidclla] uitidula 

Sby . , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 222. 

[LOCATION GREEDY DOVE-SHELL] , [PERSON Anachis] avara 

Say , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION New Jersey] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , 

p. 221. 
[ORGANIZATION WELL-RIBBED DOVE-SHELL] , [PERSON Anachis] 

[PERSON Iranslirata Rav] . , ^/s inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] 

to lY 'xas , south ) , p. I 'L i 
[ORGANIZATION LUNAR DOVE-SHELL] , [PERSON Mitrella] lunata 

Say , -Viii inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Texas] , 

south ) , p. 223. 

[ORGANIZATION WHITE-SPOTTED DOVE-SHELL] , [MISC Niti-] 
[PERSON della ocellata Gmelin] , Yj inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 
Keys and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 222. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26 



[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] UNIVALVES 



a. SULCATE MITER , [PERSON Mitra] sulcata [PERSON Gmelin] , 

3/2 inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] to [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 249. 

[PERSON b. BEADED] MITER , [PERSON Mitra nodulosa Gmclin] , 

1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carohna] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
p. 248. 

c. HENDERSON 'S MITER , [PERSON Mitra Jiender-] 

[PERSON soni Rehder] , % inch . Holotype ( South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 249. 

[PERSON d. BARBADOS] MITER , [PERSON Mitra barbadensis] 

[PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] 
to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 249. 

[PERSON e. WHITE-RIBBED] , [PERSON Mitra] albicostata [PERSON C. B.] 

[PERSON Adams] , 3^2 inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , not in text . 

[PERSON f. WHITE-SPOTTED DRILLIA] , [PERSON Monilispira] 

albomacidata C B. Adams , [PERSON Yi] inch 
( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 271. 

[PERSON g. GRAY ATLANTIC] AUGER , [PERSON Terebra] 

cinerea Born , lYi inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 266. 
[PERSON h. SHINY ATLANIIC] AUGER , [PERSON Terebra] 

[PERSON hastata Gmelin] , 134 inches ( Soutli- 

eastern [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 266. 
i. COMMON ATLANTIC AUGER , [PERSON Terebra] 

dislocata Say , 1 3/2 inches ( [LOCATION Virginia] to 

[LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 265. 
[PERSON j. CONCAVE AUGER] , [PERSON Terebra] concava Say , 

% inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 

[LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 266. 

[PERSON k. FINE-RIBBED] AUGER , [PERSON Terebra] protexta 
[PERSON Conrad] . 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 266. 

1. [LOCATION SPINED SPINDLE-BUBBLE] , [PERSON Rhizorus] 
aculus Orb . , 3 mm ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 281. 

m WATSON 'S CANOE-BUBBLE , 5crtp/mnrfer 
watsoni [LOCATION Dall] , y^ inch ( off [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 281. 



n. ( ;YSTER turret , [PERSON Crassispira] ostrcarum 
[PERSON Stearns] , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION North C^arolina] to 
[LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 270. 

o. GIANT CANOE-BUBBLE , [PERSON Scaphander] 
piinctostriatiis [PERSON Mighels] , 132 inches ( off 
entire coast ) , p. 281. 

p. COMMON WEST INDIAN BUBBLE , 

[PERSON Bulla] occidentalis [PERSON A. Adams] , % inch 
( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 277. 

q. ORBIGNY 'S BARREL-BUBBLE , [PERSON Cylichna] 
bideutata Orb . , 3 mm ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 282. 

[PERSON r. GOULD] 'S BARREL-BUBBLE , [PERSON Cylichna] 
[PERSON gouldi Couthouy] , % inch ( [MISC Arctic] to 
[LOCATION Massachusetts] ) , p. 282. 

s. [LOCATION EASTERN PAPER-BUBBLE] , [PERSON Haininoea] 
solitaria Say , 3 " ^2 inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to 
[LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 279. 

t. [PERSON ADAM] 'S BABY-BUBBLE , Actcun puncto- 
striatiis [PERSON C. B. Adams] , 5 mm ( Massa- 
chusetts to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 275. 

u. [ORGANIZATION MINIATURE MELO] , [PERSON Micromelo] undata 
[PERSON Brug] . , Y inch ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 276. 

[PERSON V. ORBIGNY] 'S HELMET-BUBBLE , Ringi- 
cula semistriata Orb . , 3 mm ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 276. 

[PERSON w. BUSH] 'S BARREL-BUBBLE , [PERSON Pyrnnculus] 
caelatiis [PERSON Bush] , 3 mm ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] ) , p. 280. 

X. CHANNELED BARREL-BUBBLE , [PERSON Retusa] 
canaliculata Say , 5 mm ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] 
to [LOCATION Texas] , south ) , p. 280. 

y. COMMON PAPER [ORGANIZATION NAU] 1 [ORGANIZATION ILUS] , Argo- 
nauta [ORGANIZATION argo L. ,] 5 inches . Shell of female 
filled with eggs ( Tropical [ORGANIZATION Seas] ) , p. 485. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] BIVALVES 



a. COMMON AWNING [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Solemya] 

velum Say , % inch ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to 
[LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 333. 

b. SHORT [LOCATION YOLDIA] , [LOCATION Yoldia] . [PERSON sapotilla Gould] , 

1 inch ( yVrctic to [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , 
p. 340. 

c. POURTALES ' GLASS SCALLOP , Pro- 

peamiissium pourtalesinninn [LOCATION Dall] , '2 
inch ( off [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 369. 

[PERSON d. MYALLS YOLDIA] , [LOCATION Yoldia myalis Couthouy] , 

1 inch ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] ) , p. 340. 

e. BROAD [LOCATION YOLDIA] , [LOCATION Yoldia] thraciaeformis 

[PERSON Storcr] , 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION North Caro-] 
lina; also [LOCATION Alaska] ) , p. 340. 

f. SULCATE LIMOPSIS , [PERSON Limopsis] sulcata 

[PERSON V.] and [PERSON B.] , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 347. 

[PERSON g. UNDULATE] BITTERSWEET , Glycy- 

rneris undata [PERSON L. ,] 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 348. 

[PERSON h. DECUSSATE] BITTERSWEET , Glycy- 
meris decussata [PERSON L.] , 2 inches [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 348. 

i. [ORGANIZATION COMB] BITTERSWEET , [PERSON Glycymeris] pec- 
[PERSON tinata Gmelin] , ^4 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 348. 

[PERSON j. MOSSY ARK] , [PERSON Area umboiiala Lamarck] , 

2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West In-] 
ches ) , p. 342. 

[PERSON k. DOC] BALES ' [ORGANIZATION ARK] , [PERSON Barbatia] tenera [PERSON C. B.] 
[PERSON Adams] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 343. 

1. [LOCATION ICELAND SCALLOP] , [PERSON CJdamys] islaudica 
[PERSON Midler] , 3 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts; also to [LOCATION Washington] ) , p. 365. 

[PERSON m. ATLANTIC DEEPSEA] SCALLOP , Placo- 
pecten magellanicus Gmelin . 9 inches 
( [PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 366. 



n. TURKEY WING , [PERSON Area zebra Swainson] , 
3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 342. 

[PERSON o. CUT-RIBBED] ARK , [PERSON Anadara] lienosa fie- 
[PERSON ri da ji] a [PERSON Conrad] , 4 inches ( [ORGANIZATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 344. 

[PERSON p. EARED ARK] , [LOCATION Anadara] notabilis Roding . 
2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 344. 

q. RED-BROWN ARK , [PERSON Barbatia] cancellaria 
[PERSON Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
p. 343. 

r. WHITE BEARDED ARK , [PERSON Barbatia] ean- 
[PERSON dida Helbling] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 342. 

s. TRANSVERSE ARK , [PERSON Anadara] transversa 
Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 345. 

t. BLOOD ARK , [LOCATION Anadara] ovalis Brug . , 2 
inches ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 345. 

u. WHITE MINIATURE ARK , [PERSON Barbatia] 
[PERSON doniingensis Lam] . , j/2 inch ( [MISC North Ca-] 
[LOCATION rolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 343. 

[PERSON V. SAW-TOOTHED PEN SHELL] , [LOCATION Atrina] 
serrata Sby . , 6 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 360. 

[PERSON w. AMBER PEN] SHELL . [PERSON Pinna] earnea 
[PERSON Gmelin] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 360. 

X. STIFF [ORGANIZATION PEN SHELL] , [LOCATION Atrina] rigida Solan- 
der , 7 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 360. 

y. INCONGRUOUS ARK , [PERSON Anadara] brasiliana 
[PERSON Lam] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION Texas] to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 346. 

[PERSON z. PONDEROUS] ARK , [PERSON Noetia] ponderosa 
Say , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 346. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC] : COAST BIVALVES 



a. COMMON EASTERN OYSTER , [MISC Crasso-] 

strea virgiiiica [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( entire 
[LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) , p. 375. 

[PERSON b. SPONGE OYSTER] , [LOCATION Osirea] permoUis Sby . , 

2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 374. 

c. CRESIED OYSTER , [PERSON Ostren] eqiiestris Say , 

2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 373. 

[PERSON d. COON] OYSTER , [PERSON Ostrea Irons L.] , 2 inches . 

Two forms . ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
p. 373. 

e. DISCORD MUSCULUS , [PERSON Mnscidus] discors 

[PERSON L. ,] 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Atlantic] and [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Pacific] ) , p. 355. 

[PERSON f. SMOOTH MUSCULUS] , [PERSON Mnscnlus] laevi- 

gatus [PERSON Gray] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Atlantic] and 
[LOCATION North Pacific] ) , p. 355. 

[PERSON g. BLACK MUSCULUS] , [LOCATION Mnscnlus niger] 

[PERSON Gray] , 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION North Caro-] 
lina; also to [LOCATION Washington] ) , p. 355. 

[PERSON h. ATLANTIC] RIBBED MUSSEL , [PERSON Modiohis] 
demissus [PERSON Dillwyn] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to 
[LOCATION South Carolina] ) , p. 351. 

i. [LOCATION ATLANTIC] PAPER [LOCATION MUSSEL] , [PERSON Amygdnlnm] 
[PERSON papyria Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Maryland] to 
[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 353. 

[PERSON j. GLANDULAR CRENELLA] , [PERSON Creuella] 
glandida [PERSON Totten] , ^/s inch ( [PERSON Labrador] to 
[LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 350. 

k. GIANT DATE [LOCATION MUSSEL] , [PERSON Lithophaga] an- 
[ORGANIZATION tiUanim Orb] . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] , 
south ) , p. 357. 

1. [LOCATION FLATTENED CARDITA] , [LOCATION Venericardia] 
[PERSON perphnia Conrad] , 34 i " ch ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 380. 



[PERSON m. BLACK DATE MUSSEL] , [PERSON Lithophaga] nigra 
Orb . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 355. 

n. MAHOGANY DATE [LOCATION MUSSEL] , Litho- 
phaga bisnlcata Orb . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] 
to [LOCATION Argentina] ) , p. 357. 

[PERSON o. LENTIL] ASTARTE , [PERSON Astarte] snhequilatera 
Sby . . 1 inch ( [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION Georgia] ) . 
p. 376. 

[PERSON p. CORAL-BORING CLAM] , [PERSON Coralliophaga] 
coralliophaga [LOCATION Gmelin] , [PERSON V/j] inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 
and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 382. 

q. BOREAL ASTARTE , [PERSON Astarte borealis] 
[PERSON Schumacher] , 1 V2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to 
[LOCATION Massachusetts;] to [LOCATION Alaska] ) , p. 375. 

[PERSON r. WAVED] ASTARTE , [PERSON Astarte] undata 
[PERSON Gould] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Maine] ) , p. 376. 

s. SMOOTH [LOCATION ASTARTE] , [PERSON Astarte] castanea 
Say , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , 
[LOCATION Massachusetts] ) , p. 376. 

t. [LOCATION NORTHERN CARDITA] , [LOCATION Venericardia] 
borealis [PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch ( [PERSON Labrador] to 
[LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 379. 

u. [LOCATION GLASSY LYONSIA] , [LOCATION Lyonsia] hyalina Con- 
rad , lA inch ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION South Ca-] 
[LOCATION rolina] ) , p. 468. 

[PERSON V. LEA] 'S SPOON-CLAM , [ORGANIZATION Feriploma] leanum 
[PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] ) , p. 474. 

\v . PAPER SPOON C : LAM , [ORGANIZATION Periploma] papyra- 
tium Say , 1 inch ( [PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Rhode] 
[LOCATION Island] ) , p. 472. 

X. UNEQUAL SPOON [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [ORGANIZATION Periploma] 
inequale [PERSON C. B. Adams] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION South] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 473. 

y. CONRAD 'S THRACIA , [PERSON Thracia] conradi 
[PERSON Couthouy] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to 
[LOCATION New York] ) , p. 471. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] BIVALVES 



a. GIANT ROCK SCALLOP , Humites multi- 

rugosns [PERSON Gale] , 7 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 369. 

b. GL\NT [ORGANIZATION PACIFIC SCALLOP] , [PERSON Pecten] caii- 

[PERSON rimis Gould] , 7 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [MISC Cali-] 
fornia ) , p. 361. 

c. HEMPHILL 'S [LOCATION LIMA] , [PERSON Limn] hemphilli 

[PERSON Hert] . and Strong , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] 
to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 371. 

[ORGANIZATION d. FALSE JINGLE SHELL] , [PERSON Pododesmus] 

macroschismus Desh . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 372. 

e. PERUVIAN JINGLE SHELL , [PERSON Aiiomia] 

[PERSON peruviana Orb] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION California] 
to [LOCATION Peru] ) , p. 372. 

f. NATIVE [ORGANIZATION PACIFIC OYSIER] , [PERSON Oslrea] 

[PERSON lurida Cpr] . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [ORGANIZATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 374. 

g. GIANT [LOCATION PACIFIC OYSTER] , [PERSON Crassostrea] 

[PERSON gigas Thunberg] , 8 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 375. 
[PERSON h. CALIFORNIAN] DATE [LOCATION MUSSEL] , [PERSON Botitla] 
[PERSON calijorniensis Phil] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] 
south ) , p. 356. 

i. KELSEY 'S DATE MUSSEL , [PERSON Lithophagn] 
phnnula [PERSON kelseyi Hert] . and Strong . 1 
inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 357. 

[PERSON j.] . [ORGANIZATION SCISSOR DATE MUSSEL] , [PERSON Lithophnga] 
[PERSON aristata Dill] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and Cali- 
fornia , south ) , p. 357. 

k. FALCATE DATE MUSSEL , [PERSON Botula] fal- 
[PERSON cata Gould] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 356. 

1. [LOCATION STOUT CARDITA] , [LOCATION Venericardia] ventri- 
[PERSON cosa Gould] , % inch ( [LOCATION Washington] to 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 379. 

m. NORTHERN UGLY [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Entodesjua] 
[PERSON saxicola Baird] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [MISC Cali-] 
fornia ) , p. 469. 



n. [MISC CALIFORNIAN] SUNSET [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Gari] 

cnliforriica [PERSON Conrad] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] 

to [LOCATION California] ) , p. 441. 
[PERSON o. CALIFORNIAN] TULIP [LOCATION MUSSEL] , Modio- 
lus fornicalus Cpr . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , 

p. 352. 
[PERSON p. CALIFORNIAN MUSSEL] , [PERSON Mytihis] califor- 

nianus [PERSON Conrad] , 8 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 354. 
q. NUTTALL 'S BLADDER CLAM , Mytili- 

meria nultalli [PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] 

to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 469. 
[PERSON r. CARPENTER] 'S [LOCATION CARDITA] , [ORGANIZATION Cardita] car- 

penteri [PERSON Lamy] , Y2 inch ( [LOCATION Canada] to 

[LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 378. 
s. PURPLISH [LOCATION PACIFIC TAGELUS] , [PERSON Tageliis] 

subteres Cpr . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION California] to 

[LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 441. 
t. ROCK-DWELLING [LOCATION SEMELE] , [PERSON Semele] 

rupicola [LOCATION Dall] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION California] to 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 435. 
u. [LOCATION CALIFORNIAN TAGELUS] , [PERSON Tagehis] 

californianus [PERSON Conrad] , 3 inches ( Cali- 
fornia to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 440. 
[ORGANIZATION V. BLUNT JACKKNIFE CLAM] , [PERSON Solen] sica- 

[PERSON riiis Gould] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to [LOCATION Lower] 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 444. 
w. ROSE PETAL SEMELE , [PERSON Semele] rubro- 

pictn [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , 

p. 435. 
X. NUTTALL 'S MAHOGANY CLAM , San- 

guinolaria nuttalli [PERSON Conrad] , 3 inches , 

( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 439. 
y. PACIFIC RAZOR CLAM , [PERSON Siliqua] patula 

[PERSON Dixon] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] ) , 

p. 442. 
[PERSON z. BARK] SEMELE , [PERSON Semele] decisa Could , 3 

inches ( [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Lower] 

[LOCATION California] ) , p. 435. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] BIVALVES 



[ORGANIZATION BROAD-RIBBED CARDITA] , [ORGANIZATION Cardita] flo- 
[PERSON ridana Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to 
[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 378. 

LINDSLEY 'S [LOCATION CRASSINELLA] , [PERSON Cynssinella] 
[PERSON mactracea Lindsley] , [PERSON ^/] . -i inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts to [LOCATION New York] ) , p. 377. 

[MISC NORTHERN DWARF] [LOCATION COCKLE] , Cerasto- 
derma pinmdatiim [PERSON Conrad] , J2 inch 
( [PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 404. 

[ORGANIZATION STOUT TAGELUS] , [PERSON Tagelus] plebeins 
[PERSON Solander] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , 
p. 440. 

[LOCATION ATLANTIC RUPELLARIA] , [PERSON Rupellaria] 
typica [PERSON Jonas] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 420. 

[LOCATION ATLANTIC RAZOR] CLAM , [PERSON Silicjna] cos- 
tata Say , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to New 
[LOCATION Jersey] ) , p. 442. 

PURPLISH TAGELUS , [PERSON Tagelus] divisus 
[PERSON Spengler] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , 
p. 440. 

[ORGANIZATION SMALL FALSE DONAX] , [PERSON Heterodoi^ax] 
bimaculatus [PERSON Linne] , ^^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 441. 

ST . MARTHA 'S RAZOR CLAM , Sole- 
curtus snnctaemarthae Orb . , IJ/2 inches 
( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 445. 

CANCELLATE SEMELE , [PERSON Semele] bellastri- 
atn Conrad , 3^ inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 435. 

[LOCATION ATLANTIC JACKKNIFE] CLAM , [PERSON Eiuis] 
directus [PERSON Conrad] , 8 inches ( [PERSON L;ibrador] to 
[LOCATION South Carolina] ) , p. 443. 

DWARF TIGER [LOCATION LUCINA] , [PERSON Codnkia] orhi- 
culata [LOCATION Montagu] , % inch ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 391. 

CROSS-HATCHED LUCINA , [ORGANIZATION DivnriceUa] 
quadrisulcata • Orb . , % inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 391. 

[ORGANIZATION GREEN JACKKNIFE CLAM] , [PERSON Solen] viridis 
Say , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Rhode Island] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , 
p. 444. 



bb . 



CRESTED TELLIN , [PERSON Tellidora] cristata 
[PERSON Recluz] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 430. 

DENTICULATE WEDGE SHELL , [PERSON Donax] 
denticidata [PERSON Linne] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
p. 438. 

[LOCATION TEXAS] WEDGE SHELL Donax varia- 
[PERSON bilis] [PERSON roemeri Philippi] , % inch ( [LOCATION Texas] 
coast ) , p. 437. 

[ORGANIZATION COQUINA SHELL] , [PERSON Donax] variabilis Say , 
^ inch ( [LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 437. 

[LOCATION GRANULAR POROMYA] , [LOCATION Poromya] gra- 
[PERSON nulata Nyst] , [PERSON ^/] . -i inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to 
[LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 475. 

GRANT AND GALE [LOCATION MACOMA] , [PERSON Macoma] 
[PERSON planiuscida Grant] and [PERSON Gale] , 1 inch 
( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION Oregon] ) , p. 433. 

MEROPSIS TELLIN , [PERSON Tellina] meropsis 
[LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON Yi] inch ( [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] , 
south ) , p. 426. 

COMMON [ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC ABRA] , [PERSON Abra] 
aeqiialis Say , % inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 
to [LOCATION Texas] , and south ) , p. 437. 

DALE 'S [LOCATION LITTLE ABRA] , [LOCATION Abra] lioica [LOCATION Dall] , 
34 inch ( off [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION West In-] 
dies ) , p. 437. 

[MISC NORTHERN DWARF] [LOCATION TELLIN] , [PERSON Tellina] 
agilis [PERSON Stinipson] , ^/a inch ( [LOCATION Canada] to 
[LOCATION Maryland] ) , p. 422. 

[ORGANIZATION FLORIDA] MARSH [ORGANIZATION CLAM] . [PERSON Pseudocyrena] 

[PERSON floridana Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION West Florida] 

to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 381. 
GIBB 'S CLAM , [LOCATION Eucrassatella] speciosa A. 

Ads . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 377. 
[ORGANIZATION FLORIDA LUCINA] , [PERSON Lnciim floridana] 

[PERSON Conrad] , [ORGANIZATION IJ^] inches ( [LOCATION West Florida] to 

[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 387. 
[ORGANIZATION CAROLINA] MARSH [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Polymesoda] 

caroliniana [LOCATION Bosc] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Virginia] to 

[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 381. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31 
[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] BIVALVES 



a. GIANT [LOCATION PACIFIC COCKLE] , Trachycar- 

dium qnndragejiarium Con . , 5 inches 
( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 398. 

[PERSON b. NUTTALL] 'S [LOCATION COCKLE] , [PERSON Clinucardium] 

[PERSON nuttalli Conrad] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 403. 

c. [ORGANIZATION CALIFORNIAN LUCINA] , [PERSON Codakia] cali- 

[PERSON jornica Conrad] , [ORGANIZATION Ij/^] inches ( [LOCATION California] ) , 
p. 390. 

d. FRILLED VENUS , [PERSON CJiione] [PERSON gnidia Brod] . 

and Sby . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Lower California] 
to [LOCATION Peru] ) , not in text . 

e. [LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] BITTERSWEET , G/y- 

cymcris subobsuletn Cpr . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 349. 

f. SMOOTH [LOCATION PACIFIC VENUS] , Compso- 

myax . [PERSON subdiaphana Cpr] . , 2 inches 
( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 411. 

[PERSON g. NUTTALL] 'S LUC : iNA , [PERSON Phacoides nuttalli] 

Con . , I inch ( [LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , 
south ) , p. 388. 

[PERSON h. PISMO] [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Tivela] stultorum [PERSON Mawe] , 
5 inches ( [LOCATION San Mateo] , [LOCATION California] south ) , 
p. 412. 

i. FRILLED CALIFORNIAN VENUS , 
[MISC Chione] calif , undatella Sby . , 2 inches 
( [LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 408. 

j. COMMON CALIFORNIAN VENUS , 
[PERSON Chione calijorniensis Brod] . , 2 inche; 
( [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 407. 

k. SMOOTH [LOCATION PACIFIC VENUS] , [PERSON CJiione] fliic- 
tifraga Sby . , 23^^ inches ( [LOCATION San Pedro] , 
[LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 408. 

1. [ORGANIZATION COMMON WASHINGTON CLAM] , Saxi- 
domns nuttalli Con . , 4 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , p. 417. 



m. and n. COMMON PACIFIC LITTLE- 
[ORGANIZATION NECK] , Protothaca staviinea Con . , 2 

inches ( entire [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) , p. 410. 
o. WHriE ROCK VENUS , [PERSON P. staminea] form 

[PERSON ruderata Desh] ( most common in [LOCATION Alaska] ) , 

p. 410. 
] ) . [MISC CALIFORNIAN] WEDGE SHELL , [PERSON Douax] 

californicus Con . , 1 inch ( [PERSON Santa Barbara] , 

[LOCATION California] , south ) , p. 438. 
q. COMMON PACIFIC WEDGE SHELL , 

Douax gouldi [LOCATION Dall] , % inch ( ( [LOCATION California] 

to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 435 " . 
r. C;ALIF0RNIAN IRUS VENUS , [PERSON Irus] laviel- 

lifera [PERSON Conrad] , I inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , 

p. 142. 
s. WAVY PACIFIC I 'HRACilA , [PERSON Cyathodouta] 

uudulaia Con . , I inch ( [LOCATION California] to 

[LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 472. 
t. WEST COAST [LOCATION RUPELLARIA] . Rupcl- 

laria telliniyalis Cpr . , 1 inch ( Califor- 
nia to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 420. 
u. MODEST TELLIN , [PERSON Tellina] modesta Cpr . . 

% inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] ) , 

p. 425. 
[LOCATION V. CALIFORNIA CUMINGIA] , [ORGANIZATION Cumingia] 

[PERSON californica Conrad] , I inch ( [LOCATION California] 

to [LOCATION Chili] ) , p. 436. 
[PERSON w. STIMPSON] 'S SURF CLAM , [PERSON Spi] . mla poly- 

? iyma form alaskcua [LOCATION Dall] , 4 inches 

( [LOCATION Alaska] ) , p. 446. 
X. COMMON [ORGANIZATION PACIFIC SPOON] [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , 

[LOCATION Periplouia] planijiscuhun SI ) y. , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Peru] ) , p. 473. 

y. SALMON TELLIN , [PERSON Tellina salmonea Cpr] . , 
3/2 inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] ) , p. 426. 

z. [LOCATION PACIFIC GAPER] , [PERSON Schizothaerus] nuttalli 
[PERSON Conrad] , 7 inches ( [PERSON Washinoton] to [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 450. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32 
[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] BIVALVES 



a. GIANT [LOCATION ATLANTIC COCKLE] , Dbwcar- 

[PERSON diuni] [PERSON robustutn Solander] , 4 inches 
( [LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , [PERSON p. 40L] 

b. VANHYNING 'S GIANT COCKLE , [PERSON D.] ro- 

biistum vanJiyniiigi CI . and [PERSON Smith] , 4 
inches ( [LOCATION West Florida] ) , p. 40 L 

c. FRILLED PAPER [LOCATION COCKLE] , [PERSON Papyridea] 

sernisulcata Sby . , Yj inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 398. 

d. GREENLAND COCKLE , [PERSON Serripes] groen- 

landicus Brug . , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Quebec] to 
[LOCATION Massachusetts; Alaska] ) , p. 401. 

e. ICELAND [LOCATION COCKLE] , [PERSON Clinocardium] cilia- 

turn Fabr . , 3 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts; also to [LOCATION Washington] ) , p. 403. 

[PERSON f. OCEAN] QUAHOG , [LOCATION Arctica] islandica [PERSON L.] , 

3 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , 
p. 381. 

[PERSON g. SOUTHERN] QUAHOG , [LOCATION Merccnaria] 

campechiensis [PERSON Gmelin] , 5 inches ( and 
young ) ( [LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 406. 

[PERSON h. NORTHERN QUAHOG] , [LOCATION Mercenaria] rncr- 
cenaria [PERSON L. ,] 4 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to east 
[LOCATION Florida] ) , p. 406. 

i. GRAY PYGMY VENUS , [PERSON Chione] gnis Hol- 
mes , % inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [MISC Louisi-] 
ana ) , p. 408. 

[PERSON j. ROSTRATE CUSPIDARIA] , [MISC Cu] spidaria 

[PERSON rostraia Spengler] , % inch ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] 

to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 476. 
[PERSON k.] lEXAS VENUS , [LOCATION Callocardia] tcxasinna 

[LOCATION Dall] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 416. 
1. [PERSON MORRHUA VENUS] , [PERSON Pitar morrhunim] 

[PERSON Linsley] , [PERSON V/i] inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] ) , p. 414. 
ni . PRINCESS VENUS , [PERSON Aniigona Jistcri Gray] , 

3 inches ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 404. 



QUEEN VENUS , [PERSON Antigona] rugatitia Heil- 
prin , [ORGANIZATION Ij/^] inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 405. 

[ORGANIZATION DWARF SURF CLAM] , [PERSON Mulinia] lateralis 
Say , V : i inch ( [LOCATION Maine] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 449. 

[ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC SURF] [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [LOCATION Spimla] solidis- 
[PERSON siina Dill] . , 6 inches ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to 
[LOCATION South Carolina] ) , p. 446. 

CHANNELED DUCK [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Labiosa] 
plica [PERSON tella Lam] . , 3 inches ( [ORGANIZATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 449. 

[ORGANIZATION ARCIIC WEDGE CLAM] , [PERSON Mesodesma] 
arctata Con . , [PERSON V/j] inches ( [PERSON Greeidand] to 
[LOCATION Virginia] ) , p. 451. 

FRAGILE [LOCATION ATLANTIC MACTRA] , [PERSON Mactra] 
[PERSON fragilis Gmelin] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 445. 

CAMPECHE AN ( ;EL WING , [PERSON Pliolas] caiu- 
pec}}iensis [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Mexico] ) , p. 462. 

GIANT FALSE DONAX , [LOCATION Iphigenia] bra- 
[PERSON siliensis Lam] . , 23^2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 
[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 439. 

TRUNCATE GAPER [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Mya] ivun- 
cata [PERSON L.] , 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts; also to [LOCATION Washington] ) , p. 455. 

[LOCATION STRIATE MARTESIA] , [PERSON Martesia] striata [PERSON L.] , 
1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 
p. 464. 

COMMON SOF 'I -SHELL [ORGANIZATION CLAM] , [PERSON Mya] 
areuaria [PERSON L. ,] 4 inches ( [PERSON Labrador] to 
[LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 455. 

[ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC GROOVED] [LOCATION MACOMA] , Ajw- 
lymetis intastriata Say , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] 
and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 434. 

FALSE ANGEL WING , [PERSON Pctricola] plioladi- 
formis [PERSON Lam] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Canada] to [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 420. 











\*% . 



^fy . , 



i^_ . ^m- 






[PERSON t. ■] " ^- 



1./ 




[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 211 

[PERSON Muricopsis] ostrearum [PERSON Conrad Mauve-mouth Drill] 

Figure 47g 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to the [LOCATION Florida Keys] . 

I inch in length , extraordinarily like [PERSON Urosalpinx] perrugata , but more 
elongate , with a longer siphonal canal which is bent slightly back , and with 
a light-mauve aperture . Moderately common from low tide area to 35 
fathoms . [PERSON M.] fioridmja [PERSON Conrad] is this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Fseudoneptunea] Kobelt 1882 
[ORGANIZATION Pseudoneptunea] [LOCATION miiltangiila Philippi] False Drill 

[MISC Figure 47f] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , rather broad , with a short , fairly open siphonal 
canal . Outer lip sharp , finely crenulated . At the base of the columella there 
is a single , small fold . 8 to 9 short , rounded axial ribs on the periphery of the 
whorl . Spiral cords weak . Color gray with red-brown specklings; some- 
times solid yellow-orange . Moderately common . 

Subfmnly PURPURINAE 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Driipa Roding] 1798 

[PERSON Subgenus Morula Schumacher] 18 17 

[PERSON Drupa] nodulosa [PERSON C. B. Adams] [ORGANIZATION Blackberry Drupe] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25V 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

'V2 to I inch in length , elongate , grossly studded with round , black beads . 
Aperture purplish black . Outer lip thick , and with 4 to 5 relatively large , 
white beads . A common shallow-water species found under rocks . 

Genus Acanthina [PERSON Fischer von Waldheim] 1807 
[PERSON Subgenus Acanthinucella Cooke] 191 8 

[LOCATION Acanthina] spirata [LOCATION Blainville] Spotted [PERSON Thorn Drupe] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24-0 
Puget Sound to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , rather low-spired , solid , smoothish , except for 
numerous , poorly developed , spiral threads . [LOCATION Spine] on lower , outer lip is 
strong , behind which on the base of the outside of the body whorl is a weak , 
spiral groove . [PERSON Whorls] slightly shouldered . Color bluish gray with numerous 
rows of small , red-brown dots . Aperture within is bluish white . A round- 
shouldered , smaller form ( [PERSON punctulata Sby] . or lapilloides Conrad ) is found 



212 [MISC American Seashells] 

from [LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . A common southern species found 
above high-tide mark on rocks; also on mussel beds . 

[LOCATION Acanthina] paucilirata Steams Checkered [PERSON Thorn Drupe] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower Cahfomia] . 

% to /4 inch in length , characterized by about 6 spiral rows of small 
squares of black-brown on a cream-white background . Early whorls cancel- 
late , later whorls smoothish except for 4 or 5 very small , smooth , raised , spiral 
threads . Top of whorl slightly concave . Spine at base of outer lip small and 
needle-like . Aperture dentate , brownish with black squares on the outer lip . 
Siphonal canal short . Common above high-tide mark in southern [LOCATION California] . 

[PERSON Genus Urosalpinx Stimpson] 1865 
[PERSON Urosalpinx] cinerea Say [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Oyster Drill] 

Figure 470 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to southern [LOCATION Florida] . Introduced to [LOCATION San Francisco] and to 
[LOCATION England] . 

% to I inch in length; without varices; outer lip slightly thickened on 
the inside and sometimes with 2 to 6 small , whitish teeth . Siphonal canal 
moderately short and straight . With about 9 to 12 rounded , axial ribs per 
whorl and with numerous , strong , spiral cords . Color grayish or yellowish 
white , often with irregular , brown , spiral bands . Aperture tan to dark-brown . 
This common species is very destructive to oysters . It occurs from intertidal 
areas down to about 25 feet or more . Females grow faster and hence are 
larger than the males . They may reach an age of 7 years . The drills move 
inshore to spawn . Each female spawns once a year ( May to September in 
Virginia; June to September in [LOCATION Canada] and [LOCATION England] ) . The female deposits 
25 to 28 leathery , vase-shaped capsules , each containing 8 to 12 eggs . U. fol- 
lyensis [PERSON B. Baker] is an ecologic form . 

[PERSON Urosalpinx] perrugata [PERSON Conrad Gulf Oyster Drill] 

Figure 47 d 
[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] ( to [LOCATION Louisiana] ? ) . 

Similar to cinerea , but with 6 to 9 axial ribs which are quite large at the 
periphery of the whorl . The spiral cords are fewer and stronger . Aperture 
rosy-brown or yellow-brown . Outer lip more thickened on the inside and 
usually with 6 small , whitish teeth . This may be a subspecies of cinerea . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] on mudflats . Always compare with [PERSON Muricopsis] ostreanmt [PERSON Conrad] 
which resembles this species very closely . 



[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 213 

Urosalpinx tampaensis [PERSON Conrad Tampa Drill] 

[LOCATION Tampa Bay] area , west [LOCATION Florida] . 

V2 to I inch in length; the light-brown aperture is thickened and the 
outer lip has 6 small , white teeth . With about 9 to 1 1 sharp , axial ribs per 
whorl , crossed by about 9 to i o equally strong spiral cords on the last whorl , 
thus giving the shell a cancellate sculpture . The whorls in the spire show 
only 2 spiral , nodulated cords . Exterior dark-gray . [ORGANIZATION Common] on mudflats . 

[PERSON Genus Purpura Bruguiere] 1789 
[PERSON Purpura] patula [ORGANIZATION Linne Wide-mouthed Purpura] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25I 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3/4 inches in length; without an umbilicus . Exterior dull , rusty- 
gray . [PERSON Columella] salmon-pink . [MISC Inner] borders of aperture with splotches of 
[PERSON blackish] brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] , uncommon in [LOCATION Florida] . The 
animal exudes a harmless hquid which stains the hands and collecting bag a 
permanent violet . 

The subspecies [PERSON pansa Gould] ( west coast of [LOCATION Mexico] south to [LOCATION Columbia] ) 
is similar in most respects , but the columella is colored a whitish cream . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Thais Roding] 1798 
[PERSON Subgenus Stramonita Schumacher] 1817 

[MISC Thais] haemastoma floridaJia [ORGANIZATION Conrad Florida Rock-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , solid , smooth to finely nodulose . Color light- 
gray to yellowish with small flecks and irregular bars of brownish . Interior 
of aperture salmon-pink , often with brown between the denticulations of the 
outer lip . Running inside the aperture high up on the body whorl above the 
parietal area , there is a strong spiral ridge . Some specimens have a faint fold 
or phca on the base of the columella . This is a very common species , but 
quite variable in shape and color pattern . Typical hae ? 7msto ? ? M Lamarck oc- 
curs in the [MISC Mediterranean] and [LOCATION West Africa] . See additional remarks under 
[MISC Thais] rustica . 

[MISC Thais] haemastoma haysae [ORGANIZATION Clench Hays] ' Rock-shell 

[LOCATION Northwest Floriaa] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

This subspecies is characterized by its large size ( up to 4% inches in 



214 [MISC American Seashells] 

length ) , strongly indented suture , and rugose sculpture with a row of double , 
strong nodules on the shoulder of the whorls . [PERSON M. D. Burkenroad] ( 1931 ) has 
given a long account of the biology of this oyster pest . 

[MISC Thais] rustica [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Rustic Rock-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 25f] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

I /4 inches in length , irregularly sculptured with 2 spiral rows of blunt 
spines , one on the shoulder , the other at the center of the body whorl . Color 
dirty-gray to dull mottled brown . Interior of aperture whitish but generally 
margined with spots of dark-brown along the outer lip . [ORGANIZATION Parietal] wall glossy- 
white . This species is smaller and more nodulose than [PERSON floridana] and always 
has a white aperture . Erroneously called [MISC Thais] imdata [PERSON Lamarck] which is an 
[MISC Indo-Pacific] species . 

Three confusing species are often found together in southern [LOCATION Florida] . 
The young of [MISC Canthariis] tinctits ( see p. 233 ) has the lower third of its white 
columella turned away ( to the left ) 20 degrees from the axis of the shell , and 
its early whorls in the spire are not shouldered . [MISC Thais] [PERSON haemastoina floridana] 
is characterized by its almost straight , cream to orange columella , and by the 
numerous raised cream or white spiral ridges on the inside of the outer lip . 
[MISC Thais] rustica has a stouter , white columella which is slightly twisted and 
purple-stained at the lower , inner corner . Its outer lip teeth occur in groups 
of 2 or 3 and near the edge of the lip are stained by heavy blotches of purple- 
brown . 

[PERSON Subgenus Mancinella Link] 1807 
[MISC Thais] deltoidea [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Deltoid Rock-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 25b] , k 

[LOCATION Jupiter Inlet] , [LOCATION Florida] , to the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

I to 2 inches in length , heavy , and coarsely sculptured with two spiral 
rows of large , blunt spines . Parietal wall tinted with lavender , mauve or rose . 
Interior of aperture glossy-white . Exterior grayish white with mottlings of 
black or dull brown . [PERSON Columella] with a small but distinct ridge at the base 
which forms the margin of the siphonal canal . This is an abundant species 
where intertidal rocks are exposed to the ocean surf . 

[PERSON Subgenus Polytropa] Swainson 1840 
Thais lapillus [ORGANIZATION Linne Atlantic Dogwinkle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 5g 

[ORGANIZATION Southern Labrador] to [LOCATION New York] . [LOCATION Norway] to [LOCATION Portugal] . 

I to 2 inches in length , roughly sculptured or smoothish . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 



[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 



215 



with rounded , spiral ridges . Sometimes imbricated with small scales ( form 
named inibricata Lamarck , pi . 256 ) . Color usually dull-white , but sometimes 
yellowish , orange or brownish . Rarely with dark-brown or [MISC blackish] spiral 
bands . This species has also been known as [PERSON Nucella] lapillus . For biology see 
[PERSON H. B. Moore] ( 1936 and 1938 ) . 




Figure 48. [LOCATION Pacific] coast [PERSON Dogwinkles] . a , [MISC Thais] emarginata Deshayes; b and c , 
[PERSON T.] cmialicidata Duclos; d , [PERSON T. lima] Gmelin; e to h , forms of [PERSON T. lainellosa Gmelin] . 

All about natural size . 



[MISC Thais lamellosa Gmelin] 

Bering Straits to [LOCATION Santa Cruz] , [LOCATION California] . 



[PERSON Frilled Dogwinkle] 

Figures 48e-h 



I % to 5 inches in length , solid , usually with a fairly high , pointed spire . 
[PERSON Columella] almost vertical and straight , not flattened . Size , details of shape , 
sculpturing and color very variable . [PERSON White] , grayish , cream or orange , some- 
times spirally banded . [PERSON Smoothish] or with variously developed foliated , axial 
ribs . Sometimes spinose . A very common rock-loving species . Formerly 
[PERSON Purpura] crispata [PERSON Martyn] . 



216 [MISC American Seashells] 

Thais canaliculata [PERSON Duclos] Channeled Dogwinkle 

[MISC Figure 48b] , c 

[MISC Aleutian] chain to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

I inch in length , moderately globose , its spire higher than that of emar- 
ginata , but lower than that of [PERSON lamellosa] . [PERSON Columella] arched , flattened below . 
[PERSON Characterized] by about 14 to 16 low , flat-topped , closely spaced , spiral cords 
on the body whorl . Suture slightly channeled . Color white or orange- 
brown , often spirally banded . Moderately common on rocks and mussel beds . 
Do not confuse with [LOCATION lima] from [LOCATION Alaska] . 

Thais emarginata Deshayes Emarginate Dogwinkle 

Figure 48a 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I inch in length , with a rather short spire and with globose whorls . 
Aperture large . [PERSON Columella] strongly arched , and flattened and slightly con- 
cave below . Sculpturing variable , but characteristically with coarse spiral 
cords , usually alternatingly small and large . Cords often scaled or coarsely 
noduled . Exterior yellow-gray to rusty-brown , often with darker , narrow 
spiral bands . [ORGANIZATION Interior] and columella light- to chestnut-brown . Exceedingly 
common in many places along the coast where there are rocks . 

Thais lima [ORGANIZATION Gmelin File Dogwinkle] 

Figure 486 

[LOCATION Alaska] and [LOCATION Japan] to northern [LOCATION California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , very similar to ca7ialiculata , but with 17 to 20 
round-topped spiral cords , often smooth , sometimes minutely fimbriated . 
[ORGANIZATION Cords] often alternate in size . Color whitish or orange-brown , rarely banded . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] intertidally . Compare with canaliculata . 

[PERSON Genus Ocenebra Gray] 1847 

[PERSON Tritonalia Fleming] 1828 may also be used as a name for this genus , al- 
though [LOCATION Ocenebra] would seem to be the wiser choice and will probably be 
the final choice . [PERSON Ocinebra] is a misspelling . 

[PERSON Ocenebra] interfossa [PERSON Carpenter Carpenter] 's [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Triton] 

Figure 49a 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/4 to % inch in length , spire half the length of the shell; light-gray in 
color , delicately sculptured . 8 to 1 1 axial ribs on the body whorl crossed by 
about a dozen strong , microscopically scaled spiral cords . The surface is 



[ORGANIZATION MURICIDAE] 



217 



often fimbriated axially between the cords , Siphonal canal moderately long , 
usually sealed over . Littoral to several fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . There are 2 
named varieties of doubtful biological significance : atropurpurea Cpr . and 
clathrata [LOCATION Dall] . 





Figure 49. Dwarf Tritons of the [LOCATION Pacific] coast , a , [PERSON Ocenebra] inter [PERSON jossa Cpr] . ; b , 
[PERSON O.] circmntexta Stearns; c and d , [PERSON O. hirida Alidd] . All natural size . 



[ORGANIZATION Ocenebra lurida Middendorff] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Catahna Island] , [LOCATION California] . 



[ORGANIZATION Lurid Dwarf Triton] 

Figure 49c , d 



I to I % inches in length; 5 to 6 whorls; moderately elongate spire whose 
whorls show the axial ribs more prominently than the numerous fine spiral 
threads . Suture well-impressed . Body whorl with 8 to 10 rounded ribs which 
are strongest and shouldered just below the suture but which fade out below 
the periphery of the whorl . The smaller , smooth , spiral cords are elevated 
and prominent , often with numerous tiny axial lamellae between them . 6 to 
8 small teeth on the inside of the outer lip . Color variable , whitish to rusty- 
brown , sometimes banded . [PERSON Periostracum] dark-brown and fuzzy . [PERSON Siphonal] 
canal usually sealed over . Very common from northern [LOCATION California] north . 
Littoral to 30 fathoms . 



Ocenebra gracilli ? 7ta [PERSON Stearns] 



[ORGANIZATION Graceful Dwarf Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24m 



[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

Ys inch in length , similar to [PERSON lurida] in shape; with 5 whorls , those in the 
spire weakly cancellate with the axial ribs the strongest . Last whorl without 



218 [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] bells 

axial ribs , except for a rather strong , rounded varix behind the outer hp . Last 
whorl with about a dozen or so Hght-brown , spotted , spiral threads over a 
background of light yellowish gray . 3 to 5 fairly large teeth on the inside of 
the outer lip , [PERSON Siphonal] canal short , sealed over in adults . Periostracum thin , 
fuzzy , grayish with mauve-brown undertones . Interior of aperture light 
mauve-brown , usually with a whitish , spiral band on the middle of the body 
whorl . O. stearTisi [PERSON Hemphill] is the same . Very common in rocky rubble and 
on wharf pilings . 

[LOCATION Ocenebra] circumtexta [ORGANIZATION Stearns Circled Dwarf Triton] 

[MISC Figure 49b] 

[LOCATION Moss Beach] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to I inch in length , spire V^ the length of the shell . Characterized by 
very strong , rough spiral cords ( 15 on the body whorl , 6 on the whorls 
above ) . Under a lens the cords are seen to consist of arched , crowded , raised 
axial lamellae . The cords are often cream-white with the interspaces black- 
brown . Axial ribs wide , low , rounded and 7 to 9 per whorl . Some specimens 
are banded or have large , red-brown spots . A white form of this species was 
unnecessarily named citrica [LOCATION Dall] . A very abundant species on rocks at low 
tide to 30 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Ocenebra] poulsoni [PERSON Carpenter Poulson] 's [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Triton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24k 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1 % to 2 inches in length; a sturdy shell with a semi-gloss finish . 8 to 9 
nodulated , rounded axial ribs per whorl crossed by numerous very fine , 
incised spiral lines and 4 or 5 larger , rounded , raised spiral cords . The latter 
make nodules on the ribs . Siphonal canal narrowly open . Periostracum thin , 
grayish or brownish and smoothish . When the periostracum is absent , the 
shell is glossy-white with numerous , fine spiral lines of dark- to yellow- 
brown . Aperture white . An exceedingly common species found in nearly 
every region on rocks and wharf pilings . 

Genus Pterorytis [PERSON Conrad] 1862 
Pterorytis foliata Gmelin Foliated [PERSON Thorn Purpura] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24h 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , with 3 large , thin , foliaceous varices per whorl 
which are finely fimbriated on the anterior side . Numerous spiral cords are 
rather prominent and of various sizes . Siphonal canal closed , its anterior tip 
turned up and to the right . Base of outer lip with a moderately strong spine . 



[ORGANIZATION MAGILIDAE] 219 

Aperture white . Exterior white to Hght-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [MISC Puget] 
Sound area and to the north on rocks near shore . Also down to 35 fathoms . 
[LOCATION Appears] in some books as [LOCATION Purpura] or [LOCATION Ceratostoina] foliatum [PERSON Martyn] . 

Pterorytis nuttalli [PERSON Conrad Nuttall] 's [PERSON Thorn Purpura] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14 
Point Conception , [LOCATION Cahfornia] , to [LOCATION Lower Cahfornia] . 

1/4 to 2 inches in length , similar to Pter . foHata ( and somewhat resem- 
bling [PERSON Ocenebra] poulsom ) ^ but with much more poorly developed varices , 
and with one prominent , noduled rib between each varix . [LOCATION Spine] on outer lip 
usually long and sharp . Exterior yellowish brown , sometimes spirally banded . 
Siphonal canal closed along its length . A common littoral species in the 
southern part of its range . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Eupleiira H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
[PERSON Eupleura] caiidata Say Thick-lipped Drill 

[MISC Figure 47b] 
[LOCATION South] of [LOCATION Cape Cod] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

/4 to I inch in length; apex pointed; siphonal canal moderately long , 
almost closed , coming to a sharp point below . Last varix large , rounded and 
with small nodules . Inside of outer lip with about 6 small , bead-like teeth . 
[PERSON Whorls] with spiral cords and strong axial ribs . Th-^re are 4 to 6 axial ribs 
between the last 2 varices . E. etterae [PERSON B. B. Baker] is a large , ecologic form of 
this species . 

[PERSON Eupleura] sulcidentata Dall [PERSON Sharp-ribbed Drill] 

Figure 47c 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Similar to [PERSON E. caudata] , but with the spiral sculpture almost absent . There 
are only 2 or 3 axial ribs between the last 2 varices . The varices are thin and 
sharp , and the entire [ORGANIZATION shell] is slightly compressed laterally ( has a more oval 
outline from an apical or top view than does caudata ) . The axial ribs are 
often sharp and may bear a small spine at the top . Color gray , chocolate- 
brown , tan or rarely pinkish , and sometimes with a narrow spiral brown 
band . Moderately common . [PERSON E. stimpsoiii] [LOCATION Dall] from deep water in the [LOCATION Gulf] 
of [LOCATION Mexico] is figured on p. 209. 

[ORGANIZATION Family MAGILIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Coralliophila] H. and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 

[ORGANIZATION CoralUophila] abbreviata Lamarck [MISC Short Coral-shell] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



220 [MISC American Seashells] 

% to i^ inches in length , soHd , grayish white , rather misshapen , with 
rounded or squared shoulders , and with or without weak , rounded axial 
ridges . Spiral sculpture of crowded , variously sized spiral cords which are 
made up of numerous microscopic scales . Aperture enamel-white , rounded 
above and constricted into a short siphonal canal below . Umbilicus small , 
shallow and funnel-shaped . A common species found living in the bases of 
seafans . [PERSON C.] deburghiae [PERSON Reeve] is a deep-water form or species with long , tri- 
angular ribs projecting straight out from the periphery of the whorl . It is 
uncommon . 

[PERSON Subgenus Latiaxis Swainson] 1840 
[ORGANIZATION Coralliophila] costata [LOCATION Blainville California] Latiaxis 

Point Conception , [LOCATION Cahfornia] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

I to I % inches in length , variable in shape and the development of frills 
and spines . Deep-water forms ( called [PERSON hindsi Carpenter] ) bear triangular , flat- 
tened , up-turned spines on the periphery of the whorl . Spiral cords are 
strongly scaled . Color light-gray with an enamel-white aperture . Moder- 
ately common offshore . A choice collector 's item . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily BUCCINACEA] 
Family [ORGANIZATION COLUMBELLIDAE] 

( [LOCATION Pyrenidae] ) 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Colmnbella Lamarck] 1799 

[PERSON Columbella] 7nercatoria [PERSON Linne Common Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25bb 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length , solid , squat , highly colored with white and 
brown , interrupted spiral bars over yellow , pink or orange background . 
Sometimes only maculated with one color ( orange , brown or yellow ) . Outer 
lip thick , bearing about a dozen white teeth . A common shallow-water spe- 
cies frequently cast up on beaches . Not found on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

[LOCATION Colwnbella] rusticoides [LOCATION Heilprin] [PERSON Rusty Dove-shell] 

Key West north along the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Similar to [PERSON C.] mercatoria , but much more slender , smooth on the center 
of the body whorl , and with mauve-brown marks between the apertural 
teeth . Also more faintly colored and lacking spiral bars or lines of brown . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] down to 20 feet . 



I 



[ORGANIZATION COLUMBELLIDAE] 221 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Anachis H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
[PERSON Anachis] avara Say [PERSON Greedy Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2566 

[LOCATION New Jersey] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to V-y inch in length , moderately elongate , with about a dozen smooth 
axial plications on the upper half of each whorl . Spiral , incised lines very 
weak or absent , but strong at the base . Aperture narrow , a [ORGANIZATION Httle] less than 
half the length of the shell . Weak , smooth varix present . The 3 nuclear 
whorls are smooth and translucent-white . Next few whorls with numerous 
axial riblets . Color yellowish brown to dark gray-brown over which may be 
seen a faint pattern of irregular , white , large dots . Sometimes with dark- 
brown specklings . 4 weak teeth inside inner lip . A very common low-tide 
mark species . 

Anachis obesa [PERSON C. B. Adams Fat Dove-shell] 

[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

%6 to ^ inch in length , moderately wide , dull grayish with i or 2 sub- 
dued , spiral brown bands in some specimens . Small , sharp axial ribs are nu- 
merous; spiral incised lines numerous , not crossing ribs . There is a fairly 
strong , occasionally knobbed , spiral cord immediately below the suture . 
Varix large , smooth and rounded . Body whorl behind it usually smoothish . 
[LOCATION Parietal] shield faintly developed , but with a sharp edge . [MISC Inner] wall of outer 
lip with about 3 to 5 small teeth . The form ostreicola [PERSON Melville] from north- 
west [LOCATION Florida] is dark-brown and with stronger spiral threads or wider incised 
lines . This is a common shallow-water species . 

[PERSON Anachis] translirata Ravenel Well-ribbed [PERSON Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25flF 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to northeast [LOCATION Florida] . 

Similar to avara , but with about twice as many axial ribs which run the 
entire depth of each whorl , and with strong incised spiral lines throughout . 
Outer lip with about a dozen tiny teeth . Color drab yellowish to brown , but 
sometimes with wide , subdued , spiral bands of darker brown . Dredged com- 
monly just offshore usually from 2 to 20 fathoms . 

[PERSON Anachis penicillata Carpenter] Penciled [PERSON Dove-shell] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1/5 inch in length , rather slender , with 6 whorls , of which the first 2 
nuclear ones are smooth , the remainder with about 1 5 strong axial riblets per 



222 [MISC American Seashelh] 

whorl , which are made slightly uneven by numerous very fine spiral threads . 
Color translucent-cream with sparse spottings of brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] under 
rocks between tide marks . 

Genus Nitidella Swainson 1840 
[PERSON Nitidella] ocellata Gmelin White-spotted [PERSON Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 5hh 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , smooth , characteristically dark black-brown with nu- 
merous small white dots which may be quite large just below the suture . 
Outer lip thick , with 5 or 6 small whitish teeth . Aperture short , narrow , 
purplish brown within . When beachworn , the color is reddish or yellowish 
brown . Common under rocks at low tide . Formerly known as cribraria 
[PERSON Lamarck] . 

[PERSON Nitidella] mtidula [PERSON Sowerby Glossy Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25dd 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , characterized by the long aperture ( % that of the 
entire shell ) and by the very glossy shell . Color whitish with heavy mot- 
tlings of light-yellow to mauve-brown . Outer lip with about a dozen small 
teeth . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] on rocks at low tide . 

[PERSON Nitidella] gouldi [PERSON Carpenter Gould] 's [PERSON Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 20m 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

H inch in length , 7 whorls are smoothish and slightly convex . [ORGANIZATION Spire] 
almost flat-sided . Base of shell on exterior of canal with about 9 fine , incised 
spiral lines . Bottom of white columella with a single , low plait . Outer lip 
simple , sharp and often reinforced within by 4 or 5 weak pustules . [ORGANIZATION Shell] 
whitish with faint brown maculations , covered with a yellowish-gray peri- 
ostracum . Fairly common from just ofl " shore to 300 fathoms . 

[PERSON Nitidella] carinata [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Carinate Dove-shell] 

[LOCATION San Francisco] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

H inch in length , glossy , brightly variegated with orange , yellow , white 
and brown . Shoulder of last whorl usually strongly swollen . Exterior of 
canal with about a dozen spiral , incised lines . Both ends of the aperture are 
stained dark-brown . Outer lip thickened , crooked , and with about a dozen 
small spiral threads or teeth inside . Fairly common in shallow water . [PERSON N.] 



{ 



[ORGANIZATION COLUMBELLIDAE] 22 3 

[PERSON gausapata Gould] ( [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Alaska] ) is similar , but without the swollen 
shoulder . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Mitrella Risso] 1826 
[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Astyris H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 

[ORGANIZATION Mitrella] lunata Say [MISC Lunar Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25gg 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

%6 to M inch in length , glossy , smooth , translucent-gray and marked 
with fine , axial zigzag brown to yellow stripes . Base of shell with fine , in- 
cised spiral lines . Aperture constricted , slightly sinuate . Outer lip with 4 
small teeth on the inside . No prominent varix . Nuclear whorls very small 
and translucent . Color sometimes milky-white or mottled in brown . A very 
common species found at low tide . 

[PERSON Mitrella raveneli] Dall [PERSON Ravenel] 's [PERSON Dove-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25CC 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , resembling lunata , but translucent-whitish , without 
the mottlings , normally a slightly larger shell , more elongate , with a longer 
siphonal canal , and with a rather thin outer lip which lacks the deep sinua- 
tion found in the upper portion of the outer lip as in [LOCATION Iwiata] . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
dredged from 5 to 90 ( rarely to 200 ) fathoms . Rarely washed ashore . 

[PERSON Mitrella tuberosa Carpenter] Variegated [PERSON Dove-shell] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

/4 inch in length , slender , with a narrow , pointed , flat-sided spire . [ORGANIZATION Shell] 
smooth and usually glossy . Outer lip slightly thickened and with small teeth 
within . Color a translucent yellowish tan with opaque , light-brown flammules 
and maculations . Sometimes all brown with tiny white dots . Early whorls 
in worn specimens have a lilac tinge . Periostracum thin and translucent . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water; 7 to 30 fathoms . [PERSON M. variegata Stearns] may be this 
species . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Amphissa H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
This genus was formerly placed in the family [PERSON Buccinidae] . 

[ORGANIZATION Amphissa versicolor] Dall [PERSON Joseph] 's [ORGANIZATION Coat Amphissa] 

Figure 50a 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



224 



[MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 



y^ inch in length , rather thin , but quite strong; surface glossy . 7 whorls . 
Suture well-impressed . [PERSON Whorls] in spire and upper third of body whorl with 
about 15 obliquely slanting , strong , rounded , axial ribs . Numerous spiral , 
incised lines are strongest on the base of the body whorl . [LOCATION Lower] columella 
area with a small shield . Outer lip thickened within by about a dozen small 
white teeth . Color pinkish gray with indistinct motthngs of orange-brown . 
A common littoral to shallow-water species . 




Figure 50. Small whelks of the [LOCATION Pacific] coast , a , [PERSON Amphissa] versicolor Dall; b , [PERSON A.] 
[PERSON Columbiana] Dall; c , [PERSON A. undata Cpr] . ; d , [LOCATION Searlesia] dira [PERSON Reeve] . All X3. 



[ORGANIZATION Amphissa] columbiana [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 



[ORGANIZATION Columbian Amphissa] 

[MISC Figure 50b] 



I inch in length , similar to [LOCATION versicolor] , but characterized by its large size , 
numerous , weak , vertical , axial ribs ( 20 to 24 on the next to the last whorl , 
and missing on the last part of the last whorl ) , and by the low , rounded varix 
behind the outer lip . Color yellow-brown with indistinct mauve mottlings . 
Periostracum thin , yellowish brown . Moderately common in shallow water 
from [LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Alaska] . 



[PERSON Amphissa] undata [PERSON Carpenter Carpenter] 's [PERSON Amphissa] 

Figure 50c 
[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Vs to y2 inch in length , similar to [PERSON versicolor] , especially in color , but with 



BUCCINIDAE 225 

a much higher spire , stronger axial ribs , and much stronger , more acute , spiral 
cords . Moderately common from 25 to 265 fathoms . 

[PERSON Amphissa] bicolor Dall Two-tinted [PERSON Amphissa] 

[LOCATION Farralon Islands] , to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to % inch in length , similar to versicolor , but thinner-shelled , usually 
with fewer ribs , glossy-white in color , but covered with a pale-straw peri- 
ostracum , and without the small teeth inside the outer lip . Dredged com- 
monly from 40 to 330 fathoms . 

Favnly [LOCATION BUCCINIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Buccinum Linne] 1758 

[LOCATION Buccinwn] undatum [ORGANIZATION Linne Common Northern Buccinum] 

[MISC Arctic] Seas^to [LOCATION New Jersey] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , solid , chalky gray to yellowish with a moderately 
thick , gray periostracum . Axial ribs 9 to 18 per whorl , low , extending [PERSON ^] 
to V2 way down the whorl . Spiral cords small , usually about 5 to 8 between 
sutures . Outer lip slightly or well sinuate and somewhat flaring . Aperture 
and parietal wall enamel-white . Anterior canal short . 1V2 nuclear whorls 
fairly large , smooth and translucent-white . [LOCATION Operculum oval] , concentric , 
chitinous , and light yellow-brown . A very variable shell which sometimes 
lacks the axial ribs but may have numerous spiral threads . [ORGANIZATION Common] just off- 
shore to several fathoms in cold water . 

[PERSON Buccinum] tenue [PERSON Gray Silky Buccinum] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24U 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Washington State] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Maine] . 

1V2 to 1V2 inches in length; aperture 'V2 the length of the shell . Outer 
lip slightly sinuate , thin and slightly flaring . Axial ribs small , numerous , inter- 
twining and extending from suture to suture . Spiral sculpture of microscopic , 
beaded threads giving a silky appearance . Color light-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] off- 
shore . Compare with [PERSON plectrum Stimpson] . 

[PERSON Buccinum] plectrum [ORGANIZATION Stimpson Plectrum Buccinum] 

Figure 51a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to Puget Sound . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] . 

2 to 3 inches in length; aperture a little more than % the entire length 
of the shell . Outer lip strongly sinuate , thickened and flaring . Axial ribs 



226 [MISC American Seashells] 

small ( but larger and fewer than those in temie ) , and limited to the upper 
fourth of the whorl . Spiral sculpture of numerous rough , but microscopic , 
incised lines . Color grayish white . [ORGANIZATION Common] offshore in cold water . Do not 
confuse with [PERSON B.] tenue . 

[PERSON Buccinum] glaciale [ORGANIZATION Linne Glacial Buccinum] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [ORGANIZATION 24t] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Washington State] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to the [MISC Gulf of St] Law- 
rence . 

2 to 3 inches in length , fairly thick-shelled , but light in comparison to 
its size . Characterized by its thick , flaring , turned-back outer lip , and by the 
2 wavy , strong spiral cords on the periphery of the whorl . Spiral incised 
lines numerous . Color mauve-brown . Aperture cream with a purplish flush 
within . Common from low tide to several fathoms in the [MISC Arctic] region . 

[PERSON Buccinum] baeri [PERSON Middendorff Baer] 's [PERSON Buccinum] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24V 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] . 

I to 2 inches in length , resembling a thin , beach-worn [LOCATION Thais lima] . Aper- 
ture about % the length of the shell . Rather thin , smoothish , except for m.i- 
croscopic , incised spiral lines . Color drab grayish with purplish to reddish 
undertones . [PERSON Periostracum] , when present , is thin , translucent and light-brown . 
Operculum V5 the size of the aperture . [PERSON Commonly] found washed ashore on 
the beaches of [LOCATION Alaska] and the Aleutians . A very unattractive shell . 

Genus Volutopsius Morch 1857 
Subgenus Volutopsius s. str . 

[PERSON Volutopsius] castaneus [ORGANIZATION Morch Chestnut Buccinum] 

Figure 51c 

[LOCATION Alaska] . 

2.V2 to 3^4 inches in length , rather solid; with 4 whorls; aperture large 
and slightly flaring . Interior brownish white enamel . [PERSON Columella] slightly 
arched , white within , brown on the parietal wall . Exterior surface brownish 
and smoothish , except for coarse axial wrinkles appearing more as deform- 
ities in growth . Moderately common on rocks below low-water mark . 

Subgenus Pyrulofusus Morch 1869 
[LOCATION Volutopsius] bar pa Morch Left-handed [PERSON Buccinum] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24P 

[LOCATION Alaska] . 



BUCCINIDAE 111 

3 to 4 inches in length , characteristically sinistral ( left-handed ) , 4 
whorls , with the smoothish nucleus indented . Sculpture of 6 to 12 very 
oblique , low , rounded axial ribs and numerous ( often paired ) raised spiral 
threads . Color ash-gray with a light brownish yellow periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
of aperture tinted with tan . [ORGANIZATION Operculum] much smaller than the aperture . 
[PERSON Dextral] ( right-handed ) specimens are rarities . Fairly common in deep water . 



Genus ] umala Friele 1882 
( [PERSON Bermgius] Dall ) 

[PERSON Jumala] crehricostata Dall Thick-ribbed Buccinum 

[MISC Figure 51b] 

[LOCATION Alaska] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , moderately heavy , with 5 to 6 whorls . Charac- 
terized by the very strong , rounded spiral cords ( 3 to 4 between sutures ) 
which on the base of the shell tend to be flat-topped . Periostracum grayish 
brown , thin and semi-glossy . A very handsome , but not commonly acquired 
species which occurs from 80 to 100 fathoms . 



[PERSON Jumala keitnicotti] Dall [PERSON Kennicott] 's [PERSON Buccinum] 

Figure 5ig 

[LOCATION Alaska] . 

5 to 6 inches in length , not very heavy . Characterized by about 9 strong , 
arched , somewhat rounded axial ribs extending from suture to suture , and , 
on the body whorl , extending % the way down the whorl . Spiral sculpture 
of microscopic scratches , except on the base where there are a dozen or so 
weak threads . Periostracum light-brown , thin , and usually flakes off in dried 
specimens . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky and whitish gray in color . Not uncommon in sev- 
eral fathoms of water; rarely in very shallow water . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Coins Roding] 1798 
Cohis stimpsoni [PERSON Morch Stimpson] 's [PERSON Colus] 

Plate 23X 

[ORGANIZATION Labrador] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , fusiform , moderately strong , chalk-white in 
color , but covered with a semi-glossy , light- to dark-brown , moderately thin 
periostracum . Length of aperture about half the length of the entire shell . 
Sculpture of numerous incised spiral lines . Fairly common from i to 471 
fathoms . 



228 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 




Figure 51. [LOCATION Pacific Buccinums] and [ORGANIZATION Neptunes] . a , [PERSON Buccimnn] plectrum Summon; h , 

[PERSON Jmmla] crebricostata Dall; c , [PERSON Vohitopsim] casta7ieits Morch; d , [PERSON Neptwiea] eiicomiia 

Dall; e , [PERSON Neptimea] phoenicea Dall; f , [PERSON Neptimea] tabnlata Baird; g , [PERSON Jiimala kennicotti] 

Dall; h , [PERSON Colus spitzbergensis Reeve] , All reduced about Yo 



BUCCINIDAE 229 

[PERSON Colus] pubescens [PERSON Verrill Hairy Colus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 231 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

2 to 2% inches in length , very similar to stimpsoni , but the aperture is 
about % the entire length of the shell , the suture more abruptly impressed , 
the whorls slightly more convex and the siphonal canal usually , but not 
always , more twisted . Very commonly dredged from 18 to 640 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Colus] pygmaea [PERSON Gould Pygmy Colus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23m 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

Less than i inch in length , with 6 to 7 fairly convex whorls , fairly frag- 
ile , chalk-white , with spiral incised lines , and covered with a light olive-gray , 
thin , velvety periostracum . Aperture slightly more than % the length of the 
entire shell . Commonly dredged from i to 640 fathoms . 

[PERSON Coins caelata Verrill] and [PERSON Smith] ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION North Carolina] , deep 
water ) is about the same size , but is characterized by about 12 strong axial 
ribs per whorl in addition to numerous fine spiral threads . It is chalky-white 
to gray . 

[PERSON Colus] spitzbergensis [PERSON Reeve Spitzbergen Colus] 

Figure 5ih 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Washington State] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] . 

2/4 to 3 inches in length , rather light-shelled , and with 6 fairly well- 
rounded whorls . [ORGANIZATION Spire] long and of about 30 to 35 degrees . Siphonal canal 
short; columella almost straight . Outer lip flaring , slightly thickened . Sculp- 
ture of numerous ( 12 to 14 between sutures ) low , flat-topped , small , equally 
sized spiral cords . [PERSON Chalk-gray] with a reddish to yellowish brown , thin peri- 
ostracum . Commonly dredged from i to 142 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Nepumea Roding] 1798 
[PERSON Neptunea] decevicostata Say [PERSON Brown-corded Neptune] 

Plate 23s 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . 

3 to 4H inches in length , rather heavy . Characterized by its grayish- 
white , rather smooth shell which bears 7 to 10 very strong , reddish-brown , 
spiral cords . The upper whorls show 2 to 3 cords . There is an additional 
band of brown just below the suture . A common cold-water species found 
offshore , but occasionally washed up on [LOCATION New England] beaches . 



230 [MISC American Seashells] 

[LOCATION Neptunea] ventricosa [PERSON Gmelin Fat Neptune] 

Plate 24s 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] and [LOCATION Bering Sea] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , heavy , with a large , ventricose body whorl . 
Axial ribs or growth lines coarse and indistinct , rarely lamellate . Shoulders 
sometimes weakly nodulated . Spiral cords absent or very weak . Color a 
dirty-brownish white . Aperture white or flushed with brownish purple . 
Moderately common offshore . This is Chrysodomus satura [PERSON Martyn] and its 
several poor varieties . 

[LOCATION Neptunea] pribiloffensis Dall Pribiloff [PERSON Neptune] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 241 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION British Columbia] . 

4 to 5 mches in length , similar to [PERSON N. lyrata] , but with a lighter shell , with 
weaker and more numerous spiral cords , and with more numerous and 
stronger secondary spiral threads . Outer lip more flaring and the siphonal 
canal with more of a twist to the left . Fairly commonly dredged from 50 to 
100 fathoms . 



[PERSON Neptunea] lyrata [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Common Northwest Neptune] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24q 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , % as wide , solid , fairly heavy . With 5 to 6 
strongly convex whorls , bearing about 8 strong to poorly developed , raised 
spiral cords ( 2 of which usually show in each whorl in the spire ) . Faint , 
quite small , spiral threads are also present . Exterior dull whitish brown . 
Aperture enamel-white with a tan tint . Fairly common in [LOCATION Alaska] from shore 
to 50 fathoms . This is Chrysodo ? mis [PERSON Jirata Martyn] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Ancistrolepis] Dall 1894 
[LOCATION Neptunea] eucosmia Dall [ORGANIZATION Channeled Neptune] 

Figure 516 
[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Oregon] . 

1V2 inches in length , solid , outer lip sharp , strong and crenulated . Si- 
phonal canal short , wide and slightly twisted . Spiral cords strong . Suture 
channeled . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalk-white , but covered with a rather thick , yellow-brown 
to gray periostracum which is axially lamellate and bears minute , erect hairs . 
Aperture glossy-white . Not uncommonly dredged from 62 to 780 fathoms . 
[PERSON N.] calif ornica [LOCATION Dall] and bicincta [LOCATION Dall] appear to be this species . 



BUCCINIDAE 231 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Sulcosipho] Dall 1916 
[PERSON Neptunea] tabulata [ORGANIZATION Baird Tabled Neptune] 

Figure 5 if 

[LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , moderately solid , with 8 whorls , colored white 
with a thin brown periostracum . Characterized by the wide , flat channel 
next to the suture . It is bounded by a raised , scaly or fimbriated spiral cord . 
Remainder of whorl with numerous sandpapery spiral threads . A choice col- 
lector 's item , not uncommonly dredged from 30 to 200 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Kelletia Fischer] 1884 
Kclletia kelleti [PERSON Forbes Keller] 's [PERSON Whelk] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 24W] 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION San Quentin Bay] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , characterized by its very heavy , white , fusiform 
shell , its fine , wavy suture , and by the sharp , crenulated outer lip . [PERSON Whorls] 
slightly concave between the suture and the shouldered periphery , which 
bears 10 strong , rounded knobs per whorl . Base with about 6 to 10 incised , 
spiral lines . Aperture glossy and white . Very commonly caught in traps 
from 10 to 35 fathoms . There are no other recent species in the genus . Often 
misspelled with two t 's . 

Genus Bailya [PERSON M. Smith] 1944 
[PERSON Bailya] intricata Dall [ORGANIZATION Intricate Baily-shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 251 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

/4 inch in length , fairly strong , pure white in color and with cancellate 
sculpturing . Last whorl with 12 to 14 low axial ribs which are crossed by 
about a dozen spiral cords ( between which there may be a much smaller 
thread ) . At their intersection there are small beads . Outer lip with a frilled , 
rounded varix . [PERSON Columella] smooth . Weak spiral cord present on inside of 
aperture on the upper parietal wall . [PERSON Whorls] slightly shouldered . No notch 
in lower part of outer lip . Nuclear whorl smooth , glassy and rounded . Un- 
common from I to 50 fathoms . 

[PERSON Bailya] parva [PERSON C. B. Adams] from the [LOCATION West Indies] differs in not having its 
whorls shouldered , having weaker spiral cords , and in occasionally having 
brown coloring . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Antillophos Woodring] 1928 
Antillophos candei [PERSON Orbigny Cande] 's [PERSON Phos] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25U 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 



232 [MISC American Seashells] 

I to i^ inches in length , slightly less than half as wide; strong , heavy 
and pure white . Last whorl with about 13 small spiral cords and about 24 
stronger axial ribs . Where they cross , there are small , rounded beads . Outer 
lip near the low part has a shallow notch . Inside the lip are about a dozen 
prominent , spiral ridges . [PERSON Columella] with 2 low spiral ridges near the base , 
sometimes weaker ones above . [MISC Upper] parietal wall with a strong spiral cord 
running back into the aperture . Nuclear whorls smooth , glossy , white and 
slightly carinate . Very commonly dredged from 20 to 100 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Engina Gray] 1839 
[LOCATION Engina] turbinella Kiener White-spotted [LOCATION Engina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 25W] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Vs to y2 inch in length , dark purple-brown with about 10 low , white 
knobs per whorl on the periphery . Base with 2 to 4 spiral rows of much 
smaller white knobs . Microscopic spiral threads numerous . Aperture thick- 
ened and constricted by 4 to 5 whitish teeth on the outer lip and by a twist 
of the columella just above the narrow siphonal canal . Do not confuse with 
[PERSON Mitra] sulcata which has several columellar plications . [ORGANIZATION Common] under rocks 
at low tide . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Searlesia Harmer] 191 6 
[LOCATION Searlesia] dira [PERSON Reeve Dire Whelk] 

Figure 501 ! 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , half as wide , with the brown aperture half the 
length of the dark gray , fusiform shell . Outer lip thin but strong and with 
fine serrations which extend back into the shell as small spiral threads . Colu- 
mella arched , chocolate-brown and glossy . Whorls in spire with 9 to 1 1 low , 
rounded axial ribs , and all of the exterior with numerous fine , unequal-sized 
spiral threads . Siphonal canal short and slightly twisted to the left . A com- 
mon shallow-water species commonly from northern [LOCATION California] to the north . 

Genus [PERSON Coluhraria Schumacher] 18 17 
[LOCATION Colubraria] lanceolata [ORGANIZATION Menke Arrow Dwarf Triton] 

Plate 25X 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , slender , with 7 whorls . Aperture long and nar- 
row . Varix strong and curled back . [LOCATION Parietal] shield elevated into a collar . 



[ORGANIZATION BUCCINIDAE] 23 3 

Former distinct varices present every % of a whorl . Sculpture very finely 
cancellate and beaded . [PERSON Nucleus brown] , smooth and bulbous . [ORGANIZATION Shell] ash-gray 
with occasional orange-brown smudges . Uncommonly dredged on rocky 
bottom just [ORGANIZATION ofi] 'shore . 

[LOCATION Colubraria] test ace a Morch from [LOCATION Tortugas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] is % 
to 1% inches in length , fatter , with numerous , small beads and with wider 
varices . [PERSON C.] sivifti [PERSON Tryon] ( subgenus Monostiohnn Dall ) , also from the [LOCATION West] 
Indies , is % inch long , without former varices , axially ribbed and heavily 
maculated with brown . Both are uncommon . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Pisania Bivona-Bernardi] 1832 
[LOCATION Fisania] pusio [ORGANIZATION Linne Miniature Triton Trumpet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13-0 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length , sturdy , smooth , and usually with a glossy 
finish . The outer lip is weakly toothed within , and the upper parietal wall 
has a small , white , swollen tooth near the top of the aperture . Color variable , 
but usually purplish brown with narrow spiral bands of irregular dark and 
light spots commonly chevron-shaped . Moderately common below low- 
water line in the region of coral reefs . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cantharus Roding] 1798 
[PERSON Subgenus Pollia Sowerby] 1834 

[LOCATION Cantharus] tmctits [PERSON Conrad Tinted] Cantharus 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 25y 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I /4 inches in length , heavy , spire evenly conic; aperture with a 
small canal at the top . Axial ribs low and weak . Spiral cords numerous and 
weak , forming weak beads as they cross the ribs . Inside of outer lip with 
small teeth which are strongest near the top . Color of shell variegated with 
yellow-brown , blue-gray and milky-white . Fairly common in shallow water . 
The young are easily confused with [MISC Thais] . See remarks under [PERSON T. rustica] , 
p. 214. 

[LOCATION Cantharus] auritula [PERSON Link Gaudy Cantharus] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Similar to [PERSON C.] tinctus , but broader , with shouldered whorls , with about 
9 stronger axial ribs per whorl and with about 10 sharp spiral threads on 



2 34 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

the last whorl . Outer lip turned in as the varix is formed . Color brighter . 
Posterior canal longer . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies;] intertidal . 

[LOCATION Cantharus] cancellarins [PERSON Conrad Cancellate Cantharus] 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

Similar to [PERSON C.] tinctiis , but with a lighter shell , higher spire , and with sharp , 
spiral threads and narrow , axial ribs which cross to make a beaded and can- 
cellate sculpturing . Posterior siphonal canal absent or weak . Varix very 
weak . Moderately common in shallow water . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Macron H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
[PERSON Macroji] lividus [PERSON A. Adams] [PERSON Livid Macron] 

Plate 24X 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to I inch in length , half as wide , strong , with 5 whorls which are 
covered with a thick , felt-like , dark-brown periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Shell] yellowish 
to bluish white . Outer lip sharp , strong , and near its base bearing a small , 
spiral thread . [PERSON Columella] strongly concave and white . [MISC Upper] end of aperture 
narrow , with a small , short channel and with a white , tooth-like callus on 
the parietal wall . Siphonal canal short and slightly twisted . Base of shell 
with a half dozen incised spiral lines . [PERSON Operculum] chitinous , brown , thick , 
oval and with the nucleus at one end . Very common under stones at low 
tide . 

Family MELONGENIDAE 

Genus [PERSON Melongena Schumacher] 18 17 

{Gale odes ) 

[ORGANIZATION Melongena corona Gmelin Common Crown Conch] 

Figure 52 

[LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and [LOCATION A4exico] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , very variable in size , color , shape and production 
of spines . [PERSON Dirty-cream] with wide , spiral bands of brown , purplish brown 
or dark bluish black . Pure white " albinos " are infrequent . Shoulder and 
base of shell with i , 2, 3 or 4 rows of semi-tubular spines which may point 
upward or horizontally . Numerous varieties have been named which do 
not even warrant subspecific standing : minor [PERSON Sowerby] ( dwarf ) ; estepho- 
menos [PERSON Melville] ( dwarf and narrow ) ; [PERSON altispira Pilsbry] and [PERSON Vanatta] ( long and 
narrow ) ; [PERSON bispinosa Philippi] ( 2 rows of spines ) ; insp [PERSON 'mata Richards] spineless 
shoulder ) ; and [PERSON jnartiniana Philippi] . A very common species in [LOCATION Florida] . 
Used extensively in the shellcraft industry . 



[LOCATION MELONGENIDAE] 



235 



[PERSON Melongena corona] perspinosa Pilsbry and [PERSON Vanatta] appears to be a 
good subspecies . ( [LOCATION Tampa] south to Lossmans Key , [LOCATION Florida] ) . Up to 4% 
inches in length , heavier and wider than [LOCATION corona] , with a wider aperture , and 
with shoulder spines standing out at right angles , and with 2 or 3 rows of 
smaller spines below the larger ones . A descendant possibly of the [MISC Pliocene] 
subspecies subcoronata [LOCATION Heilprin] . Soft parts and [PERSON radula] described and figured 
in [PERSON Frank Lyman] 's excellent Shell Notes , vol . 2, no . 2-3, 1948 ( published 
privately by [PERSON Lyman] , [LOCATION Lantana] , [LOCATION Florida] ) . 




Figure 52. Two forms of the Crown Conch , [PERSON Melongena corona Gmelin] , from 
[LOCATION Florida] , a , sandy area; [ORGANIZATION b] and c , from oyster bed . Reduced %. 

[PERSON Melongena] melongena [LOCATION Linne West] Indian Crown Conch 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 3h 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] ( ? ) and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 6 inches in length , similar to [LOCATION corona] , but heavier , with rounded 
shoulders; smaller , more solid spines , and with a distinct channel at the suture . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] . 



Genus Busy con Roding 1798 
[ORGANIZATION {Fulgiir Montfort] ) 



[PERSON Knobbed Whelk] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 3i 



Busy con carica [PERSON Gmelin] 

[LOCATION South] shore of [LOCATION Cape Cod] to central east [LOCATION Florida] . 

Adults 5 to 9 inches in length; characterized by having low tubercles 
on the shoulder of the whorl and in being right-handed . Aperture light 
orange-yellow , but sometimes brick-red . The young show axial streaks of 
brownish purple . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . 



236 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

Busy con contrarium [ORGANIZATION Conrad Lightning] [PERSON Whelk] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23-0 
[LOCATION South Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

4 to 16 inches in length , left-handed , with a row of moderately small , 
triangular knobs at the shoulder . Color grayish white with long , axial , wavy 
streaks of purplish brown which are blurred along their posterior edge . 
[PERSON Albino shells] are rare . Off [LOCATION Yucatan] and rarely in [LOCATION Florida] , right-handed 
specimens are found . Their siphonal canal is longer than that in [LOCATION B. carica] , and 
the [ORGANIZATION shell] is lighter than that of perversum . A very common species in west 
[LOCATION Florida] . 

Busy con perversum [ORGANIZATION Linne Perverse Whelk] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23k 
Both sides of central [LOCATION Florida] . 

4 to 8 inches in length , very heavy and with a glossy finish . This 
species should not be confused with the common contrarium . This species 
can be either left-handed ( formerly known as [PERSON kieneri Philippi] 1848 ) or 
right-handed ( formerly known as eliceans [ORGANIZATION Montfort] 18 10, pi . 23k ) . The 
name [PERSON B.] perversum or [MISC Fulgur] perversa in most old popular books refers to [PERSON B.] 
contrarhmi . The perverse whelk is an uncommon species . It is characterized 
by the heavy , polished shell and the swollen , rounded ridge around the 
middle of the whorl . Dredged from 4 to 10 fathoms . 

Subgenus Busy coty pus [PERSON Wenz] 1943 
Busy con canaliculatum [ORGANIZATION Linne Channeled Whelk] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2311 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION St Augustine] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

5 to 7% inches in length , characterized by a deep , rather wide channel 
running along the suture and by the heavy , felt-like , gray periostracum . Com- 
mon in shallow , sandy areas . Left-handed specimens are rare . The subgenera 
[ORGANIZATION Fulguropsis E. S. Marks] 1950 and [PERSON Sycofulgur Marks] 1950 are the same as 
[PERSON Wenz] 's subgenus . 

Busy con spiratum Lamarck [PERSON Pear Whelk] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 9g 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

3 to 4 inches in length; characterized by its smooth , rounded shoulders 
and the deep , but narrow channel at the suture . Periostracum thin and 
velvety . Do not confuse with [PERSON Ficus] which is a much more fragile shell . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow , sandy , clear water areas . The animal is cream-gray . 
Known in all previous popular books as [PERSON B. pyrum Dillwyn] . In the western 



[ORGANIZATION NASSARIIDAE] 237 

part of the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , specimens often have a weak keel on the 
shoulder ( form or subspecies plagosum [PERSON Conrad] ) . 

Busy con coarctatwn [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Turnip Whelk] 

Plate I a 

[LOCATION Yucatan] area , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Until 1950 this was considered a very rare species , but dredging activities 
of shrimp trawlers have brought a large number of them to light . Charac- 
terized by its turnip-like shape , single row of numerous small , dark-brown 
spines , and by its golden-yellow aperture . 5 inches in length . 

[ORGANIZATION Family NASSARIIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Nassarms Dumeril] 1806 

Subgenus Nassarms s. str . 

Nassarms vibex Say [MISC Common Eastern Nassa] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 3q 
[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION AVest Indies] . 

% inch in length , heavy , with a well-developed parietal shield . Last 
whorl with about a dozen , poorly developed , axial ribs which are coarsely 
beaded . Color gray-brown to whitish with a few splotches or broken bands 
of subdued , darker brown . A common sand or mud-flat species . Some 
specimens have numerous weak spiral cords . [PERSON Parietal] shield sometimes yellow- 
[PERSON ish] . 



Nassarms acjitus Say Sharp-knobbed [MISC Nassa] 

Figure 53c 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

Ya : inch in length , characterized by its glossy shell , its strong , pointed 
beads , and in occasionally having a narrow , brown , spiral thread connecting 
the beads . Moderately common . Fossil specimens are twice as large . 

Nassarms insculptus [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Smooth Western Nassa] 

[MISC Figure 53f] 

[LOCATION Point Arena] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in length , outer lip thickened , parietal wall thick , white but 
not very wide . Body whorl smoothish , except for weak , fine spiral threads . 
Axial ribs numerous only on early whorls . Color white , covered by a yellow- 
ish white periostracum . Moderately common; dredged from 20 to 200 
fathoms . 



238 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



Nassarms tegnla [PERSON Reeve] 

[LOCATION San Francisco] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[MISC Western Mud Nassa] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 on 



% inch in length , moderately heavy , with a heavy , whitish or brown- 
stained parietal callus . Body whorl smoothish around the middle , but with 
a spiral row of fairly large nodes below the suture . In the spire , the nodes 
are usually divided in two . Base of body whorl with a few weak , spiral 
threads . Outer lip thick . Color olive-gray to brownish , often with a narrow , 
whitish or purplish , spiral band . A common mud-flat species . 






FiciURE 53. Nassa Mud Snails . [LOCATION ATLANTIC] : a , Nassarws miibigiiiis Pulteney; b , 

[PERSON N.] amhigims form co7iseimis [PERSON Rav] . ; c , [PERSON N.] acutus Say . [LOCATION PACIFIC] : d , A^ . vien 'diciis 

Gould; e , [PERSON N.] perpbigiiis Hinds; f , [PERSON N.] iiisciilpws Cpr . All X3. 



[ORGANIZATION NASSARIIDAE] 2 39 

[PERSON Subgenus Hinia Gray] 1847 
Nassarms ambiguus Pulteney 1799 Variable [MISC Nassa] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 231; figure 53a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 inch in length , relatively light-shelled , usually pure white in color , 
but occasionally with i or 2 narrow , spiral bands of light yellowish brown . 
Number of strong , axial ribs per whorl varies from 8 to 12. [MISC Upper] part of 
whorl sometimes shouldered . Numerous spiral , rounded cords are strong 
or weak . Parietal shield enamel-v/hite , usually not well-developed . N . con- 
sensus [PERSON Ravenel] is possibly only a form of this unusually variable species 
( fig . 53b ) . 



[LOCATION Nassarius] trivittatus [MISC Say New England Nassa] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23 j 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . 

% inch in length , rather light-shelled , 8 to 9 whorls; nuclear whorls 
smooth . Whorls in spire with 4 to 5 rows of strong , distinct beads . [ORGANIZATION Parietal] 
wall thinly glazed with white enamel . Outer lip sharp and thin . [PERSON Whorls] 
slightly channeled just below the suture . Color light-ash to yellowish gray . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] from shallow water to 45 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Nassarius] perpinguis [MISC Hinds Western Fat Nassa] 

Figure 530 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to I inch in length , fairly thin , with a rather fragile outer lip . Similar 
to [PERSON N.] calif ornianus , but with much finer sculpture ( usually finely cancellate 
or minutely beaded ) , and yellowish white in color with 2 or 3 narrow , spiral 
bands of orange-brown , one of which borders the suture . The sculpture is 
variable with spiral threads often predominant . Very abundant along most 
of the coast . Intertidal flats to 50 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Nassarius] calijornianus [MISC Conrad Californian] [MISC Nassa] 

[LOCATION Squaw Creek] , [LOCATION Oregon] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I inch in length , without a thick parietal shield and the outer lip not 
thickened . [ORGANIZATION Shell] with numerous , rather coarse beads arranged in 20 to 30 
axial , slanting ribs . 11 to 12 spiral threads on the last whorl; 5 to 7 on the 
whorls above . Color white with an ashy or yellow-gray periostracum . 
Moderately common just offshore to 35 fathoms . Compare with perpinguis . 



240 [MISC American Seashells] 

[LOCATION Nassarius] mendicus [MISC Gould Western Lean Nassa] 

Figure 53d 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to % inch in length , with a moderately high spire . Outer lip not 
thickened . Sculpture consists of numerous , small beads which are formed by 
the crossing of about a dozen small axial ribs and smaller spiral threads . Color 
yellowish gray . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water in the north . 

The subspecies or form [PERSON cooperi Forbes] has weaker spiral threads and 
about 7 to 9 strong , whitish , smoother axial ribs which persist to the last of 
the body whorl . Color grayish yellow to whitish , often with fine , spiral , 
brown or mauve lines . Very common in the south . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Zaphon H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
[LOCATION Nassarius] fossatus [PERSON Gould] ^ Giant [MISC Western Nassa] 

Plate 20s 

[LOCATION Vancouver Island] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I V2 to 2 inches in length , orange-brown to brownish white in color . 
Early whorls coarsely beaded; last whorl with about a dozen coarse , variously 
sized , flat-topped spiral threads and with about a dozen short axial ribs on the 
top third of the last whorl . Outer lip with a jagged edge and constricted 
at the top . The largest and one of the common intertidal [MISC Nassa] snails on the 
[LOCATION Pacific] coast . 

Subgenus [PERSON llyanassa Stimpson] 1865 
[LOCATION Nassarius] obsoletus Say [MISC Eastern Mud Nassa] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23P 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to northeast [LOCATION Florida] . Introduced to the [LOCATION Pacific] 
coast . 

/4 to I inch in length , usually covered with mud and algae , and has its 
spire eroded at the tip . Color dark black-brown . Sculpture of numerous 
rows of weak beads . [ORGANIZATION Parietal] wall thickly glazed with brown and gray . 
[PERSON Columella] with a single , strong spiral ridge near the base . Outer lip with half 
a dozen small grayish teeth which run back into the aperture . Very common 
on oozy , warm mud flats . 

Family [ORGANIZATION FASCIOLARllDAE] 
Subfamily [ORGANIZATION FASCIOLARIINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Leucozonia Gray] 1847 

[LOCATION Leucozonia] nassa [PERSON Gmelin Chestnut Latirus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 1 1 ! 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION FASCIOLARIIDAE] 241 

iVi inches in length , heavy , squat , with its whorls shouldered by about 
9 large nodules . Characterized by its semi-glossy , chestnut-brown color with 
a faint , narrow spiral band of whitish at the base of the shell which terminates 
into a small , distinct spine on the outer lip . [PERSON Columella] with 4 weak folds 
at the base . Aperture yellowish tan within . Common among rocks at low 
tide . Alias L. cingulifera [PERSON Lamarck] . 

[LOCATION Leucozonia] ocellata Gmelin White-spotted [PERSON Latirus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 1 e 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length , 73 as wide , squat and heavy . Color dark-brown to 
[PERSON blackish] with a row of about 8 large , white , rounded nodules at the periphery 
and about 3 or 4 spiral rows of smaller white squares on the base of the shell . 
Base of columella with 3 small folds . [ORGANIZATION Apex] usually worn white . A common 
intertidal species found under rocks . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Latirus Montfort] 18 10 
[PERSON Latirus] mcgintyi [PERSON Pilsbry McGinty] 's [PERSON Latirus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lib 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] . 

/4 to 2/4 inches in length , elongate , heavy , and with about 10 whorls . 
Color cream with a soHd yellow-brown periostracum . Aperture bright 
yellow . Umbilicus variable , but usually funnel-shaped . Each whorl with 
8 low , rounded ribs which are noduled by 2 spiral cords in the upper whorls 
and 4 cords on the wide periphery of the last whorl . Numerous fine spiral 
threads present . Lower columella with 2 weak folds . Uncommon . 

[PERSON Latirus] infundibulum [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Brown-lined Latirus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 1 a 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 inches in length , heavy , resembling a [PERSON Fusinus] in shape , but character- 
ized by the 3 weak folds on the columella , the light-tan to light-brown shell 
which bears small , darker brown , wavy , glossy , smooth spiral cords . 7 to 8 
strong axial nodules per whorl . Umbilicus imperfect , sometimes funnel- 
shaped . Moderately common in the [LOCATION West Indies] , rare in [LOCATION Florida] . 

[PERSON Latirus] brevicaudatus [PERSON Reeve Short-tailed Latirus] 

Plate I if 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2% inches in length , rather broad , with a short siphonal canal , with 
8 to 9 rounded , long axial ribs crossed by numerous spiral threads . Color 



242 [MISC American Seashells] 

light-chestnut , reddish brown or dark-brown . Not so shouldered as , and less 
coarsely sculptured than , mcgintyi . It is much stouter and not so elongate as 
infundibulum , but like that species may have narrow , brown spiral lines or 
threads . Moderately common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Fasciolaria Lamarck] 1799 
[LOCATION Fasciolaria] tulipa [ORGANIZATION Linne True Tulip] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 13b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , with 2 or 3 small spiral grooves just below the 
suture , between which the shell surface is often crinkled . Sometimes with 
broken spiral color lines . A beautiful orange-red color variety is not un- 
common on the [LOCATION Lower Keys] . [ORGANIZATION Common] . [ORGANIZATION Giants] reach a length of 10 inches . 

[LOCATION Fasciolaria] hunteria [ORGANIZATION Perry Banded Tulip] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , whorls entirely smooth near the suture . The 
widely spaced , rarely broken , distinct , spiral , purple-brown lines are charac- 
teristic . [PERSON Albino shells] are rare . A common western [LOCATION Florida] species which 
lives in warm , shallow areas . Formerly F. distans [PERSON Lamarck] , a later name . 

The subspecies braiihamae Rehder and [PERSON Abbott] from [LOCATION Yucatan] to off west 
[LOCATION Texas] has a much longer siphonal canal and the spiral color lines are also on 
the siphonal canal . Intergrades exist in [LOCATION Louisiana] and [ORGANIZATION Alabama] . [PERSON Branham] 's 
Tulip is moderately common . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Pleuroploca] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1884 
[ORGANIZATION Pleuroploca] gigantea [ORGANIZATION Kiener Florida Horse Conch] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Almost 2 feet in length , although usually about i foot . Outer surface 
dirty-white to [PERSON chalky-salmon] , and covered with a fairly thick , black-brown 
periostracum which flakes off in dried specimens . The young ( up to about 
3% inches ) have a thinner periostracum and the entire [ORGANIZATION shell] is a bright orange- 
red . A form which lacks the nodules on the last whorl was named reevei 
[PERSON Philippi] 1 85 1. [PERSON P. papulosa] Sowerby 1825 is insufficiently described to apply 
with any certainty to this species . 

A similar , large species , [PERSON P.] prmceps [PERSON Sowerby] ( the Panama Horse Conch ) , 
occurs from the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Ecuador] . Its operculum has deep , 
rounded grooves . Both of these Horse Conchs were previously put in the 
genus [LOCATION Fasciolaria] . 



I 



[ORGANIZATION FASCIOLARIIDAE] 243 

Subfa ? nily [LOCATION FUSININAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Fiisinus Rafinesque] 1815 

[PERSON Fusinus] thnessus Dall [PERSON Turnip Spindle] 

Plate I ig 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] . 

About 3 inches in length , solid , pure white , with a thin , gray periostra- 
cum . Aperture round with a flaring , raised parietal wall which , like the 
inside of the outer lip , is enamel-white and bears numerous spiral threads . 
Each whorl with i o to 12 low , short axial ribs at the periphery . [MISC Upper] whorls 
with 8 to 9 small , but sharp and slightly wavy , smooth spiral cords . Last 
whorl and the long siphonal canal with a total of about 30 to 40 small cords 
between which is often a very fine one . Dredged uncommonly from 20 to 50 
fathoms . 

Fusinus eucos7nius Dall [PERSON Ornamented Spindle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lie; figure 22k 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] . 

3 inches in length , with about 12 rounded whorls and with a small , 
roundish aperture located at the middle of the shell . Siphonal canal long , 
its diameter about equal to that of the aperture . Whorls with 8 large , rounded 
axial ribs which in the upper whorls are crossed by about 6 strong , sharp , 
slightly wavy spiral threads . [ORGANIZATION Apex] often leaning to one side . Color all white 
with a rather heavy , grayish-white to yellowish periostracum . Rather com- 
monly dredged offshore , but still a collector 's item . 

[PERSON Subgenus Barbarofusus] [PERSON Grabau] and [PERSON Shimer] 1909 
Fusinus harfordi [PERSON Stearns Harford] 's [LOCATION Spindle] 

Figure 54a 

[LOCATION Mendocino County] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 inches in length , heavy , exterior dark , orange-brown , with 11 to 12 
wide , rounded axial ribs crossed by small , sharply raised , finely scaled spiral 
cords . Rare in moderately deep water . 

Fusinus kobelti [LOCATION Dall] Kobelt 's [PERSON Spindle] 

[MISC Figure 54b] 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Catalina Island] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 V2 inches in length , heavy , similar to [PERSON harfordi] , but with a longer siphonal 
canal , fewer and larger axial ribs ( 8 to 10 per whorl ) , colored white , except 
for several orange-brown spiral cords . Periostracum rather thick , opaque 
and light-brown . The spiral cords in [LOCATION harfordi] are much larger and with 
squarish tops . Moderately common in shallow water to 3 5 fathoms . 



244 



[LOCATION America] ? ! Seashells 






Figure 54. [PERSON Californian Spindles] , a , [PERSON Fiisimts harfordi Stearns] , [ORGANIZATION 2] inches; b , [PERSON F. kobelti] 
[LOCATION Dall] , 2^ . inches; c , [PERSON Aptyxis] luteopicta [LOCATION Dall] , % inch . 

Fusinus barbarensis [PERSON Trask Santa Barbara Spindle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24Z 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , almost /4 as wide , 9 to 10 rounded whorls , the 
early ones with about i o low , axial ribs which are very weak or absent in the 
last 2 whorls . Spiral threads prominent and numerous . Color dirty gray- 
white , sometimes with a pinkish or yellowish cast . Dredged from 50 to 200 
fathoms , and occasionally brought up in fishermen 's nets . 



[MISC Painted Spindle] 

Figure 54c 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Aptyxis Troschel] 1868 
[PERSON Aptyxis] luteopicta [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% inch in length , strong , with a thin outer lip . Color dark purplish 
brown with an indistinct , wide , spiral band of cream at the periphery . 
Common from low tide to 20 fathoms . 

Faviily XANCIDAE 

[PERSON Subjamily] XANCINAE 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Xanciis Roding] 1798 

Xancus angulatus [MISC Solander West Indian] [PERSON Chank] 

The [LOCATION Bahamas] , [LOCATION Key West] , [LOCATION Cuba] , [LOCATION Yucatan] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 



[ORGANIZATION OLIVIDAE] 245 

7 to 14 inches in length , very heavy . Color cream-white with a thick , 
light-brown periostracum . Interior often tinged with glossy , pinkish cream 
or deep , brownish orange . [PERSON Columella] bears 3 strong , widely spaced folds . 
[LOCATION Middle] of whorl on inside of aperture often with a spiral , weak ridge . A left- 
handed specimen of this species would be worth its weight in silver . Once 
called [PERSON Turbinella] scolyma Gmelin . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily VASINAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Vasum Roding] 1798 

[PERSON Vasum] muricatum [MISC Born Caribbean Vase] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 23I 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2% to 4 inches in length , heavy . [PERSON Blunt] spines are at the shoulder and 
near the base . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalk-white , covered by thick , black-brown periostra- 
cum . Aperture glossy-white and with a purplish tinge . [PERSON Columella] with 5 
strong folds , the first and third being the largest . Rather common , often in 
pairs , in shallow water . Preys on worms and clams . 

The subspecies coestiis Broderip 1833 ( [MISC Panamanian Vase] ) occurs from 
the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] , and differs only in having 4 ( rarely 5 ) 
columella folds and in having heavier spiral cords . It is common . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfajnily VOLUTACEA] 

Fa7jnly [LOCATION OLIVIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Oliva Bruguiere] 1789 

[PERSON Olha] say [PERSON ana Ravenel Lettered Olive] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 12a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

2 to 2% inches in length , moderately elongate , with a glossy finish and 
with rather flat sides . Color grayish tan with numerous purplish brown and 
chocolate-brown , tent-like markings . A common species found at night 
crawling in sand in shallow water . Formerly called [PERSON O. litterata Lamarck] . 
Do not confuse with [PERSON O. reticularis] which is generally smaller , which has a 
much more shallow canal at the suture , whose apical whorls are slightly con- 
vex instead of slightly concave , and whose sides of the whorls are more 
convex . Dead specimens buried for a long time in bay mud may take on an 
artificial black coloration . 



[PERSON Oliva] reticularis Lamarck [ORGANIZATION Netted Olive] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate I2C] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



246 A ? ? 7erica ? i [PERSON Seashelh] 

I /4 to I % inches in length , similar to say ana , but smaller , more globose , 
with an oily finish and generally more lightly colored . The [MISC Golden Olive] 
or [LOCATION Golden Panama] is merely a rare orange form of this species . Sometimes 
pure white or very dark-brown in color . A common [MISC West Indian] species . 
See remarks under say ana . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Olwella Swainson] 183 1 

Distinguished from the [ORGANIZATION genus Oliva] by its much smaller shell and in pos- 
sessing an operculum . 

[PERSON Olivella] miitica Say Variable [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Olive] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22V 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to /4 inch in length , half as wide , with a sharp apex . Strong , glossy 
callus is present on the parietal wall at the upper end of the aperture . Varia- 
ble in color : ashy grays and chocolate-browns to yellowish or whitish with 
wide bluish-gray spiral bands . Sometimes brightly banded with white and 
browns . A very common species found in warm , shallow waters . 

[ORGANIZATION Olivella] nivea [LOCATION Gmelin West] Indian Dwarf Olive 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] iih , j 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION West Indies] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

V2 to I inch in length , whorls about 7, apex sharply pointed; nucleus 
small , white , tan or purple . Suture channel is deep and fairly wide; with a 
strongly concave , etched , spiral indentation on the side of the preceding 
whorl . Color variable , usually cream-white with orange , tan or purple occur- 
ring in clumps in a spiral series just below the suture and just above the 
fasciole ( that raised spiral ridge at the base of the shell ) . [PERSON Fasciole] lacks color . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] from shore to 25 fathoms . Compare with jaspidea which has a 
more bulbous apex . 

[ORGANIZATION Olivella] jaspidea [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Jasper Dwarf Olive] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 1 -i 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] to [LOCATION Barbados] . 

% to % inch in length , whorls about 5, apex blunt , nuclear whorls large . 
Color variable , usually grayish white with small , dull maculations of purplish 
brown . [PERSON Fasciole] at base of columella with irregular , brown spots and bars . 
A common [MISC West Indian] species found in shallow water in sand . Compare 
with nivea . 

[ORGANIZATION Olivella] moorei [PERSON Abbott Moore] 's [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Olive] 

Off [LOCATION Key Largo] to [LOCATION Key West] , [LOCATION Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION OLIVIDAE] 247 

% inch in length , apex bulbous . Characterized by its translucent shell 
with numerous , long , wavy , axial flammules of reddish brown on the sides of 
the whorls . Dredged from 115 to 144 fathoms . Named for [PERSON Hilary B. Moore] 
of the [ORGANIZATION University of Miami] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Olivella] floralia [PERSON Duclos] Common [ORGANIZATION Rice Olive] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to /4 inch in length , slender , fusiform and with a sharp apex . Color 
all white , but often with a dull bluish undertone . [ORGANIZATION Apex] white , orange or 
dull purplish . [PERSON Columella] with numerous , very small folds . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shal- 
low water . 

[PERSON Olivella] baetica [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Beatic Dwarf Olive] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2oq 

[LOCATION Kodiak Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Lower Cahfornia] . 

% to % inch in length , moderately elongate , rather light-shelled , glossy , 
and colored a drab-tan with weak purplish brown maculations often arranged 
in axial flammules which may be more pronounced near the suture . [PERSON Columellar] 
callus weakly developed , the lower end with a double-ridged spiral fold . 
[PERSON Fasciole] white , often stained with brown . Early whorls usually purplish 
blue . [PERSON O. porteri] [LOCATION Dall] is the same . 

[PERSON Olivella] pedroana [ORGANIZATION Conrad San Pedro Dwarf Olive] 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to ^ inch in length , resembhng [PERSON O. baetica] , but much heavier , much 
stouter , with a heavy callus , and colored light-buff to clouded , brownish 
gray with long , distinct , axial , zigzag stripes of darker brown . [PERSON Fasciole] and 
callus always white . The lowest columellar spiral ridge is single or rarely 
double . Moderately common from i to 15 fathoms . [PERSON O.] pycna [PERSON Berry] is the 
same , and matches the neotype designated by [PERSON Woodring] in 1946. [PERSON O.] intorta 
[PERSON Carpenter] is also this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Callianax] H. and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
[ORGANIZATION Olivella] biplic ata SowcThy Purple [ORGANIZATION Dwarf Olive] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i2i 

[LOCATION Vancouver Island] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I M inches in length , globular to elongate , quite heavy . [MISC Upper] colu- 
mella wall with a heavy , low , white callus . Lower end of columella with a 



248 [MISC American Seashells] 

raised , spiral fold which is cut by i , 2, or 3 spiral , incised lines . Color varia- 
ble , but usually bluish gray or whitish brown with violet stains around the 
fasciole and lower part of the aperture . [PERSON Brown] and pure-white specimens are 
sometimes found . Abundant in summer months in sandy bays and beaches . 
Sometimes dredged down to 25 fathoms on gravel bottom . 

F^7inly [LOCATION MITRIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Mitra Lamarck] 1799 

[PERSON Mitra] ftorida [ORGANIZATION Gould Royal Florida Miter] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13 ! 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1/4 to 2 inches in length , with about 6 whorls . Characterized by its 
smooth , white , glossy whorls which bear on the last one about 1 6 spiral rows 
of evenly spaced , small , roundish dots of orange-brown . There are also odd 
patches of light orange-brown . 9 columella folds , the lower 7 being very 
weak . An uncommon species considered a choice collector 's item . Formerly 
known as [PERSON M. fergusoni] [PERSON Sowerby] . 

[PERSON Mitra swainsoni] antillensis Dall [PERSON Antillean Miter] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 inches in length , about [PERSON M] as wide , with the aperture half as long as 
the entire shell . 10 whorls smooth , except for 5 or 6 weak spiral threads on 
the upper fourth of the whorl . [PERSON Columella] with 4 slanting , spiral folds , the 
largest being the uppermost . Color grayish white with a light-brown to olive 
periostracum . Short siphonal canal slightly recurved . Rare . 

[PERSON Mitra nodulosa Gmelin Beaded Miter] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 26b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , solid , glossy , orange to brownish orange in color , 
and with about 1 7 long , axial riblets which are rather neatly beaded . Suture 
deep , with the whorls slightly shouldered . [ORGANIZATION Columella] folds 3, large and 
white . A common species frequently washed ashore or found under rocks at 
low tide . 

Mitra styria Dall Dwarf Deepsea Miter 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , fusiform in shape , moderately fragile and ashen-white 






[ORGANIZATION MITRIDAE] 249 

in color . lo whorls . Characterized by the numerous , very small , beaded , 
axial riblets and the thin , gray periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Columella] folds 5, the lower 2 
being very weak . Nuclear whorls small , smooth and pointed . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
dredged from 30 to 333 fathoms . 

[PERSON Mitra] barbadejisis [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Barbados] Miter 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26d 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 to 1% inches in length , slender , with the aperture wide below and 
half the length of the entire shell . Characterized by its yellow-brown to fawn 
color which has an occasional fleck of grayish white . Aperture tan within . 
[PERSON Columella] with 5 slanting folds . The sides of the spire are almost flat . Weak 
spiral threads are often present especially in the earlier whorls . A common 
species under rocks at low tidje . 

[PERSON Mitra] hendersoni [PERSON Rehder Henderson] 's [PERSON Miter] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [ORGANIZATION AVest Indies] . 

% to % inch in length , fusiform in shape , with 8 whorls , each bearing 
a dozen sharp axial ribs which extend halfway down the whorl . Numerous 
microscopic , spiral cords present . [PERSON Columella] with 4 folds . Color drab pink- 
ish gray with the upper half of the whorl bearing a wide , lighter , spiral band . 
Moderately common offshore in several fathoms . 

[PERSON Mitra] sidcata [PERSON Gmelin Sulcate Miter] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26a 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , rather fusiform in shape , with axial ribs as in hender- 
soni , but without spiral threads . 4 columella folds large and dark-brown . 
Color of shell dark chocolate-brown with a narrow , white , spiral band on 
the upper half of the whorl . Moderately common below low-water line 
under rocks in sand . Do not confuse with [PERSON Engina tnrhinella] which has no 
columella folds . [PERSON Mitra] albocincta [PERSON C. B. Adams] is probably this species . 

[PERSON Mitra] idae [PERSON Melville Ida] 's [PERSON Miter] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2op 

[LOCATION Farallon Islands] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , heavy , elongate . With 3 columella folds . Color 
mauve-brown , but usually covered with a thick , finely striate , black perio- 
stracum . Uncommon offshore . 



250 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Family VOLUTIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Subfamily VOLUTINAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Voluta Linne] 1758 

[ORGANIZATION Valuta musica Linne Common Music] Volute 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i3g 

[LOCATION Caribbean] area . 

2 to 2% inches in length , heavy and with a polished finish . 3 nuclear 
whorls bulbous and yellowish . 3 postnuclear whorls plicate at the shoulder . 
[PERSON Columella] with about 9 evenly spaced folds . Characterized by the pinkish 
cream background and 2 to 3 spiral bands of fine lines which are dotted with 
darker brown ( the musical notes ) . A moderately common [MISC West Indian] 
species not found in the [LOCATION United States] , but a favorite with collectors . A num- 
ber of useless names have been applied to the numerous variations of this 
species . This is one of the few volutes to have an operculum . 

[PERSON Voluta] virescens Solander Green Music Volute 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] ( rare ) and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

2 inches in length , moderately heavy with the aperture % the total 
length of the shell . Whorls flat-sided and with weak , axial nodules high on 
the shoulder . Numerous spiral , incised lines and fine threads present . Colu- 
mella with about a dozen folds of variable sizes . Exterior dull greenish brown 
with weak , narrow , spiral bands of lighter color dotted with black-brown . 
Aperture pale cream to gray within . A rare species in southeast [LOCATION Florida] , but 
not uncommon along the northern coast of [LOCATION South America] . 



[ORGANIZATION Subjamily SCAPHELLINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Scaphella] Swainson 1832 

[PERSON Scaphella] junonia Shaw The [LOCATION Junonia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i3f 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

5 to 6 inches in length , rather solid and smooth . 4 folds on the colu- 
mella . Characterized by the cream background and the spiral rows of small 
reddish brown dots . Moderately common from i to 30 fathoms , but rarely 
washed ashore . A golden form occurs off [ORGANIZATION Alabama] ( subspecies johnstoneae 
[PERSON Clench] 1953 ) and specimens from [LOCATION Yucatan] have a white background with 
smaller spots ( subspecies [MISC Imtleri Clench] 1953 ) . About 50 specimens a year 
are found on west [LOCATION Florida] beaches , and many more are brought in by fisher- 
men . 



[ORGANIZATION VOLUTIDAE] 251 

[PERSON Subgenus Aurinia H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
Scaphella dohrni [PERSON Sowerby Dohrn] 's [PERSON Volute] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13 ) 

Off the south half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , similar to junonia , but much lighter in weight , 
much more slender , with a higher spire and with numerous exceedingly fine , 
incised ( cut ) spiral lines . Some specimens have the early whorls slightly 
angled and with short axial ribs . This is the form named [PERSON florida Clench] and 
[PERSON Aguayo] and is probably not a good species . A rare species which is appear- 
ing in private collections more and more . 

Scaphella dubia Broderip Dubious Volute 

Off south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

4 inches in length , similar to [PERSON dohrni] , but more slender , with fewer spots , 
and with 6 to 7, instead of 9 to 10, rows of spots . A rare and exquisite spe- 
cies from moderately deep water . 

Scaphella schmitti [PERSON Bartsch Schmitt] 's [PERSON Volute] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 136 

Off [PERSON Tortugas] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

5 inches in length . Under the brownish periostracum the [ORGANIZATION shell] is chalky , 
pale salmon and with 4 or 5 spiral rows of weak , brown , square spots . A 
thick , yellowish-gray glaze overlays the periostracum on the parietal side of 
the body whorl . [PERSON Columella] straight , while in [PERSON R. georgiajia Clench] from 
[LOCATION Georgia] to east [LOCATION Florida] it is arched . Both quite rare , the former in 80 fathoms 
of water . The genus Rehderia Clench 1946 was unfortunately erected upon 
an ecological or pathological character and should be considered a synonym 
of [LOCATION Scaphella] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Arctoinelon] Dall 191 5 
( [PERSON Boreomelon] Dall 191 8 ) 

[ORGANIZATION Arcto7nelon] stearnsi [ORGANIZATION Dall Stearns ' Volute] 

[LOCATION Alaska] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , strong; exterior chalky-gray with mauve-brown 
undertones . Aperture semi-glossy , light-brown . [ORGANIZATION Columella] brownish with 2 
moderately large folds and a weak one below . Nucleus bulbous , chalky- 
white . Uncommon offshore down to 100 fathoms . 



252 



American Se ash ells 



Family CAN CELL ARllDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Cancellaria Lamarck] 1799 

Cancellaria reticulata [PERSON Linne] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION Common Nutmeg] 
[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13k 



I to I % inches in length , strong , with numerous spiral rows of small , 
poorly shaped beads which , with the weak axial and spiral threads , give a 
reticulate appearance . [PERSON Columella] with 2 folds , the uppermost being very- 
strong and furrowed by i or 2 smaller ridges . Color cream to gray with 
heavy , broken bands and maculations of dark orange-brown . Rarely all 
white . Common in shallow water to several fathoms . [PERSON C.] conradiana [LOCATION Dall] is 
probably only a form of this species . 

The subspecies adelae Pilsbry from the [ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] is smooth- 
[PERSON ish] , except for incised lines on the body whorl . The aperture is faintly 
flushed with pink . [PERSON Uncommon] . ( [PERSON Adele] 's [ORGANIZATION Nutmeg] ) . 




Figure 55. Cancellarid Shells , a , [LOCATION Admete] conthotiyi [PERSON Jay] ( [LOCATION Atlantic] and Pacific; 
% inch ) ; b , [LOCATION CaJicellaria] craivfordicma [LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION California;] 1% inches ) ; c , [PERSON Narona] 
[PERSON cooperi Gabb] ( [LOCATION California;] 2 inches ) ; d , [PERSON Trigonostoma] [PERSON tenenim Philippi] ( Florida; 

% inch ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Massy la H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 
[MISC Cancellaria] craivfordiana Dall [PERSON Crawford] 's [ORGANIZATION Nutmeg] 

[MISC Figure 55b] 

[LOCATION Bodega] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , heavy , white in color , but covered with a thick , 
rather fuzzy , gray-brown periostracum . Aperture enamel-white . Uncom- 
mon from 16 to 204 fathoms . 



[ORGANIZATION CANCELLARIIDAE] 2 5 3 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Narona H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1854 
Subgenus Progabbia [LOCATION Dall] 191 8 

[PERSON Narona] cooperi [PERSON Gabb Cooper] 's [ORGANIZATION Nutmeg] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 24y , figure 55c 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 2/4 inches in length , moderately heavy; columella with 2 small 
spiral folds . [PERSON Whorls] slightly shouldered , with about a dozen to 15 narrow 
axial ribs which at the top bear a single , low , sharp knob . Color brownish 
cream with a dozen or so narrow , brown spiral bands . Aperture orange- 
cream . Outer lip sometimes with numerous white , glossy , spiral cords on 
the inside . An uncommon , deep-water species , occasionally brought up in 
fish nets . [PERSON Said] to grow to 7 inches in length . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Trigonostoma Blainville] 1827 
[PERSON Trigonostoma] tenerum [PERSON Philippi Philippi] 's [ORGANIZATION Nutmeg] 

Figure 55d 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , fairly thin , but a quite strong shell . 4 whorls , strongly 
shouldered with the upper part of the whorl smooth and flat , and the sides 
with 3 to 5 spiral rows of strong nodules or blunt beads . Umbilicus very 
deep and funnel-shaped . Color light orangish brown . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] just off- 
shore . 

[PERSON Trigonostoma rugosuin Lamarck] ( in the subgenus [PERSON Bivetiella Wenz] 1943 ) 
is similar , but heavier , whitish with brownish maculations , without an umbili- 
cus , and with about 8 strong axial ribs crossed by spiral threads . Known as 
the [ORGANIZATION Rough Nutmeg] . It is rare in most areas of the [LOCATION West Indies] , and has not 
been reported from the [LOCATION United States] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Admete] Kroyer 1842 
Admete couth ouyi [PERSON Jay Common Northern Admete] 

Figure 55a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to % inch in length , moderately thick , with 6 whorls . Suture wavy , 
well-impressed . Sculpture coarsely reticulate , often beaded or with the axial 
cords the strongest . [PERSON Columella] strongly arched and bearing 2 to 5 very weak , 
spiral folds near the middle . [ORGANIZATION Shell] dull white , covered with a fairly thick , 
gray-brown periostracum . Commonly dredged in cold waters . There are 
several other deep-water species on both of our coasts but they occur in 
very deep water . 



254 [MISC American Seashells] 

Family [ORGANIZATION MARGINELLIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus MargiJiella Lamarck] 1799 

[PERSON Subgenus Eratoidea Weinkauff] 1879 

[PERSON Marginella] haematka Kiener [PERSON Carmine Marginella] 

Figure 56a 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^ inch in length , characterized by its glossy , bright and deep rose color , 
4 strong columella teeth , pointed spire and thickened outer lip whose inner 
edge bears about 15 small , round teeth . [PERSON Uncommon] from 25 to 90 fathoms . 
M. philtata [PERSON M. Smith] and [PERSON M. jaspidea] [ORGANIZATION Schwengel] are probably this species . 

[PERSON Marginella] denticulata [PERSON Conrad Tan Marginella] 

Figure 56c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , similar to haematita , but with a longer spire , only 7 to 
9 teeth on the outer lip , with a shallow U-shaped notch at the top of the 
aperture , and the entire [ORGANIZATION shell] is yellow-tan to whitish . [PERSON Uncommon] from low 
tide to 600 fathoms . [PERSON M. eburneola Conrad] is this species . 

[PERSON Marginella] aureocincta [ORGANIZATION Stearns Golden-lined Marginella] 

[MISC Figure 56b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[ORGANIZATION ViQ] inch ( 4.0 mm . ) in length; aperture half the length of the entire shell; 
spire pointed . Outer lip thickened , with about 4 very small teeth just inside 
the aperture . [PERSON Columella] with 4 strong folds or teeth . Color translucent- 
white , with two distinct , narrow spiral bands of light tan-orange on the body 
whorl ( i showing in the whorls of the spire ) . A very common species from 
low-water line to 90 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Fnmwn Herrmannsen] 1852 
Prunu77J carneum [ORGANIZATION Storer Orange Marginella] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate Ilk] 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , very glossy; outer lip thickened , smooth and white . 
[ORGANIZATION Apex] half covered by a callus of enamel . Lower third of columella with 4 
strong , slanting teeth . [ORGANIZATION Shell] bright orange with a faint , narrow , whitish , 
spiral band on the middle of the whorl and one just below the suture . Un- 
common in [LOCATION Florida] on reef flats to 6 fathoms . 

[PERSON Frunum roosevelti Bartsch] and [PERSON Rehder Roosevelt] 's [PERSON Marginella] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] ii-o 

The [LOCATION Bahamas] . 




Figure 56. [PERSON Marginellas] . a , [PERSON Marginella] haematita Kiener; b , [PERSON M.] aureocincta Stearns; 
c , [PERSON M.] dejjticulta Conrad; d , Prunum bellmn Conrad; e , [PERSON Frunum] amabile Redfield; 
f , [PERSON F. Immnilum] Conrad; g , [PERSON P.] apicinwn Menke; h , [PERSON P.] virginianum Conrad; i , [PERSON Hyalina] 
avena [LOCATION Val] . ; j , [PERSON Persicula] cat en at a Montagu; k , [PERSON H.] avenacea Deshayes; 1, [PERSON H. torticida] 
Dall; m , [PERSON Persicula] immita Pfeifer; n , [PERSON GibbeniVma] pyrifonms Cpr . ; [PERSON o] , [PERSON G. ovulijoniiis] 
Orb . ( m and [PERSON o Xio] , the others X5 ) . 



256 [MISC American Seashells] 

I inch in length , extremely close to carneum , differing only in being 
larger , and in having a brown spot on the apex and 2 large chocolate spots 
on the outer lip . There may be also 2 smaller spots at the anterior end of the 
shell . Apparently rare and possibly a color form of carneum . I have seen 
only 3 specimens . 



Frunmtt labiatu ? n [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes Royal Marginella] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate III] 

Off [LOCATION Texas] to [LOCATION Central America] . 

I to 1% inches in length , similar to carneum , but stouter , lip orange- 
brown , body whorl whitish gray with 3 darker , subdued spiral bands . Outer 
lip with small teeth on its inner edge . Very uncommon , but has been found 
off [LOCATION Yucatan] by shrimp fishermen . The [LOCATION Texas] record is open to question . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Leptegouana Woodring] 1928 

Prunum guttatujn [PERSON Dillwyn White-spotted Marginella] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] iim 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to % inch in length; outer lip smooth , white and with 2 or 3 brown 
spots on the lower half . 4 columella teeth . Color of body whorl pale whitish 
with 3 obscure bands of light pinkish brown , and irregularly spotted with 
weak , opaque-white , roundish dots . Not uncommon in shallow water . 

Prunu7n helium [PERSON Conrad La Belle Marginella] 

Figure 56d 

Off [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] . 

/4 inch in length , glossy , white , sometimes with a bluish-gray undertone . 
Sometimes with a rose tint on the body whorl . [ORGANIZATION Spire] moderately elevated . 
Outer lip thickened , without teeth . Lower half of columella with 4 strong , 
equally sized teeth . Commonly dredged from i to 200 fathoms . 

Pnmum amabile [PERSON Redfield Queen Marginella] 

Figure 566 

Off [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] . 

% inch in length , similar to bellum , but with a shorter spire , more slant- 
ing columellar teeth , colored a translucent-tan with a heavy suffusion of 
orange on the shoulder of the whorl which becomes lighter on the lower 
part of the whorl . There is a fairly well-developed , white callus on the 
parietal wall . Uncommonly dredged from 25 to 125 fathoms . 



[ORGANIZATION MARGINELLIDAE] 257 

Prunu77t apicimw7 [ORGANIZATION Menke Common Atlantic Marginella] 

Plate I in; figure 56g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 inch in length , glossy , with a dark nuclear whorl . Outer lip thick- 
ened , smooth , white , with 2 small , red-brown dots near the middle and a 
smaller one at the very top and very bottom . Body whorl golden to brown- 
ish orange with 3 subdued , wide bands of darker color . A very common , 
shallow-water species . About i in every 5000 specimens is sinistral . 

Prunum limatuluTn [PERSON Conrad Boreal Marginella] 

Figure $6i 
[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . 

V2 inch in length , similar to apiciiJimi , but with a higher spire , milky- 
cream color , with 3 faint , spiral bands of mauve or weak orange . Outer lip 
not sinuate , and is usually marked with 4 spots . [PERSON Nucleus] white , while in 
apicinu7n it is usually bright pink . Not uncommon from 18 to 132 fathoms . 
[PERSON Marginella] borealis [PERSON Verrill] is the same . 

Prunum virginiammt [PERSON Conrad Virgin Marginella] 

Figure 56h 

[LOCATION North CaroHna] to west [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

/4 inch in length , similar to apic{7iU777, but without spots on the thick 
varix; the third columella tooth is the largest; color of last whorl whitish to 
cream , often with a faint curdling of darker orange-cream , and with a 
deeper , suffused band just below the suture and at the base of the shell . Mod- 
erately common , 14 to ^6 fathoms . 

Genus [PERSON Persicula Schumacher] 18 17 
[PERSON Persicula] catenata [ORGANIZATION Montagu Princess Marginella] 

Figure 56 ) 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , glossy; apex sheared off and sealed over by a weak 
callus . [PERSON Columella] teeth 7. Inside of outer lip with about 20 to 25 small teeth . 
Color translucent grayish with 7 spiral rows of teardrop-shaped , opaque- 
white spots and with 2 very subdued , wide spiral bands of light-brown . 
[LOCATION Uncommon] in shallow water to 92 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Gihberula Swainson] 1840 
[LOCATION Persicula] f/jiuuta [PERSON Pfeiffer Snowflake Marginella] 

Figure 56m 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [ORGANIZATION AVest Indies] . 



258 [MISC American Seashells] 

Vs inch in length , resembhng a miniature apicimmt , but pure white in 
color . Like [PERSON Gibberulina] ovuHforims , but the aperture is not so long and has 
microscopic , spiral teeth inside the thin , curled-in outer lip . [PERSON Columella] with 
4 oblique folds . Alias M. lavalleaiia Orb . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water to 40 
fathoms . The subgenus [PERSON Granula Jousseaume] 1874 is this subgenus . 

[PERSON Persicula] jeivetti [PERSON Carpenter Jewett] 's [PERSON Marginella] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

/4 inch ( 5,0 mm . ) in length , snow-white , glossy , rather stout . [ORGANIZATION Apex] 
smoothed over and obscured . Outer lip smooth , slightly curled inward . Col- 
umella with 3 or 4 rather distinct , slanting , spiral folds with several smaller 
ones higher on the columella . Common from low tide to several fathoms . 

There are 3 similar , small and white species which are very difficult to 
separate; and according to some workers , size and proportionate dimensions 
are of significance : 

[PERSON F. regzilaris Cpr] . ( [ORGANIZATION Regular Marginella] ) , [LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Length 3.3 mm . , ratio of diameter to length i to 1.5. Low tide to 

30 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
[PERSON P. subtrigona Cpr] . ( [ORGANIZATION Triangular Marginella] ) , [LOCATION Monterey] to Lower Cah- 

fornia . Length 3.5 mm . , ratio of diameter to length i to 1.25. Low 

tide to 50 fathoms . Uncommon . 
[PERSON P. politula] [LOCATION Dall] ( [PERSON Polite Aiarginella] ) , [PERSON Santa Barbara] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Length 3.0 mm . , ratio of diameter to length i to 2. [PERSON Low] tide to 20 

fathoms . [PERSON Uncommon] . 

Genus [PERSON Hyalina Schumacher] 18 17 
[PERSON Subgenus Voharina Hinds] 1844 

[PERSON Hyaliva] avena [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes] Orange-banded [PERSON Marginella] 

Plate I ip; figure 56i 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

M to % inch in length , slender; spire pointed , but short . Outer lip curled 
in , white and smooth . Aperture narrow above , wide below . 3 to 4 slanting , 
columellar teeth . Color whitish , cream or yellowish with 4 to 6 spiral bands 
of subdued orange-tan . A moderately common , shallow-water species . The 
pink variety , especially common in [LOCATION Yucatan] has been given the name beyer- 
[LOCATION leana Bern] . 

[LOCATION Hyalina] veliei Pilsbry Velie 's [PERSON Marginella] 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION MARGINELLIDAE] 2 59 

% inch in length , somewhat like our figure 566, but with a higher , more 
pointed spire . [ORGANIZATION Shell] quite thin for a Marginella; color yellowish to whitish 
and somewhat translucent . Outer lip thickened , pushed in at the middle and 
white in color . [PERSON Columella] with 4 very distinct folds . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow 
water inside dead [ORGANIZATION Pinna] shells on mangrove mud flats . 

[LOCATION Hyalina] avenacea [PERSON Deshayes Little Oat Marginella] 

Figure 56k 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to V2 inch in length , slender , very similar to [PERSON H. avefia] , but usually 
smaller , with a longer spire , more slender anterior end , and pure , opaque- 
white in color , except for a very faint hint of straw color below the suture , 
again at the middle of the body whorl and also near the base . Common from 
shallow water to 750 fathoms . This is avenella [LOCATION Dall] and succiitea [PERSON Conrad] . 

[PERSON Hyali] ? ia torticula Dall Knave [PERSON Marginella] 

Figure 56I 

Off eastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , slender , fusiform , with a tall spire which is leaning to 
one side . Color opaque-white , glossy , and with a hint of straw-colored bands . 
Possibly a sport of avenacea . Uncommon in deep water . 

[LOCATION Hyalina] californica [PERSON Tomlin Californian Marginella] 

[LOCATION Santa Monica] , [LOCATION Cahfornia] , to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Ys inch in length , slender , aperture % the length of the entire [ORGANIZATION shell] , with 
4 whorls , and colored a grayish to bright-orange with 3 distinct or obscure , 
rather wide , spiral bands of white . Lower third of columella white and with 
4 distinct , spiral folds . Outer lip smooth , rounded , pushed in slightly , espe- 
cially near the central portion . Moderately common in rocky rubble under 
stones at dead low tide . 

Genus [PERSON Gibbenilina Monterosato] 1884 
( [PERSON Cypraeolina CeruUi-Irelli] 191 1 ) 

[PERSON Gibberulina] ovuliformis [PERSON Orbigny Teardrop Marginella] 

Figure 56-0 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Vs inch ( 2.5 mm . ) in length , globular , glossy , opaque-white . [PERSON Aperture] 
as long as the shell . [ORGANIZATION Apex] hidden under top of outer lip . [MISC Upper] part of whorl 
slightly shouldered . Lower third of columella with 3 or 4 small , slanting 



260 [MISC American Seashells] 

teeth . Outer lip thickened . Do not confuse with [ORGANIZATION Persicula] iitinuta Pfr . Com- 
mon in shallow water to several fathoms . Alias lacrimula [PERSON Gould] , hadria [LOCATION Dall] 
and amianta [LOCATION Dall] . 

[PERSON Gibberulina] pyriformis [PERSON Carpenter Pear-shaped Marginella] 

Figure 56n 

[LOCATION Izhut Bay] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

Ys inch ( 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) in length; aperture as long as the shell . [PERSON Glossy] , trans- 
lucent milk-white . [ORGANIZATION Lower] columella with 4 fairly strong folds with several 
microscopic teeth farther above . Outer lip curled in and with about 30 
microscopic teeth . Animal black . Very common all along the [LOCATION Pacific] coast 
from low-tide line to 40 fathoms . On mud , gravel or backs of abalones . 

Family CONIDAE 
Genus Conus [PERSON Linne] 1758 

Conus spurius atlanticus Clench [PERSON Alphabet Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14P 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

2 to 3 inches in length; spire slightly elevated in the center . Top of 
whorls smooth , except for tiny growth lines . Color white with spiral rows 
of orange-yellow squares . Interior of aperture white . A rather common and 
attractive species found in shallow water . True spurius spurius [PERSON Gmelin] from 
the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Antilles] differs only in having the spots merging into occa- 
sional mottlings . Another race occurs off [LOCATION Yucatan] in which the spots are 
sometimes smaller and a rather dark bluish purple . 

Conus aureofasciatus Rehder and [PERSON Abbott] Golden-banded [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i4g 

[PERSON Tortugas] to off [LOCATION Yucatan] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , similar in shape to spurius , although sometimes 
more slender . Characterized by several spiral bands of light-yellow . Dredged 
in several fathoms of water . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] to rare . It is possible that this spe- 
cies may be only a freak color form of spurius . 

Conus daucus [PERSON Hwass Carrot Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14a 

Both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in length . Spire rather low , sometimes almost worn flat . 
Shoulder even and sharp . [ORGANIZATION Spire] with small , spiral threads . Color deep , solid 
orange to lemon-yellow , rarely with a lighter band . Spiral rows of minute 



CONIDAE 261 

brown dots sometimes present on sides . Interior of aperture pinkish white . 
Color of spire is orange with large white splotches . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] below 15 
feet of water . 

Conus juliae [PERSON Clench Julia] 's [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 14b] 

Off northeast [LOCATION Florida] to [PERSON Tortugas] . 

1% to 2 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Spire] moderately high , flat-sided and with 
about 10 to 12 whorls . Shoulders of whorls slightly rounded; sides nearly 
flat . Color a pale pinkish brown to orangish with a moderate and indistinct 
band of cream or white at the mid area . This is overlaid with a series of fine 
spiral , broken lines or dots of brown . [ORGANIZATION Spire] whitish with axial , zigzag , reddish 
brown streaks . A choice collector 's item . Named after Mrs . [PERSON WiUiam J.] 
[PERSON Clench] , a great contributor to the cause of malacology . 

Conns floridamis Gabb [ORGANIZATION Florida Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i4d 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

1/4 to 1% inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Spire] well-elevated and slightly concave . 
Sides of whorls flat . The top of each whorl in the spire is concave and also 
has faint lines of growth . Color variable : usually white with elongate , rather 
wide patches of light orange-yellow to yellow . [PERSON Spire] with splashes of color . 
There is usually a white , spiral band around the middle of the whorl which 
may have small dots of yellowish brown . Moderately common in shallow 
water to 7 fathoms . 

Conus ftoridaniis [PERSON floridensis Sowerby] ( pi . 146 ) is an extremely dark color 
form with spiral rows of reddish brown dots and heavier mottlings . 

[PERSON C. floridanus] biirryae Clench is another color form from off the [LOCATION Lower] 
[LOCATION Florida Keys] in which the spiral rows of brownish dots merge into solid lines . 
The lower end of the shell in very dark brown to deep brownish black . Un- 
common . 

Conus sennottorum Rehder and [PERSON Abbott Sennotts] ' [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i4h 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] , from [PERSON Tortugas] to [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

I inch in length , with a glossy , smooth finish . Slightly turnip-shaped . 
Color variable : white to bluish white with spiral rows of very small brown 
dots . Yellowish-brown maculations may be present . Moderately common in 
18 fathoms off [LOCATION Yucatan] . Named after [PERSON John] and [PERSON Gladys Sennott] . 

Conus sozoni [PERSON Bartsch Sozon] 's [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14c 

[LOCATION South Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 



262 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

2 to 4 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Spire] elevated , slightly concave , with the top of 
each whorl also concave and with fine , arched lines of growth . There are lo 
to 12 small spiral ridges at the lower end of the shell . Sides of whorls flat . 
Color as shown in the photograph , with the two whitish spiral bands being 
characteristic . Large and perfect specimens are collector 's items , although 
individuals less than 2 inches in length are rather commonly dredged in 50 
feet of water off both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . Beach specimens have been collected 
on rare occasions . Named after the sponge diver , [PERSON Sozon Vatikiotis] . 

Conus regius [PERSON Gmelin Crown Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14m 
[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Spire] low; shoulders of whorls with low , irreg- 
ular knobs or tubercles . Color very variable even in the same locality . A 
rare yellowish color form ( citrmus [PERSON Gmelin] , not [PERSON Clench] 1942 ) occurs in the 
[LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] , [LOCATION Cuba] and the [LOCATION Antilles] . The interior of the aperture of 
this species is white . [PERSON Uncommon] in [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Conus mus Hwass Mouse Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14-0 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I /4 inches in length . [PERSON Spire] elevated somewhat . Shoulders of whorls 
with low , irregular , white knobs , between which are brown splotches . Color 
a dull bluish gray with olive-green or brown mottlings . Interior of aperture 
with 2 wide spiral bands of subdued brown . Periostracum thick , velvety and 
yellowish to greenish brown . The name Conus citrinus [PERSON Gmelin] ( erroneously 
applied to this species in [LOCATION Johnsonia] and other books ) is actually the yellow 
form of regius . The [PERSON Mouse Cone] is very common in intertidal , reef areas . 

Conus stearnsi [PERSON Conrad Stearns] ' [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 2y 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

/4 to % inch in length . A small , slender , graceful cone with a high spire . 
Top of whorls concave . Sides almost flat . Color usually dull grayish with 
rows of tiny , white squares and with dull , yellowish brown streaks or mot- 
tlings . Highly colored specimens may have rich reddish brown mottlings . 
Moderately common from shallow water to 30 feet in sand . Do not confuse 
with jaspideus . 

Conus jaspideus [PERSON Gmelin Jasper Cone] 

[PERSON Plates] 1411; 2 2X 
[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



CON I DAE 263 

% to % inch in length; very similar to stearnsi , but generally more 
brightly hued with larger , reddish brown mottlings . The shell is fatter , with 
more rounded sides , and has strong , spiral lines cut into the sides , usually 
right up to the shoulder . A very common shallow , sand-loving species . [PERSON C.] 
[PERSON peali Green] is the same species . 



Conns vernicosiis [PERSON Hwass Warty Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 22Z 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , A heavy , small cone with a rather high spire and 
slightly rounded sides . It has small knobs on the shoulder of the last whorl 
and about lo spiral rows of distinct warts on the sides . Color white to yel- 
lowish with large , brown or yellow mottlings . Uncommon just offshore 
along the [LOCATION Lower Keys] . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

A color form , [PERSON vanhyningi Rehder] , is a deep , rich peach with the interior 
of the aperture also pink . 

Conus stimpsoni Dall [PERSON Stimpson] 's [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14 ) 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

I ^ to 2 inches in length . A simple cone with a sharp , slightly concave , 
rather high spire , and with flat sides . It is usually smooth , but may have 15 
to 20 cut spiral lines on the sides . Color is an even wash of yellowish white , 
but sometimes with 2 or 3 slightly darker , wide , yellowish spiral bands . 
Periostracum gray and rather thick . We have figured the holotype ( speci- 
men which [LOCATION Dall] used in describing the species ) . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] in rather deep 
water down to 30 fathoms . 

Conns [PERSON villepini Fischer] and [PERSON Bernardi Villepin] 's [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] mi 
[PERSON Tortugas] to [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

i^ inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Spire] rather well elevated , very slightly concave . 
Each whorl in the spire is concave , with 3 to 4 spiral threads , and with fine , 
arched growth lines . Sides of shell smooth and slightly convex . There are 
about 9 indistinct spiral threads at the bottom end of the shell . Color of the 
thin periostracum is light yellowish brown . [ORGANIZATION Shell] light grayish white with 
a faint pinkish undertone . There are 3 or 4 long , irregular , axial streaks of 
dark reddish brown on the sides of the last whorl . Interior of aperture 
blushed with rosy-white . We have illustrated the holotype of mnphiurgiis 
[LOCATION Dall] in color which is a synonym . Rare in deep water . 



264 [MISC American Seashells] 

Conus mazei Deshayes Maze 's [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14k 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1% to 2 inches in length . A long , narrow , and very handsome species 
which has rows of delicate beads on the very high spire . This is probably 
the most valuable cone in [LOCATION Florida] waters . A few fortunate collectors in 
[LOCATION Florida] have dredged this unusual cone . 

Conus granulatus [PERSON Linne Glory-of-the-Atlantic Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 14I 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I % inches in length . A fairly slender cone with rounded whorls in 
the spire which have spiral threads . Colored a brilhant orange-red to bright- 
red with flecks of brown and gold . Coarse spiral threads are usually present 
on the sides . Interior of aperture with a rosy-pink blush . A perfect specimen 
of this species is , indeed , a collector 's item . It is very rare in [LOCATION Florida] and not 
at all common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . It lives in reefs just offshore . 

Coims anstiin Rehder and [PERSON Abbott Austin] 's [PERSON Cone] 

[PERSON Tortugas] to [LOCATION Yucatan] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 [LOCATION MO] iV-z inches in length , pure white in color , although some may have 
a yellow-brown apex . Characterized by numerous odd-sized spiral threads on 
the sides . Sides of whorls flat to slightly rounded . Shoulders sharp to slightly 
rounded . Top of whorls slightly concave , with one smooth spiral [PERSON carina and] 
several much smaller threads . [ORGANIZATION Shell] sometimes with axial puckerings or rib- 
like wrinkles . Periostracum velvety and grayish brown . Rare off [LOCATION Florida] but 
common in 20 fathoms off [LOCATION Yucatan] . 

[PERSON Cojiiis] clarki Rehder and [PERSON Abbott Clark] . 's [PERSON Cone] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 141 

Off [LOCATION Louisiana] . 

I to i^ inches in length , whitish in color and with small weak spots , 
rather turnip-shaped , similar to [PERSON austini] , but with 27 to 30 very strong , squar- 
ish spiral cords on the sides . The cords , and especially the one at the shoulder , 
are strongly beaded . Between the cords there are microscopic , axial threads . 
Periostracum gray . Apparently rare offshore in 29 fathoms . This and the 
preceding species were named after [PERSON Austin H. Clark] , scientist , author and 
gentleman . [PERSON C.] frisbeyae Clench and [PERSON Pulley] 1952 is unquestionably this spe- 
cies . 



TEREBRIDAE 265 

Conus californiciis [PERSON Hinds Californian Cone] 

[LOCATION Farallon Islands] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to I inch in length . [ORGANIZATION Spire] moderately elevated and slightly concave . 
The shoulders of the shell are rounded , the sides very slightly rounded . The 
chestnut to pale-brown , velvety periostracum is rather thick . [ORGANIZATION Shell] grayish 
white in color . Interior whitish with a light-brown tint . Rather common in 
shallow water along certain parts of southern [LOCATION California] . 

Fayjiily TEREBRIDAE 
[PERSON Genus Terebra Bruguiere] 1789 

T ere bra dish cat a Say Common [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Auger] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26i 

[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1/4 to 2 inches in length , slender . Whorls with about 25 axial ribs per 
whorl which are divided % to ^ their length by a deep , impressed , spiral 
line . Many specimens show prominent , squarish , raised spiral cords between 
the ribs . [PERSON Columella] with 2 fused spiral folds near the base . Color a dirty , 
pinkish gray , but sometimes orangish . A common shallow-water species . 

[PERSON Terebra] tanr 'wa [PERSON Solander Flame Auger] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i3h 
[LOCATION Southeast Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 6 inches in length , heavy , rather slender . Characterized by a cream 
color with 2 spiral rows of axial , red-brown bars , the upper series being twice 
as long as the lower one . Upper M 'horls faintly and axially ribbed . [LOCATION Upper] 
half of each whorl swollen and with a single incised line . [PERSON T. flannnea] La- 
marck and [PERSON T. jeldmajuii Roding] are this species . Formerly considered quite 
rare , but now not infrequently dredged in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

[PERSON Terebra] floridana Dall [ORGANIZATION Florida Auger] 

Off [LOCATION South Carolina] to [LOCATION south Florida] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , very long and slender . Color light-yellow to 
yellowish white . Each whorl has just below the suture a row of about 20 
oblong , slightly slanting , smooth axial ribs . Below this , and separated from it 
by an impressed line , is a similar row of much shorter , axial ribs . The lower 
third of the whorl is marked by 3 or 4 raised , spiral threads only . [PERSON Columella] 
with a single , strong fold near the bottom . A fairly rare species . 



266 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Terebra] concava Say [PERSON Concave Auger] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26 ) 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , slender , about 1 2 whorls , semi-glossy , and with slightly 
concave whorls . [PERSON Whorls] in spire with a large , heavily nodulated or beaded , 
swollen spiral cord just below the suture . Above the suture there is a spiral 
series of 20 very small beads per whorl . The concave middle of the whorl 
bears about 5 microscopic , incised spiral lines . Color yellowish gray . Com- 
mon in shallow water . Do not confuse with the larger yellow [PERSON T. floridana] 
which has 2 spiral rows of elongate beads just below the suture . 

[PERSON Terebra] protexta [PERSON Conrad Fine-ribbed Auger] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26k 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to I inch in length , about 1 3 whorls , dull-white in color and with a 
well-indented suture . [PERSON Whorls] in spire slightly concave with about 22 fine 
axial ribs running from suture to suture , but which are broken weakly by 7 
to 9 incised spiral lines . The upper line is about % the way down the whorl . 

Several forms exist which have been given names : form lutescens [PERSON Smith] 
has about 30 to 32 finer axial riblets per whorl which are made slightly beaded 
by the spiral lines; in the form limatula [LOCATION Dall] , the ribs and the spiral threads 
are about equal in size and give a reticulated pattern . All occur together in 
fairly deep water and are common . 

[PERSON Terebra] hastata Gmelin Shiny [PERSON Atlantic Auger] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26h 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1/4 to I ^ inches in length . Characterized by its smooth , highly glossy 
finish , its numerous axial ribs which extend from suture to suture , and by its 
bright yellowish color and white band below the suture . [PERSON Columella] smooth- 
ish and white . This is the " fattest " species in the western [LOCATION Atlantic] , and is 
fairly common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Terebra] cinerea [PERSON Born Gray Atlantic Auger] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] , 

I to 2 inches in length , slender , with flat-sided whorls and a sharp apex . 
Numerous small riblets extend halfway down the whorls ( about 45 to 50 
per whorl ) . Color all cream or bluish brown; sometimes with darker spots 
below the suture . Surface with exceedingly fine , numerous rows of pin- 
pricks which give the shell a silky appearance under the lens . Moderately 
common in shallow water . Compare with [PERSON salleana Deshayes] . 



[ORGANIZATION TURRIDAE] 267 

[PERSON Terebra] salleana [PERSON Deshayes Salle] 's [PERSON Auger] 

[LOCATION North Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Colombia] . 

I to 1% inches in length , similar to cinerea , but always a dark bluish 
gray or brownish , with fewer , larger punctations , with about 30 ribs per 
whorl , and with a purple , not white , nucleus . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . 

[PERSON Terebra] pedroana Dall [ORGANIZATION San Pedro Auger] 

[LOCATION Redondo Beach] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to i^ inches in length , strong , slender , with about 12 whorls and 
colored grayish to whitish yellow or brownish . Sculpture between sutures 
of first a fairly broad row of well to poorly developed nodules ( about 15 to 
18 per whorl ) , followed below by a flat area which is weakly and axially 
wrinkled or ribbed and with numerous , fine , spiral , incised lines . [PERSON Siphonal] 
canal bounded by a sharp spiral line on the outer shell . Fairly common in 
shallow water . 

[ORGANIZATION Fajnily TURRIDAE] 

The family [PERSON Turridae] is a very large and diverse group of toxoglossate 
gastropods which are very difficult to classify . A book of this size cannot do 
justice to the many interesting species found in our waters . The family prob- 
ably contains no less than 500 genera and subgenera and several thousand 
species . An interesting and valuable review of the family is given by [PERSON A. W.] 
[PERSON Powell] in the Bulletin of the [LOCATION Auckland] htstitute and Museum , no . 2, pp . i to 
188, 1942. Those interested should consult the works of [PERSON Grant] and [PERSON Gale] , 
[PERSON Bartsch] , [LOCATION Dall] , Rehder , and Woodring . We have included here only a very 
sketchy representation of our [MISC American Turrid] fauna . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily TURRINAE] 

Shells rather large , usually with a long , slender canal . Sinus on or adja- 
cent to peripheral keel; deep and V-shaped . [PERSON Operculum] leaf-shaped with an 
apical nucleus . [PERSON Radula] with only 2 marginals which are wish-bone in shape . 

[PERSON Genus Gemmula Weinkauff] 1875 
[PERSON Geiinnula] periscelida Dall [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Gem Turret] 

Figure 57c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [PERSON Tortugas] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

1% to 2 inches in length , heavy and with the sinus or anal notch well 
below the suture . Color ash-gray . See illustration . Rare in 100 fathoms . 



268 [ORGANIZATION Avierican Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Polystira Woodring] 1928 
[ORGANIZATION Poly] stir a albida [ORGANIZATION Perry White Giant Turret] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13I 

[LOCATION South Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , pure-white in color . P. virgo [PERSON Lamarck] , and 
" [PERSON Wood] " are this species . Not uncommonly dredged in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

[PERSON Folystira] telle a Dall Delicate Giant [MISC Turret] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 3m 

Off southeast [LOCATION Florida] . 

3 to 3% inches in length . [MISC Grayish] white . Sculpture not so distinct nor 
so smooth as in albida . Not uncommonly dredged off [LOCATION Key West] . Do not 
confuse this and the preceding species with Fiisinus couei ( pi . 13d ) . 

Subjamily COCHLESPIRINAE 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] with a long canal . Sinus on the shoulder , rounded , broad and shal- 
low to rather deep . Operculum variable . [PERSON Radula] with 2 strong marginals 
and a very large central . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thin with a sharply angled periphery . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Ancistrosyrinx] Dall 1881 
[PERSON Ancistrosyrifix] radiata Dall [ORGANIZATION Common Star Turret] 

Figure 576 

[LOCATION South Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^ inch in length . A delicate , glossy , translucent and highly ornamented 
species . Anterior canal very long . Shoulders keeled , with numerous , small , 
sharp , triangular spines . Commonly dredged from 30 to 170 fathoms . 

[PERSON A.] elegans [LOCATION Dall] ( [ORGANIZATION Elegant Star Turret] ) from about 200 fathoms off Key 
[LOCATION West] is 2 inches in length , more elongate , with more numerous and duller 
spines on the sharp shoulder . Very rare . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily CLAVINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell between Y^] and /4 inch in length , spire tall and the anterior canal 
short . Sinus on the shoulder , moderately to deeply U-shaped , often rendered 
subtubular by a [PERSON parietal tubercle] . [PERSON Operculum] with an apical nucleus . [PERSON Radula] 
variable . 

[PERSON Genus Crassispira] Swainson 1840 
[LOCATION Crassispira] ebenina Dall [LOCATION Dall] 's [PERSON Black Turret] 

Figure 57 ) 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



3/ 



4 inch in length; a solid brown-black in color and with a slight sheen . 




Figure 57. American Turret and Mangelia Shells . [LOCATION ATLANTIC] : a , [PERSON Kurtziella] 
li ? no ? iitella [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; b , [PERSON hiodrillia] aepynota [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; c , [PERSON Genmmla] perisce- 
lida Dall , 2 inches; [PERSON d] , [PERSON Moiiilispira] leiicocyma [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; e , [PERSON Ancistrosyrinx] 
radiata [LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON ^] inch; f , [PERSON Cerodrillia] thea Dall , % inch; g , [PERSON Genota] viabrunnea [LOCATION Dall] , 
2 inches; h , [PERSON Gymnobela] blakeana [LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON ^] inch; i , [PERSON Ma] ? igelia morra [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; 
j , [LOCATION Crassispira] ebenina [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; k , [LOCATION Mangelia] corbicida [LOCATION Dall] , % inch . [LOCATION PACIFIC] : 
1, [PERSON Mitromorpha filosa Cpr] . , % inch; m , [PERSON Mitromorpha] aspera Cpr . , % inch . 



270 [MISC American Seashells] 

1 5 short axial ribs per whorl . Spiral threads numerous and fine . Sinus small , 
its posterior end round , its opening narrow . Not uncommon below low 
water under rocks . 

[PERSON C. sanibelensis Bartsch] and Rehder is similar , but i inch in length , with 
9 longer and wider axial ribs , with a large slit , and colored orange-chestnut 
with white between the ribs . Uncommon around [LOCATION Sanibel Island] . 

Subgenus [PERSON Crassispirella Bartsch] and Rehder 1939 
[LOCATION Crassispira] ostrearum [ORGANIZATION Stearns Oyster Turret] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26n 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] . [LOCATION Cuba] . 

% to % inch in length; light yellow-brown to chestnut . Sinus U-shaped . 
About 20 weakly beaded axial ribs per whorl . Just below the suture there 
is a single , smooth , strong spiral cord . Spiral threads moderately strong to 
weak ( 16 to 20 on the last whorl , 4 between sutures ) . Lower part of outer 
lip thin and strongly crenulate or wavy . Common from low water to 90 
fathoms . [PERSON C.] tampaensis [PERSON Bartsch] and Rehder is very similar , and may be this 
species . 

[PERSON Genus Cerodrillia Bartsch] and Rehder 1939 
[PERSON Cerodrillia] perry ae [PERSON Bartsch] and [PERSON Rehder Perry] 's [LOCATION Drillia] 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

/4 inch in length , flesh-colored , with a broad , golden-brown band 
around the periphery . 8 to 9 axial ribs per whorl . Faint spiral lines present . 
Not uncommon . [PERSON C.] tbea has shorter axial ribs and is uniform chocolate- 
brown . 

[LOCATION Cerodrillia] thea Dall [PERSON Thea DriUia] 

[ORGANIZATION Figure 57f] 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

! 4 inch in length , thick-shelled , with a glossy-brown finish , and with 
the short , slanting ribs cream in color . Outer lip prominent . Sinus deep 
and U-shaped . [LOCATION Uncommon] in shallow water . 

[PERSON Genus Monilispira Bartsch] and Rehder 1939 
[LOCATION Momlispira] [PERSON albinodata Reeve] White-banded [PERSON Drillia] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 inch in length , resembling a [LOCATION Cerithimn] in shape; color dark [MISC blackish] 



[ORGANIZATION TURRIDAE] 271 

brown with a white band bearing about 13 knobs per whorl . Last whorl 
with 2 or 3 spiral white bands . Fairly common in shallow water under 
rocks . M. albomaculata [PERSON C. B. Adams] is a similar species from the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] and is figured on plate i6{ . 

[PERSON Monilispira] leucocyma [LOCATION Dall] White-knobbed [PERSON Drillia] 

Figure 57d 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length . One nuclear whorl smooth . [ORGANIZATION Shell] dark to light 
grayish brown with the nodules white . Aperture dark-brown . A common 
shallow-water species . 

Genus [PERSON Inodrillia Bartsch] 1943 
[PERSON Subgenus Inodrillara Bartsch] 1943 

Inodrillia aepynota Dall Tall-spired Turret 

[MISC Figure 57b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to northeast [LOCATION Florida] . 

^ inch in length; chalk-white to pinkish white . Moderately common 
from 63 to 120 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subjamily CONORBIINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] conoidal; sinus broad and shallow , occupying the width of the 
shoulder . Operculum absent in [LOCATION Genota] . [PERSON Radula] with 2 slender marginals 
only . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Genota H.] and . [PERSON A. Adams] 1853 
[ORGANIZATION Genota] viabrunnea Dall [ORGANIZATION Brown-banded Genota] 

Figure 57g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1% to 2 inches in length , heavy and thick-shelled . Sculpture of nu- 
merous spiral rows of very fine , glossy beads . Color yellowish to orangish 
white with a spiral , suffused band of light-brown well below the suture . 
[PERSON Nucleus] dark-brown and with tiny arched , smooth ribs . Anal sinus very 
wide . Rare from 100 to 350 fathoms . 

Subfamily [LOCATION MANGELIINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , ovate or fusiform , with a short canal and without an oper- 
culum . Sinus on shoulder usually very shallow . [PERSON Radula] with 2 slender 
marginals . 



272 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Mangelia Risso] 1826 
[LOCATION Mangelia] mono . Dall [LOCATION Morro Mangelia] 

Figure 57 ! 

Off north [LOCATION Carolina] to [PERSON Tortugas] . 

/4 inch in length , yellowish tan . Anal notch deep . 16 to 450 fathoms . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . Provisionally placed in this genus . [LOCATION Mangilia] is a misspelling . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Glyphostoma Gabb] 1872 
[PERSON Glyphostoma] gabbi Dall [PERSON Gabb] 's [LOCATION Mangelia] 

[LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length . The 3 nuclear whorls are smooth and with a single , 
strong [PERSON carina] at the periphery . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white with 2 wide spiral bands of rose- 
brown on the whorl . The upper one is interrupted by about 1 5 short white 
ribs per whorl . Fine spiral threads numerous . Notch deep , with thickened , 
rounded sides . Varix strong . Moderately common from 30 to 150 fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Rubellatoma Bartsch] and Rehder 1939 
[LOCATION Rubellatoina] [PERSON rubella Kurtz] and [PERSON Stimpson Reddish Mangelia] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] . 

^ inch in length . Sinus shallow and U-shaped . Axial ribs long and 
rounded ( about 9 per whorl ) . Spiral sculpture of numerous incised hnes . 
Color grayish cream with light reddish between the ribs . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
dredged from 9 to 80 fathoms . 

[PERSON R. diomedea Bartsch] and Rehder from [LOCATION Sanibel Island] is extremely 
similar , but is more brightly colored with a wide spiral band of reddish 
brown . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] to rare . 

[PERSON Genus Kurtziella] [LOCATION Dall] 191 8 
[PERSON Kurtziella] liifionitella Dall Punctate [PERSON Mangelia] 

Figure 57a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , semi-translucent and yellowish white . [PERSON Sinus] widely 
V-shaped . Between the strong , rounded , axial ribs there are numerous rows 
of microscopic opaque-white punctations . [PERSON Uncommon] from a few to 48 
fathoms . 



i 



[ORGANIZATION TURRIDAE] 27 3 

Siibjainily [ORGANIZATION BORSONIINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] biconic or fusiform in shape; sinus on the shoulder , poorly devel- 
oped . Operculum present or absent . [PERSON Radula] with 2 slender marginals . [ORGANIZATION Shell] 
usually with columella plications . 

[PERSON Genus Gymnobela Verrill] 1884 
[ORGANIZATION Gymnobela] blakeana Dall [PERSON Blake] 's Turret 

Figure 57h 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] . 

34 inch in length . [PERSON Sinus] barely discernible . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thin but strong . Color 
translucent-white or chalky-white . Nuclear w^horls distinct , without strong 
sculpturing and light-brown in color . [PERSON Uncommon] from 70 to 140 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Mitromorpha P. P. Carpenter] 1865 
[ORGANIZATION Mitromorpha] filosa [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Filose Turret] 

Figure 57I 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to the [MISC Gulf of Cahf] ornia . 

% inch in length , solid , light orange-brown in color . Spiral cords may 
be slightly beaded in some specimens . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] offshore . 

[PERSON Mitromorpha] aspera [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Beaded Turret] 

Figure 57111 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , strongly beaded and somewhat cancellate , with a 
glossy finish and light orange-brown in color . Moderately common off- 
shore . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily DAPHNELLINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] fusiform or ovate , canal short . Operculum absent . Sinus adjoin- 
ing the suture . The protoconch has diagonally cancellate sculpturing . 
[PERSON Radula] with 2 slender , curved marginals only . 

Genus [PERSON Daphnella Hinds] 1844 
[PERSON Daphnella] lymneiformis [ORGANIZATION Kiener Volute Turret] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Vs to y2 inch in length; resembles a miniature , elongate [MISC Scaphella] volute- 
shell . With about 8 whorls , the nuclear ones smoothish , the next 4 with 



274 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



strong , axial ribs , but the last 2 whorls with only numerous fine spiral threads 
crossed by exceedingly fine growth lines . Aperture elongate , rather ex- 
panded and a little flaring below . [PERSON Sinus] moderately large and simple . Color 
cream with yellowish brown maculations . [PERSON Uncommon] from shallow water 
to 25 fathoms . 

Subclass [ORGANIZATION OPISTHOBRANCHIA] 

( [PERSON Bubble-shells] , [PERSON Pteropods] , Sea Slugs ) 

Order [ORGANIZATION ONCHIDIATA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family ONCHIDIIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Onchidella Gray] 1850 

Without a shell , animal slug-like , low , oval , with two short tentacles 
or eyestalks at the end of which are the eyes . [PERSON Mantle] entirely covering the 
back; respiratory , anal and female genital pores at the posterior underside; 
male pore below the right tentacle and above the sensory lobe . Shallow water 
to intertidal . Formerly placed in the pulmonates , but now beheved to be an 
early offshoot of the opisthobranchs . See [PERSON Freter] , 1943. 



[ORGANIZATION EYE] 



, [PERSON SCNSORf L066] 



[PERSON MftNTue] 
CftVVTV OPENING 



[PERSON PNEflviOSTOMe] 




[MISC Mfti-e] 

[PERSON OP£NINCi] 

BEHIND [PERSON UOb€] 



'MftNTLC 



[ORGANIZATION CluiPiRV] fcCOOve 



Figure 58. Underside of the marine slug , [PERSON Ojichidella] , % inch . 

[PERSON Onchidella floridana] Dall [ORGANIZATION Florida Onchidella] 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Lower Keys] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

V2 inch in length , uniform slaty-blue to dark-gray; underside bluish 
white , with a greenish tinge to the veil . [PERSON Dorsal] surface velvety . [PERSON Mantle] 
margin with about 1 00 whitish , elongate tubercles . [ORGANIZATION Common] along the shore 
at low tide . Lives in rock crevices in nests , returning home after browsing 
at low tide . 



[PERSON Onchidella carpenteri Binney] 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[PERSON Carpenter] 's [PERSON Onchidella] 



ACTEONIDAE 275 

5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length; body oblong , with its ends circularly rounded; upper 
surface regularly arched; uniform smoke-gray in color . Fresh specimens 
are needed to make a better description . [PERSON Littoral] to shallow water . Habits 
not known . 

[ORGANIZATION Onchidella borealis] Dall [ORGANIZATION Northwest Onchidella] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Coos Bay] , [LOCATION Oregon] . 

8 to 12 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ( % inch ) in length; back regularly arched but a little 
pointed in the middle , smooth or very finely granulose , tough and coriaceous . 
Color black or gray , with dots and streaks of yellowish white; foot light- 
colored , also the head and tentacles . On rocks near high-tide mark . Gre- 
garious . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Order [LOCATION TECTIBRANCHIA] 

( [PERSON Bubble-shells] , [MISC Sea-hares] ) 

Faimly ACTEONIDAE 

[PERSON Genus Acteo7i Montfort] i8io 

External shell with a prominent spire; cephalic disk divided; operculum 
thin , corneous . Erroneously spelled [ORGANIZATION Actaeon] . 

[ORGANIZATION Acteon] piinctostrianis [PERSON C. B. Adams Adams] ' Baby-bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [ORGANIZATION 26t] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 6 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , solid , moderately globose , [PERSON w^ith] a rather high spire . 
[PERSON Columella] with a single , twisted fold . Lower half of body whorl with nu- 
merous spiral rows of fine , punctate dots . Color white . [PERSON Commonly] found 
from low tide to 6o fathoms . 

[MISC Acteon] punctocaelatiis [PERSON Carpenter Carpenter] 's Baby-bubble 

[LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

lo to 2o mm . ( % inch ) in length , solid , oblong , 4 to 5 whorls , with 
two broad , ashy or brown spiral zones and about 16 spiral grooves on the 
body whorl . [PERSON Columella] obliquely truncated at base , and with one spiral 
fold . Base stained orange . [PERSON Commonly] found in shallow water in sand . 
[PERSON A. vancouverensis Oldroyd] is the same species . 

[ORGANIZATION Acteon] candens Rehder Rehder 's Baby-bubble 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 



276 [MISC American Seashells] 

7 to lo mm . in length , very similar to punctostriatus , but larger , very 
much thicker-shelled , glossy , opaque milk-white with light orange-brown 
suffusions on the body whorl . Commonly dredged in a few fathoms of 
water . 



Fa77nly [LOCATION RINGICULIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Rmgiciila Deshayes] 1838 

[PERSON Ringicula] se77nstriata [PERSON Orbigny Orbigny] 's Helmet-bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26V 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , thick-shelled , resembling a miniature [LOCATION Phalium] or 
[PERSON Scotch Bonnet] . 4 globose whorls , spire elevated . Aperture oblong; columella 
thickened by 3 folds , i above , 2 below . Outer lip very thick , swollen in the 
middle by a large tooth . [PERSON Whorls] , white , smooth , except for fine striations 
on the base . Not uncommonly dredged from 34 to 107 fathoms . 

[PERSON R. nitida Verrill] ( [PERSON Verrill] 's Helmet-bubble from [LOCATION Maine] to the [MISC Gulf of] 
[LOCATION Aiexico] . 100 to 500 fathoms ) is exteriorly smooth , with a simple , thickened 
outer lip , and with 2 smaller , spiral ridges on the columella . 

Family [ORGANIZATION HYDATINIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Micromelo Pilsbry] 1894 

[ORGANIZATION Micromelo] undata [PERSON Bruguiere] Miniature [PERSON Melo] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26U 
[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [ORGANIZATION AVest Indies] . 

V2 inch in length , oval , rather thin and moderately fragile . Characterized 
by its whitish to cream color overlaid by 3 widely spaced , fine spiral lines 
of red and by many or few axial , wavy , lighter red flammules or lines . Un- 
common . Found at low tide . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus] [PERSON Hydatina Schumacher] 18 17 
[PERSON Hydatina] vesicaria [PERSON Solander Brown-lined] Paper-bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i3q 
[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I ^ inches in length , very thin , fragile , globose . Periostracum thin , 
buff to greenish . [ORGANIZATION Shell] characterized by many close , wavy , brown spiral 
lines . Animal large and colorful . Foot very broad . Moderately common in 
certain shallow , warm-water areas where they burrow in silty sand . For- 
merly called [PERSON H.] physis [PERSON Linne] which , however , is believed to be limited to 
the [MISC Indo-Pacific] . 



[ORGANIZATION BULLIDAE] 277 

Fa7mly [LOCATION DIAPHANIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Diaphiina Brown] 1827 

[PERSON Diaphana] minuta [ORGANIZATION Brown Arctic Paper-bubble] 

[MISC Figure 59b] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Connecticut] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

3 to 5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , globose , thin , fragile , and transparent-tan in color . 
Last whorl globose below , constricted somewhat above . [ORGANIZATION Apex] large , globose , 
obliquely and mammillarly projecting . Suture deep . [PERSON Columella] long , straight , 
not thickened , the edge partly closing the narrow umbilicus . Moderately 
common from 6 to 16 fathoms . [PERSON Diaphana] debilis [PERSON Gould] , [PERSON D. hiemalis] Cou- 
thouy and [PERSON D.] globosa Loven are considered synonyms of this species by 
[PERSON Lemche] ( 1948 ) and other modern workers . 

[ORGANIZATION Family BULLIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Bulla Linne] 1758 

The names [ORGANIZATION Vesica Swainson] 1840 and [ORGANIZATION Bullaria Rafinesque] 18 15 have been 
ill-advisably used for this genus . Fortunately , the name [PERSON Bulla] has been 
conserved for this group of bubble-shells by the [ORGANIZATION International Commission] 
for Zoological Nomenclature . 

[PERSON Bulla] striata [PERSON Bruguiere] Striate Bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 13P 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , similar to occidentalis , but larger , heavier , and 
with the spiral grooves well-marked toward the base of the shell and within 
the apical perforation . The whorls are compressed at the apical end . Colu- 
mella usually with a brown-stained callus . Locally common . [PERSON B. amygdala] 
[PERSON Brug] . is probably a smooth form of this species . 

[PERSON Bulla] occidentalis [PERSON A. Adams Common] [MISC West Indian] Bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26p 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

V2 to I inch in length , smooth , varying from fragile to quite strong , 
and from cylindrical ( young ) to fairly swollen . [ORGANIZATION Apex] deeply and narrowly 
perforate . Color very variable , but usually whitish with mottlings , [PERSON zebra] 
stripes and obscure bands of brown . Surface with numerous , microscopic 
striations . This is a very common bubble-shell which is found most easily 
at night and at low tide on grassy , mud flats . The author is often misnamed 
as " [PERSON C. B. Adams] . " 



278 America} ! Se ash ells 

[PERSON Bulla] gouldiana Pilsbry 

[PERSON Santa Barbara] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 



[ORGANIZATION California Bubble] 



1% to 2 inches in length , rotund , fragile . [PERSON Grayish] brown with darker , 
streaked mottlings which are bordered posteriorly with cream . Periostracum 
dark-brown and microscopically crinkled . Collected abundantly at night . 
[PERSON Bulla] pimctiilata [PERSON A. Adams] from [LOCATION Lower California] south is much heavier 
and constricted or narrowed at the top third of the shell . 



FaiJtily ATYIDAE 
[PERSON Genus Atys Montfort] i8io 

Atys caribaea [PERSON Orbigny] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[LOCATION Caribbean Paper-bubble] 

Figure 59c 



Vs to Yo inch in length , fragile , translucent milk-white , oval-oblong , 
smooth except for a dozen or so very fine , incised spiral lines at both ends . 




Figure 59. Paper-bubbles of the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] , a , [PERSON Retiisa] obnisa Montagu; b , 

[PERSON Diaphana] vmiuta Brown; c , Atys caribaea Orbigny; d , Atys sandersoni Dall; e , 

Philwe qnadrata S. Wood; f , [PERSON Philiiie] lima [PERSON Brown] . All X5. 

[MISC Spire] concealed , marked by a twisted , spiral , funnel-like umbilicus . Colu- 
mella acute , a little separated by a deep , narrow umbilicus . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 
shallow water to 90 fathoms . 



Atys sajidersoni Dall [PERSON Sanderson] 's Paper-bubble 

Figure 59d 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

34 to Vs inch in length , similar to caribaea , but thicker-shelled , with 
flatter sides , deeper and wider umbilicus , and with more numerous and 
finer spiral lines at each end . Fairly common from shallow water to over 
100 fathoms . 



[ORGANIZATION ATYDAE] 279 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Haminoea Turton] and [LOCATION Kingston] 1830 

Key to the [LOCATION Atlantic Species] 
( To determine on which side of the apical perforation the lip arises , 
hold the shell with the apex toward you and the apertural lip facing to the 
right . ) 

[PERSON a. Apertural] lip arising on the left side of the perforation , and angled near 
its insertion : 

[PERSON b. Shell] with numerous fine spiral grooves; % inch; yellowish to 
whitish; southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . elegans [PERSON Gray] 

bb . [ORGANIZATION Shell] smooth; % inch; [LOCATION West Indies] . . . . glabra [PERSON A. Adams] 

aa . Apertural lip arising on right side; not angled : 

c. Well-grooved spirally : 

[PERSON d. Sides] of whorls globose; % inch; amber to whitish; [LOCATION Cape Cod] 

to [LOCATION North] Carolina; common solitaria Say ( pi . 26s ) 

dd . Sides of whorls flattish; % to V2 inch , translucent-white; west 

[LOCATION Florida] to Texas; common succinea [PERSON Conrad] 

cc . Spiral striae absent or excessively fine; % inch; translucent greenish 
yellow; globose; [LOCATION Gulf] to [LOCATION West Indies] . antillarum [PERSON Orbigny] 

[ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Species] 
[ORGANIZATION Haminoea] virescens [PERSON Sowerby Sowerby] 's Paper-bubble 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Yo inch in length , very fragile , a translucent greenish yellow in color . 
Aperture very large and open . [MISC Upper] part of outer lip high and narrowly 
winged . No apical hole . A common , littoral species on the open coast . 
H. cy ? 7ibi^orviis Cpr . and [PERSON H. olgae] [LOCATION Dall] are the same . 

[ORGANIZATION Haminoea] vesicida [PERSON Gould Gould] 's Paper-bubble 

[LOCATION Alaska] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , very fragile , similar to virescens , but with a barrel- 
shaped whorl ( from an apertural view ) , proportionately smaller aperture , 
with a tiny apical perforation , and with a lower , more rounded wing on the 
upper part of the outer lip . [ORGANIZATION Shell] color much the same , but the thin peri- 
ostracum is often rusty-brown or yellowish orange . A common , littoral 
bay species . 



280 [MISC American Seashells] 

Family RETUSIDAE 
Genus [PERSON Retusa Brown] 1827 

Retusa obtusa [ORGANIZATION Montagu Arctic Barrel-bubble] 

Figure 59a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , fairly fragile , smooth , stubby and with the spire com- 
monly slightly sunk or only a little elevated . [PERSON Columella] smooth . A chink- 
like umbilicus is present . Color translucent-white with yellowish brown stain- 
ing . Common from shore to 90 fathoms . [PERSON R. pertejiuis Mighels] and [PERSON R.] 
turrita [PERSON Moller] are this species . 

[PERSON Retusa] sulcata Orbigny Sulcate Barrel-bubble 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length . Characterized by its small size , fine axial threads , 
white color , oblong shape , flat sides and deeply sunken spire . Moderately 
common from 3 to 95 fathoms . 

[PERSON Retusa] canaliculata Say [PERSON Channeled Barrel-bubble] 

Plate 26X 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 6 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , solid , oblong with its spire moderately elevated , 
but almost invariably eroded . Glossy smooth , except for microscopic growth 
lines . Outer lip thin , advanced above . [PERSON Columella] of a single , raised , strong 
spiral ridge . Suture slightly channeled . [PERSON Nucleus] ( when present ) very small 
and pimple-like . Color white to cream , commonly with dark , rust-brown 
staining . [LOCATION Acteocina] candei Orbigny is probably only a southern representa- 
tive of this species . A common shallow-water species which was formerly 
placed in the [LOCATION genus Acteocina] . 

Genus Pyrunculus Pilsbry 1894 
[PERSON Pyrunculus] caelatus [PERSON Bush Bush] 's Barrel-bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 26W] 

[LOCATION North Carohna] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] . 

3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , pyriform in shape , rather thick and opaque-white . 
[PERSON Spire] concealed within a very deep pit . Rather rare from 15 to 43 fathoms . 

Genus Rhizorus Montfort iSio 
{Volvula [PERSON A. Adams] , not [ORGANIZATION Gistel] ) 

[PERSON Rhizorus] oxytatus [MISC Bush Southern Spindle-bubble] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 



[ORGANIZATION ACTEOCINIDAE] 281 

3 to 4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , fragile , translucent-white , spindle-shaped , with a 
sharp , long , spike-like apex . [PERSON Glossy] and with 4 or 5 very fine , indistinct , 
punctate , spiral lines at each end . Outer lip thin , following the curvature 
of the body whorl to just below the middle where it continues in a straight 
line . Umbilicus chink-like . Periostracum thin and pale-straw . Common from 
5 to 100 fathoms . [PERSON R. bushi] [LOCATION Dall] comes from deep water off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 
It is larger , with a long apical process and with a long , chink-like umbilicus . 
The genus [ORGANIZATION Volvulella Newton] 1891 is [PERSON Rhizoriis] . 

[PERSON Rhizorus] acutus [MISC Orbigny Spined] Spindle-bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26I 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , spindle-shaped , rather oblong , fragile , except for 
minute spiral lines at each end . [MISC Upper] end of aperture ends in a very sharp , 
rather prolonged spike . [PERSON Umbilicus] rarely , if ever , present . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
dredged down to 150 fathoms . R. 7ni ? iutus [PERSON Bush] is probably the young . 
[PERSON R.] aspinosiis [LOCATION Dall] from the same region has the process poorly developed , 
and may be a form of this species . 

Fantily [ORGANIZATION SCAPHANDRIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Scaphander Montfort] 18 10 

Scaphander piinctostriatus [ORGANIZATION Mighels Giant Canoe-bubble] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26-0 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length , very lightweight , but moderately strong . 
Ovate-oblong . [ORGANIZATION Apex] with a slightly sunken area . Aperture constricted 
above , roundly open below . [PERSON Columella] simple , rounded . [ORGANIZATION Shell] smoothish , 
except for numerous , spiral rows of microscopic , elongate punctations . Color 
chalk-white , with a straw periostracum . Fairly common from 20 to 1000 
fathoms . 

Scaphander 720 bills \^errill ( Noble Canoe-bubble ) from off New Eng- 
land is the same size or smaller , has a proportionately much larger aperture , 
its outer lip is wing-like above , and the microscopic punctations are round . 
It is uncommon . A figure of [PERSON S. luatsoni] [LOCATION Dall] is on plate 26m . 

Family [ORGANIZATION ACTEOCINIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Acteocina Gray] 1847 

[PERSON Acteoci] 'ua culitella [PERSON Gould Western Barrel-bubble] 

[LOCATION Kodiak Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



282 [MISC American Seashells] 

^ to % inch in length , moderately solid , oblong but more constricted 
at the upper portions . [PERSON Spire] of 5 whorls , elevated , pointed and with a tiny , 
pimple-like nucleus ( usually eroded in northern specimens ) . Suture narrowly 
and deeply channeled . Body whorl swollen at the lower half . With numer- 
ous microscopic , wavy , incised spiral lines . Color yellowish , sometimes with 
numerous golden-yellow , fine spiral lines . [PERSON Columella] is a single , raised spiral 
cord . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . [PERSON A.] cerealis [PERSON Gould] is probaby the same 
species . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cylichna Loven] 1846 
[PERSON Cylichna] gouldi [PERSON Couthouy Gould] 's Barrel-bubble 

Plate 26r 

[LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] to off [LOCATION Cape Cod] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] . 

% inch ( 9 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) in length , fragile , chubby , with the spire usually sunk 
in and consisting of 4 or 5 whorls . Color dirty-white with a yellowish 
periostracum . The whorls are much more globose and the anterior end 
more constricted than in the much smaller species , [PERSON Retiisa] ohtusa . Formerly 
placed in the genus Retusa . [PERSON Uncommon] from 26 to 34 fathoms . 

[PERSON Cylichna] alba [PERSON Brown Brown] 's Barrel-bubble 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . [LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

/4 inch ( 5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) in length , fragile , narrowly oblong with flat sides . 
[ORGANIZATION Apex] with a dished , shallow depression . Upper 73 of aperture narrow; 
below it is wide . [PERSON Columella] short , rounded , slightly raised . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white , 
smoothish , except for microscopic , spiral scratches . Periostracum thin , 
shiny , yellowish , but often darkly stained with brown . Commonly dredged 
from I to 1000 fathoms in cold water . 

[PERSON Subgenus Cylichnella] Gabb 1872 
[PERSON Cylichna] bidentata [PERSON Orbigny Orbigny] 's Barrel-bubble 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 26q 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , somewhat resembling [ORGANIZATION alba] , but its columella has a spiral , 
callous fold and an indistinct nodule below . The shell is more oval . Glossy- 
white . [PERSON Commonly] found from shallow water to 200 fathoms . This is [PERSON C.] 
biplicata of authors , not [PERSON A. Adams] . 

Fa77nly [LOCATION PHILINIDAE] 
Related to the Scaphander Canoe-shells , but different in having the 



[ORGANIZATION GASTROPTERIDAE] 2 8 3 

mantle reflexed and closed over the shell , in lacking central teeth in the 
[PERSON radula] , and in having a much more degenerate shell . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Philine Ascanius] 1772 
[LOCATION Philine] quadrata [PERSON S. Wood] Quadrate Paper-bubble 

Figure 596 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

/4 inch in length , moderately fragile , semi-transparent , white , squarish- 
oval and more constricted toward the top . Aperture large , flaring , and 
rounded below . Early whorls very small . Sculpture of numerous spiral 
rows of microscopic oval punctations . Suture deep . The narrow top of 
the aperture is slightly higher than the apex . Commonly dredged off the 
[LOCATION New England states] from 20 to 400 fathoms . 

[PERSON Philifie] lima [ORGANIZATION Brown File Paper-bubble] 

Figure $^i 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . 

H inch in length , much more oblong than quadrata , with the top of the 
aperture well below the apex , and sinuate from a top view . [PERSON Columella] fairly 
strong . Sculpture of spiral rows of scalloped lines forming chains , between 
which are a single scalloped line . Moderately common in fairly shallow 
but cold water . Ahas [PERSON P. lineolata Couthouy] . 

[PERSON Philifie] sagra [PERSON Orbigny Crenulated] Paper-bubble 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to /4 inch in length , oblong , fragile , white , with a large aperture , 
with numerous spiral lines of small oblong rings placed end to end , and char- 
acterized by the finely crenulated lip . Top of the aperture the same height 
as the apex . Not uncommon from 15 fathoms down . 

Family GASTROPTERIDAE 
[PERSON Genus Gastropteron] Kosse 181 3 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] entirely internal and consisting of a minute , nautiloid , calcareous 
spire . Body sack-shaped , with two large , wing-like , fleshy flaps , one on each 
side of the body . These peculiar , small sea-slugs swim through the water 
in a bat-like manner . 

[PERSON Gastropteron] rubrum Rafinesque Bat-wing [MISC Sea-slug] 

Figure 6oe 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . [MISC Mediterranean] . 



284 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



Ys to I inch in length . General color varying from red-purple to pale- 
rose , sometimes with bluish-white spots . There is a vivid , iridescent blue 
border on the head disk and the " wings . " Found for the first time in the 
western [LOCATION Atlantic] by [PERSON Harold J. Humm] in 1950 at [LOCATION Alligator Harbor] , [LOCATION Florida] . 
Rare ? This is probably [PERSON G. meckeli] " [LOCATION Dall] . " 




[ORGANIZATION FuiUKE] 60. Animals of some [LOCATION Tectibranchs] . a , [PERSON Hmmnoea] ( side view , X3 ) ; b , 

[PERSON Fhilijie] ( X3 ) ; c , [PERSON Scaphander] ( [PERSON Xz] ) ; d , [PERSON Acteocina] ( X3 ) ; e , [PERSON Gastropteron] ( X5 ) ; 

f , [PERSON Bulla] ' ( X3 ) ; g , [PERSON Aplysia] ( [PERSON Xy] ) ; h , [PERSON Bmsatella] ( [PERSON Xy] ) . ( After [PERSON Guiart] 1901. ) 



[ORGANIZATION APLYSIDAE] 285 

[PERSON G.] pacificu77i [PERSON Bergh] from the [LOCATION Aleutians] is similar , but yellowish with red 
flecks . There are i6 to 20 gill leaflets . Margin of mantle without a flagel- 
lum , as in rubrum . Uncommon from 9 to 15 fathoms . [PERSON G. cmereum] [LOCATION Dall] 
( [ORGANIZATION British Columbia] ) is 1 1 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , and a uniform dusky-slate color . It 
also lacks a posterior flagellum on the mantle . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily APLYSIACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Faviily APLYSIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Aplysia Linne] 1767 

Dorsal lobes free , well-separated and used for swimming . [ORGANIZATION Shell] internal , 
thin , flat , horny , with little or no lime , and colored amber . Skin smoothish . 
They give off a harmless purple ink , Tethys is a name which was for a long 
time applied to this group , but it is now restricted to a nudibranch genus . 
[LOCATION Aplysia] is a conserved name ( see fig . 6og ) . 

[LOCATION Aplysia] willcoxi [LOCATION Heilprin] Willcox 's [MISC Sea-hare] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

5 to 9 inches in length . [PERSON Mantle] under the lobes with a minute perfora- 
tion or fleshy tube above the area of the shell . Color dark-brown with slight 
maculations on the swimming lobes , head and neck . There are large , rounded , 
fairly regular , yellowish scallopings along the inner border of the lobes . 
[PERSON Mantle] and gills light-purple and yellow . [ORGANIZATION Common] . The form perviridis 
[PERSON Pilsbry] is clear green on the head and tentacles , the lobes olive-green with a 
coarse-meshed reticulation of black , subdivided by fine veins; irregularly 
maculated all over with light-green , with an occasional clumping of white 
dots . 

[LOCATION Aplysia] dactylomela Rang Spotted Sea-hare 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , characterized by its pale-yellow to yellowish- 
green color and the fairly large , usually irregular circles of violet-black scat- 
tered over the body . [ORGANIZATION Common] in some grassy localities . [PERSON A.] protea Rang of 
the [LOCATION West Indies] is very similar , but the circles are more numerous , and often 
with smaller circles or large spots within the larger ones . 

[LOCATION Aplysia] fioridensis Pilsbry [MISC Sooty Sea-hare] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] . The [LOCATION West Indies] ? 

4 inches in length . Color deep purple-black , the inside of the swimming 



286 [MISC American Seashells] 

lobes slightly lighter , and with blotches of black at the edges . [PERSON Mantle] purple- 
black , spotted irregularly with lighter purple . [PERSON Uncommon] ? 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Metaplysia Pilsbry] 1951 
[LOCATION Aplysia] badistes Pilsbry 1951 Walking Sea-hare 

[LOCATION Biscayne Bay] , [LOCATION Florida] . And south ? 

2 to 4 inches in length . [PERSON Mantle] under the lobes with a large perforation . 
[PERSON Sole] of foot with a characteristic , muscular disk at each end . Exterior of 
animal dark-olive , indistinctly mottled with irregular spots of dusky buff , 
and having small , sparsely scattered , ragged black spots . Sole of foot yel- 
lowish olive . Found recently along the [ORGANIZATION Venetian Causeway] under rock ledges 
at low tide . ( For details see [PERSON Notulae Naturae] , [LOCATION Philadelphia] , no . 240, pp . i 
to 6, illustrated . ) 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Bnrsatella Blainville] 181 7 
[PERSON Bursatella] leachi plei [ORGANIZATION Rang Ragged Sea-hare] 

[LOCATION West] and northwest [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 inches in length , elongate-oval , plump , soft and flabby . [PERSON Greenish] gray 
to olive in color , sometimes with white flecks . Surface covered with nu- 
merous , ragged filaments . [ORGANIZATION Shell] absent in adults . [PERSON Commonly] found in grassy , 
mud-bottom areas at low tide . The east side of [LOCATION Sanibel Island] is a good col- 
lecting spot . This is the only western [LOCATION Atlantic] species known in this genus . 
Formerly placed in another genus , [ORGANIZATION Notarcbns Cuvier] 18 17. 



Family [LOCATION PLEUROBRANCHIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Fleiirobranchiis Cuvier] 1805 

[PERSON Subgenus Siisania Gray] 1857 

[PERSON Pleurobranchus] atlanticus [ORGANIZATION Abbott Atlantic Pleurobranch] 

Figure 61 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] ( and the [LOCATION West Indies] ? ) . 

I % to 2 inches in length . [PERSON Mantle] with U-shaped notch in front where 
two tube-like rhinophores protrude up . Dorsum or back with numerous 
small rounded warts . Color yellowish orange with irregular splotches of deep 
maroon-brown . Largest warts translucent pale-yellow with a chocolate ring 
around the base . Some tipped with chalk-white . Foot pale-yellow to orang- 



[LOCATION PLEUROBRANCHIDAE] 



287 



ish . [PERSON Gill] plume on right side of body , with 20 to 22 primary leaflets on each 
side , with a nodule on the main stem where they originate . Primary leaflets 
with 1 5 smaller leaflets , each of which has 5 to i o microscopic plates . [ORGANIZATION Shell] 




Figure 61. [PERSON Pleiirobranchus] atlmiticits [PERSON Abbott] , i V2 inches . 2 and 3, entire animal; 
4, rhinophore; 5, cross-section of velum; 6, genitalia; 7, details of [PERSON gill] plume; 8, 
shell; 9, radula; 10, platelets in mandibles . ( From [PERSON R. T. Abbott] 1949, [MISC Nautilus] 

vol . 62. ) 

small , calcareous , pinkish white , flat with a small spire , and located under the 
dorsum . Moderately common in shallow water in winter on Soldier Key , 
near [LOCATION Miami] . Originally collected by [PERSON F. M. Bayer] , [PERSON P. gardineri] [PERSON White] is a 
synonym . 



288 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Superjamily PYRAMIDELLACEA] 
Family [ORGANIZATION PYRAMIDELLIDAE] 

This is a well-known family of very small gastropods which are ex- 
tremely baffling to novices attempting to identify any one of the several hun- 
dred so-called species . Even among the experts there is not always agreement 
on what constitutes a species , subgenus or genus in this group . It would be 
impossible to present in a book this siz^e even an account of only the most 
common species . Those interested in delving into this interesting maze of 
species are referred to the works of [PERSON Bartsch] , W. H. Dall and [PERSON K. Bush] . 

The recent work of Fretter and [PERSON Graham] has shown that the [LOCATION Pyrams] are 
ectoparasites , with each species feeding on a particular host , usually a tubico- 
lous polychaete worm or a bivalve mollusk . The Pyrams attach themselves 



[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] [ORGANIZATION PYRA] . MIDELLIDAE 
( Figure 62 ) 

( The names in parentheses are subgenera . Illustrations are from [PERSON P. Bartsch] , 
1909, Proc . [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 34, no . 4. The measurements refer to the 
length of an average specimen ) . 

a , [PERSON Odostojjiia] ( Chrysallida ) [ORGANIZATION ivillisi Bartsch] . [PERSON Willis] ' Odostome . 3 mm . ; milky 

white . Prince Edward Island , [LOCATION Canada] . Uncommon . 

b , [PERSON Turbonilla] ( [LOCATION Pyrgisais] ) internipta Totten . [LOCATION Interrupted Turbonille] . 6 mm . ; 

pale waxy yellow . [LOCATION Casco Bay] , [LOCATION Maine] , to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 2 to 107 fathoms . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . 

c , [PERSON Turbonilla] ( [PERSON Tiirbo] ? iilla ) stricta [PERSON Verrill] . [PERSON Varied Turbonille] . 5 mm . ; milky 

white . [LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 3 to 8 fathoms . Moderately com- 
mon . 

d , [PERSON Turbojiilla] ( [PERSON Tiirbo] ? iilla ) [PERSON iiivea Stimpson] . [PERSON Snowy Turbonille] . 5 mm . ; milky 

white . [LOCATION Maine] to [LOCATION Connecticut] . 40 to 400 fathoms . Uncommon . 

e , [PERSON Pyra7indella] ( [LOCATION Syrnola] ) fiisca [PERSON C. B. Adams] . [PERSON Brown Pyram] . 6 mm . ; light brown . 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION Florida] . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

f , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [ORGANIZATION Menestho] ) trifida [PERSON Totten] . Three-lined Odostome . 4 mm . ; shiny 

white . [LOCATION Maine] to [LOCATION New Jersey] . Shore . Common . 

g , [PERSON Odostojjiia] ( lolaea ) [PERSON heiidersojii Bartsch] . [PERSON Henderson] 's Odostome . 3 mm . ; glossy 

white . [PERSON Woods Hole] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . Uncommon . 
h , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [ORGANIZATION Menestho] ) bisutiiralis Say . Double-sutured Odostome . 5 mm . ; 

milky white . [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Delaware Bay] . [PERSON Shore] to 2 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
i , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [ORGANIZATION Menestho] ) impressa Say . Impressed Odostome . 5 mm . ; milky 

white . [LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . 
j , [PERSON Odostomia] ( Chrysallida ) sejniniida [PERSON C. B. Adams] . Half-smooth Odostome . 

4 mm . ; whitish . [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] . [PERSON Shore] to 12 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Common] . 
k , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [LOCATION Odostomia] ) gibbosa [PERSON Bush] . Fat Odostome . 3 mm . ; shiny , yellowish 

white . [LOCATION Maine] to southern [LOCATION Massachusetts] . Uncommon . ( = modesta '^2iXX . sc\\y 

not [PERSON Stimpson] ) . 



[LOCATION PYRAMIDELLIDAE] 



289 



to the host by means of an oral sucker , and pierce the body wall of the host 
with a buccal stylet . They suck the host 's blood by means of a buccal pump . 
[PERSON Embryological] and other data have shown that this family of mollusks is 
closely related to the tectibranch mollusks , rather than to the prosobranchs 
with which they have been formerly placed . ( [ORGANIZATION See Journal] of the [ORGANIZATION Marine] 
[ORGANIZATION Biological Assoc , vol] . 28, pp . 493-532, 1949. ) 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Fyramidella Lamarck] 1799 
[PERSON Pyramidella dolabrata Lamarck] 

[LOCATION Bahamas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Florida Keys] ? 



Giant [LOCATION Atlantic Pyram] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4q 



% to I inch in length , solid and glossy smooth . [ORGANIZATION Columella] large , and 
with 2 or 3 strong , spiral plicae . Color opaque-white with 3 fine , spiral lines 
of brown , i of which is just above the suture . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] 




Figure 62. [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] [PERSON Pyramidellidae] . ( See opposite page . ) 



[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] PYRAMIDELLIDAE ( Figure 63 ) 

( The names in parentheses are subgenera . " [PERSON D.] and B. " is the abbreviation for 
[LOCATION Dall] and [PERSON Bartsch] 1909, [PERSON Bull] . 68, [PERSON U. S] , [PERSON Nat] . AIus . , pis . 1-30, from which these 
drawings are taken . The measurements refer to the length of an average specimen . ) 

a , [ORGANIZATION Pyrarnidella {Lonchaeiis] ) adamsi [PERSON Carpenter] . [PERSON Adams] ' [LOCATION Pyram] . 15 mm . [PERSON White] 

to dark-brown , spotted or banded . [LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Mexico] . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[ORGANIZATION b] , [PERSON Tiirbonilla {Cheimiitzia] ) [ORGANIZATION kelseyi D.] and [PERSON B. Kelsey] 's [LOCATION Turbonille] . 5 mm . Semi- 

transparent; ribs not on base of shell . [PERSON Santa Barbara] to [LOCATION Mexico] . [PERSON Shore] to 
30 fathoms . Moderately common . 

c , [PERSON Turbo77illa] ( [PERSON Ti/rboiiilla] ) acraD . 2indB . [PERSON Acta Turbonille] . 10 mm . Milk-white; 

15 whorls; ribs extend down over the base of the shell . [LOCATION California] . Rare . 

d , [ORGANIZATION Tiirbo7jilla {Striotiirbonilla] ) buttoni [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Button] 's [LOCATION Turbonille] . 6 mm . ; 

yellowish white; spire and base of shell with microscopic , wavy , spiral lines 
not shown in drawing ) . [LOCATION Southern California] to iMexico . [PERSON Shore] to 25 fathoms . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] at many places . 

e , [ORGANIZATION Tiirbonilla {Fyrgolampros] ) [ORGANIZATION chocolata Carpenter] . [ORGANIZATION Chocolate Turbonille] . 12 

mm . ; shiny , golden brown , with 2 or 3 spiral bands of lighter color . [LOCATION Monterey] 

to [LOCATION San Diego] . [PERSON Shore] to 25 fathoms . [PERSON Uncommon] . 
f , Tw 'bomlla [ORGANIZATION {Monmila] ) [ORGANIZATION tridentata Carpenter] . Three-toothed [LOCATION Turbonille] . 10 

mm . ; chestnut; obscurely banded; minutely reticulated; 3 folds on white 

columella . [LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 40 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
g , [LOCATION Odostomia {Evalwa] ) a ? nericana [PERSON D.] and B. American Odostome . 3 mm . ; milky 

white . [LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 10 fathoms . Uncommon . 
h , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [LOCATION Aliralda] ) aepynota D. and [PERSON B. Tower Odostome] . 2 mm . ; trans- 
lucent . [LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 12 fathoms . Uncommon . 
i , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [LOCATION Odostoinia] ) farella D. and [PERSON B. Farelle Odostome] . 3 mm . ; white; 

fine growth lines only . Off [LOCATION Long Beach] . Rare . 
j , [PERSON Odostoima] ( [ORGANIZATION Evalea] ) phanea [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Phanea Odostome] . 5 mm . ; milky white . 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Diego] . On rocks and abalones . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
k , [PERSON Turbonilla] ( [LOCATION Pyrgisciis] ) aragoni [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Aragon] [PERSON Turbonille] . 7 mm . ; milky 

white; lower half of whorls brown , upper half flesh-colored . Base with 

1 5 spiral lines . [LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Redondo Beach] . 10 to 40 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] . 
1, [PERSON Tiirbojiilla] ( [PERSON Bartschella] ) [PERSON lajimiata Carpenter] . [PERSON Laminate Turbonille] . 7 mm . ; 

apex waxy yellow; last whorl brown; columella white . [LOCATION Redondo Beach] to 

[LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 25 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
m , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [LOCATION Ividella] ) pedroana D. and [PERSON B. San Pedro Odostome] . 7 mm . ; choco- 
late-brown . [LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 1 2 fathoms . Common . 
n , [PERSON Odostomia] ( Chrysallida ) [PERSON helga D.] and [PERSON B. H] '^lga Odostome . 5 mm . ; milky 

white . [LOCATION Redondo Beach] to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . [PERSON Shore] to 25 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
o , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [LOCATION Ivara] ) terriciila [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Earth Odostome] . 4 mm . ; milky white . 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 25 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
p [PERSON , Odostomia] ( lolaea ) auriaiita [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Pure Odostome] . 5 mm . ; yellowish 

white . [LOCATION San Mateo] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 75 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
q , [ORGANIZATION Odostomia {Amaiira] ) nota [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Nota Odostome] . 7 mm . ; light yellow . 

[LOCATION Santa Rosa Island] to [LOCATION San Diego] . Among weeds . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 
r , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [ORGANIZATION Evalea] ) donilla [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Donille Odostome] . 5 mm . ; bluish white . 

[LOCATION Santa Monica] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 10 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] , 
s , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [ORGANIZATION Menestho] ) fetella [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Fetelle Odostome] . 4 mm . ; milky 

white . [LOCATION Santa Monica] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 6 feet . Common . 
t , [PERSON Odostomia] ( [LOCATION Salasiella] ) laxa [PERSON D.] and [PERSON B. Lax Odostome] . 4 mm . ; milky white . 

[LOCATION Catalina Island] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [PERSON Shore] to 70 fathoms . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 



[LOCATION PYRAMIDELLIDAE] 



291 




Figure 63. [LOCATION Pacific Coast] [PERSON Pyramidellidae] . ( See opposite page . ) 



292 A ? nerican Seashells 

and possibly present in the [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] . This species is a sand- 
dweller . 

Order PTEROPODA 
( Sea Butterflies or [MISC Pteropods] ) 

These small , [PERSON pelagic] gastropods are very abundant in the open seas in 
nearly every part of the world . They are occasionally washed ashore , but 
more commonly their shells are found in dredge hauls . The identification of 
pteropods is important to many types of oceanographic studies . There are 
two suborders , [PERSON Thecosomata] or those having shells , and the [ORGANIZATION Gymnosomata] 
or those without shells . We have omitted the latter group , and refer inter- 
ested workers to our bibliography . Every known [MISC American] species ( eastern 
[LOCATION Pacific] and western [LOCATION Atlantic] ) of the shelled [LOCATION Thecosomata] has been included 
and figured . 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder THECOSOMATA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family SPIRATELLIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Spiratella Blainville] 1817 

[ORGANIZATION {Limacina] ) 

[PERSON Spiratella] helicina [PERSON Phipps Helicid Pteropod] 

Figure 64a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Maine] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to northern [LOCATION California] . 

Up to 8 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , spire short , shell wider than long . Surface with 
relatively large , axial threads . Adults ( over 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) without an operculum . 
Abundant enough in the [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to serve as an important source of food 
for certain whales . [PERSON S. pacifica] [LOCATION Dall] is the same . 

[LOCATION Spiratella] retroversa Fleming Retrovert Pteropod 

Figure 64c 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . 

Up to 5 or 6 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , spire slightly elevated , umbilicus distinct , 
shell higher than wide . Entire surface covered with fine , spiral hues . 10 
whorls . [LOCATION Limacina] balea [PERSON Moller] and [LOCATION Spirialis] goiildi [PERSON Stimpson] are this species . 

[LOCATION Spiratella] trochi^omtis [PERSON Orbigny Trochiform Pteropod] 

Figure 646 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to [LOCATION Brazil] . ( [PERSON N. Lat] . 42° to [PERSON S. Lat] . 28° ) . 

I mm , in length , very close in characters , except shape , to 5. [PERSON retroversa] , 
and thought by some workers to be a warm-water subspecies of that species . 



PERACLIDAE 293 

[LOCATION Spiratella] lesueuri [PERSON Orbigny Lesueur] 's [LOCATION Pteropod] 

[MISC Figure 64b] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , south to [LOCATION Brazil] . Indo-Pacific . ( [PERSON N. Lat] . 42° 
to [PERSON S. Lat] . 40° ) . 

1.5 mm . in length , spire elevated somewhat; umbilicus distinct . [ORGANIZATION Shell] as 
long as wide . Spiral lines only around the umbilicus . 

[LOCATION Spiratella] bulmwides Orbigny Bulimoid Pteropod 

Figure 6^d 

[LOCATION New York] to southern [LOCATION Brazil] . ( [PERSON N. Lat] . 39° to [PERSON S. Lat] . 40° ) . 

2 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , spire high , shell twice as long as wide . Umbilicus very 
indistinct . Lip fragile and often broken . 6 to 7 whorls . 

[PERSON Spiratella] inflata [PERSON Orbigny Planorbid Pteropod] 

Figure 64h 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to [LOCATION Argentina] . ( [PERSON N. Lat] . 42° to [PERSON S. Lat] . 40° ) . 

1.5 mm . in length , spire depressed , with the globose whorls in one plane 
to give a planorboid shape . [PERSON Limacina] scaphoidea [PERSON Gould] is this species . 

Family PERACLIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Feracle Forbes] 1844 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] fragile , with sinistral or left-handed whorls ( resembling the fresh- 
water pond snail , [LOCATION Physa] ) ; aperture very large and elongated; columella pro- 
longed into an elongate rostrum; no umbilicus . Operculum thin , paucispiral , 
sifiistral and subcircular in outline . There are only two species in the genus . 
[PERSON PeracUs Pelseneer] is the same genus . 

Feracle reticulata Orbigny Reticulate Pteropod 

Figure 64g 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 40° [PERSON N.] to 20° S. ) . 

4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , brownish yellow , sinistral and with 4 whorls . Suture 
deep . The surface exhibits a raised hexagonal reticulation , the sides of the 
hexagons bearing a regular row of minute teeth . [PERSON P.] physoides [PERSON Forbes] and 
[PERSON P. clathrata Eyd] . and Soul , are the same . 

Feracle bispinosa Pelseneer Two-spined Pteropod 

Figure 6i\i 
[LOCATION Atlantic] , pelagic . ( 38° [PERSON N.] to 28° S. ) . 

7 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , milky-white , similar to reticulata , but with a wide , 



294 [MISC American Seashells] 

shallow suture bearing axial ridges , and with the shoulder of the outer lip 
bearing a small , triangular projection . [PERSON Uncommonly] collected . 

Family [ORGANIZATION CAVOLINIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] symmetrical ( not coiled ) , fragile , white to brown , and of various 
shapes — needle-like , cylinder-shaped , flattened triangular or bulbous . 

[PERSON Genus Creseis Rang] 1828 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] a long cone , almost circular in cross-section , needle-like . 

[PERSON Creseis] acicida [MISC Rang Straight Needle-pteropod] 

Figure 6411 

[LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Pacific] , pelagic . ( [PERSON N. Lat] . 48° to [PERSON S. Lat] . 40° ) . 

20 to 33 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ( about an inch ) in length . A long , straight , slender cone 
tapering to a sharp point . Styliola vitrea [PERSON Verrill] and conica [PERSON Esch] . are this 
species . 

[PERSON Creseis] virgula [MISC Rang Curved Needle-pteropod] 

Figure 64P 

[LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Pacific] , pelagic . ( [PERSON N. Lat] . 41° to [PERSON S. Lat] . 35° ) . 

8 to 10 mm . in length . A drawn-out , slender shell similar to acicula , 
but with its narrow end hooked to one side . The amount of bend of hook 
is variable . [PERSON Hyalaea] conijormis Orb . and [ORGANIZATION Cleodora virgula Soul] , and Eyd . are 
the same . 

[PERSON Genus Styliola] Lesueur 1825 
[MISC Styliola] siibula Quoy and [ORGANIZATION Gaimard Keeled Clio] 

Figure 64-0 

Worldwide in warm seas , pelagic . 

10 mm . in length , conical , straight , considerably elongated . The surface 
is smooth , and with a dorsal groove not parallel to the axis of the shell , but 
slightly oblique , turning from left to right , with only the anterior extremity 
( which ends in a rostrum ) in the [MISC median] line . There is only one species in 
the genus and it is world-wide in distribution . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Hyalocylis Fol] 1875 
[PERSON Hyalocylis] striata [PERSON Rang Striate Clio] 

Worldwide m warm seas , pelagic . 



CAVOLINIDAE 295 

8 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , conical , slightly compressed dorso-ventrally ( oval 
in cross-section ) ; apex slightly recurved dorsally; surface with transverse 
grooves; embryonic shell small , smooth , bulbous and separated from the main 
shell by a constriction . This is the only species in the genus . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Clio] Linne 1767 

Shell of a somewhat angular form , colorless , compressed dorso-ventrally , 
and with lateral keels . A cross-section of the anterior or open portion is thus 
always angular at the sides . There is generally a crest or ridge extending 
longitudinally along the back . Embryonic shell varies in form , but is always 
definitely separated from the rest of the shell . [PERSON Cleodora Peron] and [ORGANIZATION Lesueur] 
1 8 1 o is the same genus . 

[MISC Clio] pyramidata [ORGANIZATION Linne Pyramid Clio] 

Figure 64k 

Worldwide , pelagic . 

16 to 21 mm . in length . No lateral keels on the posterior portion; with- 
out lateral spines . Lateral margins very divergent . No posterior transverse 
grooves . Dorsal ribs undivided . [ORGANIZATION Common] . [PERSON C. Imiceolata Lesueur] and Cleo- 
dora exacuta [PERSON Gould] are this species . The shell exhibits considerable variation 
in form . 

[MISC Clio] cuspidata [ORGANIZATION Bosc Cuspidate Clio] 

Figure 641 

[LOCATION Atlantic] and [MISC Indo-Pacific] , pelagic . 

Without lateral keels on the posterior portion . Lateral spines very long . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[ORGANIZATION Clio recurva Children Wavy Clio] 

Figure 64J 

[LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Indian Ocean] . Warm water , pelagic . 

I inch in length , with lateral keels over its entire length . 3 dorsal ribs 
markedly projecting . A large , fragile , transparent and very exquisite species . 
This is [PERSON C.] balantiiim [PERSON Rang] . 

[MISC Clio] polita Pelseneer Two-keeled [MISC Clio] 

Figure 64I 

[LOCATION Atlantic] , pelagic . 

With lateral keels over its entire length . Dorsal ribs very slightly pro- 
jecting . The posterior portion of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is narrow . [PERSON C.] j ale at a [PERSON Pfeffer] is 
the same species . 



296 [ORGANIZATION AmericaJi Seashelh] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cavolina Abildgaard] 1791 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] squat , bulbous , horny-brown in color , characterized by a much 
constricted aperture , which is , however , very broad transversely . Sides of 
shell often prolonged into spine-like projections . [LOCATION Cavolinia] is an alternate , 
incorrect spelling , and [PERSON Hyalaea Lamarck] is a synonym of this genus . 



[LOCATION Cavolina] lojigirostris [ORGANIZATION Lesueur Long-snout Cavoline] 

Figure 64V 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 47° [PERSON N.] to 40° S. ) . 

5 to 9 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length . Dorsal lip with a thin margin . Posterior portion 
of the ventral lip markedly projecting laterally . Common . Hyalaea li ? nbata 
Orb . and [PERSON H. angiilata Souleyet] are synonyms . 



[LOCATION Cavolina] gibbosa [ORGANIZATION Rang Gibbose Cavoline] 

Figure 64\v 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 43° [PERSON N.] to 38^ S. ) . 

About 10 mm . in length . Dorsal lip with a thin margin . [ORGANIZATION Shell] without 
appreciable lateral points . Ventral lip not more developed than the dorsal . 
Ventral surface with an anterior transverse keel . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 



[PERSON Cavolina] tridentata Forskal Three-toothed [ORGANIZATION Cavoline] 

Figure 64U 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 40° [PERSON N.] to 40° S. ) . 

10 to 20 mm . in length . Dorsal lip with a thin margin . Ventral Hp not 
more developed than the dorsal one . [ORGANIZATION Shell] without appreciable lateral points . 
The shell is as broad at the end of the lips as it is at the anterior end . [PERSON C.] 
gibbosa is narrower at the ends of the lips . [PERSON Hyalaea] afflnis Orb . is merely a 
form of this species . [PERSON C.] televms [PERSON Linne] might possibly be this species . 

Figure 64. The Pteropods or Sea-hut- [PERSON Pelseneer;m] , 0/i7 ( ? n77JCo/z/7;777e//irRang; 
terflies of [ORGANIZATION American Waters] , a , [MISC Spira-] n , [PERSON Creseis] aciciila Rang; o , [MISC Styliola] sub- 
tell a helicina Phipps; b , 5. [PERSON lesuenri Orb] . ; zila Q & G; p , [PERSON Creseis] virgula Rang; q , 
c , 5. retroversa Fleming; d , 5. [PERSON biilnnoides Hyalocylis] striata Rang; r , Cavolina i ? i- 
[PERSON Orb] . ; e , [PERSON S. trochiformis Orb] . ; f , Peracle fJexa Lesueur; s , [PERSON Cavolina qiiadridentata] 
bispinosa Pelseneer; g , [PERSON Peracle] reticidata Lesueur; t , C trispinosa Lesueur; u , [PERSON C.] 
[PERSON Orb] . ; h , [PERSON Spiratella] infiata Orb . ; i , [MISC Clio] tridentata Forskal; v , C longirostris 
cuspidata Bosc; j , [MISC Clio] reciirva Children; Lesueur; w , [PERSON C.] gibbosa Rang; x , [PERSON C.] im- 
k , [MISC Clio] pyramidata Linnc; 1, [MISC Clio] polita cinata [LOCATION Rang] . 



[ORGANIZATION PTEROPODA] 



297 




[ORGANIZATION FiGURK] 64. F.xplanations on opposite pas^e . 



298 [MISC American Seashelh] 

[LOCATION Cavolina] micinata [ORGANIZATION Rang Uncinate Cavoline] 

Figure 64X 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 40° [PERSON N.] to 40° S. ) - 

6 to 7 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length . Dorsal lip with a thin margin . Ventral lip not 
more developed than the dorsal one . [PERSON Shell] with distinct lateral points . [MISC Upper] 
lip flattened posteriorly . [PERSON C.] iincinati^ormis [PERSON Pfeffer] is a synonym . 

[LOCATION Cavolina] inflexa [ORGANIZATION Lesueur Inflexed Cavoline] 

Figure 641 

[LOCATION Atlantic] and [MISC Indo-Pacific] . ( 41° [PERSON N.] to 42° S. ) . 

6 to 7 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , similar to uncinata , but the upper Hp is directed 
straight forward , instead of flattened posteriorly; and the ventral side of the 
shell is weakly , instead of strongly , convex . [PERSON C.] labiata Orb . , [PERSON C.] imitans [PERSON Pfeffer] 
and [PERSON C.] elongata [LOCATION Blainville] are this species . 

[PERSON Subgenus Diacria Gray] 1842 

Similar to [LOCATION Cavolina] s.s. , but the dorsal lip of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is thickened into 
a pad , and not thin as the true [LOCATION Cavoline] is . Some workers use this as a genus . 

[LOCATION Cavolina] trispinosa Lesueur Three-spined [ORGANIZATION Cavoline] 

Figure 641 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 60° [PERSON N.] to 41° S. ) . 

About 1 1 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length . Dorsal lip thickened into a pad . [ORGANIZATION Shell] with a 
long lateral spine on each side , and a very long terminal one . [PERSON Aperture] 
scarcely discernible . Ventral side of shell very slightly convex . [PERSON C.] mucro- 
nata Q. and [PERSON G.] , [PERSON C.] cuspidata [ORGANIZATION Delle Chiaje] and [PERSON C.] reeviana Dunker are this 
species . Very common . 

[PERSON Cavolina] quadridentata Lesueur Four-toothed Cavoline 

Figure 64s 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 36° [PERSON N.] to 28° S. ) . 

2 to 4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length . Dorsal lip thickened into a pad . Without promi- 
nent lateral spines . Aperture well-developed . Ventral side greatly inflated . 
Upper lip longer than the bottom one . [PERSON C.] inermis [PERSON Gould] , [PERSON C.] inimita [PERSON Sowerby] , 
[PERSON C.] intermedia [PERSON Sowerby] and [PERSON C.] costata Pfefi^er are synonyms . Quite common . 

Genus [PERSON CitvierivLt Boas] 1886 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] cylindrical , shaped somewhat like a fat cigar . Surface smooth . A 
cross-section is almost circular . Behind the aperture the [ORGANIZATION shell] is slightly con- 



DORIDAE 299 

stricted . There is only one species in the genus . The genera [LOCATION Cuvieria Rang] 
and Herse Gistel 1848 ( non [PERSON Oken] 181 5 ) are synonyms . 

[LOCATION Cuvierina] columnella [PERSON Rang Cigar Pteropod] 

Figure 64m 

Worldwide , pelagic . ( 43° [PERSON N.] to 42° S. ) . 

10 to 14 mm . in length . See generic description and figure . The shell 
varies somewhat in shape . [PERSON C.] oryza [PERSON Benson] , [PERSON C.] iirceolaris Morch and cmi- 
cellata [PERSON Pfeffer] are the same . Common . 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder GYMNOSOMATA] 

Pteropods characterized by the absence of shell , pallial cavity and 
mantle-skirt; by the presence of a well-developed head , bearing two pairs of 
tentacles , of which the two posterior bear rudimentary eyes . Jaws and [PERSON radula] 
present . Found pelagic in all seas , and sometimes in great abundance . Rarely 
exceed one inch in length . They are carnivorous . [ORGANIZATION Ascend] to the surface at 
night , and sink to a lower level in the daytime . They are not treated in this 
book . The group contains such genera as [PERSON Pjieuviodennopsis Bronn] 1862, 
[ORGANIZATION Fneumodernia Cuvier] 1805 {=^ [PERSON Piieiimono] derma Agassiz ) , [PERSON Cliopsis Troschel] 
1854 {= [ORGANIZATION CHonopsis Bronn] ) , [PERSON Notobrmichaea Pelseneer] 1886, [PERSON Clione Pallas] 
1774, [PERSON PaedocUone Danforth] 1907, Anopsia Gistel 1848 ( = [PERSON Halopsyche] 
[PERSON Bronn] and [LOCATION Euribia Rang] ) . 

Order [ORGANIZATION NUDIBRANCHIA] 

( [LOCATION Nudibranchs] and [MISC Sea-slugs] ) 

Super jamily [ORGANIZATION DORIDACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family DORIDIDAE] 

Branchial plumes in an arc or circle usually joined together at their bases , 
usually retractile into a cavity . [PERSON Rhinophores] always with a perfoliate club . 
Pharyngeal bulb never suctorial . 

[PERSON Genus Archidoris Bergh] 1878 

Body not hard , dorsum granular or tubular; tentacles short , thick , with 
an external , longitudinal sulcus . No labial armature . Branchial plumes not 
numerous , 3- to 4-pinnare . [ORGANIZATION Center of radula] naked , marginal teeth hooked 
and bearing minute denticles . [PERSON Penis] and vagina unarmed ( without hooks ) . 

[PERSON Archidoris] montereyensis [ORGANIZATION Cooper Monterey Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6h 

[LOCATION California] . 

I to 2 inches in length . [PERSON Rhinophore] stalks conical , the clavus slightly 



300 [MISC American Seashelh] 

dilated , conical , perfoliate with 24 to 30 leaves on each side . Each of the 7 
branchial plumes large , spreading and 3- to 4-pinnate . [PERSON Radula] with 33 rows; 
center naked; with 42 to 49 strongly hooked , denticulate pleural teeth . Com- 
mon in tide pools . 

[PERSON Subgenus Anisodoris Bergh] 1898 
[ORGANIZATION Archidoris] 720 bills [ORGANIZATION MacFarland Noble] [ORGANIZATION Pacific Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 [ORGANIZATION 6c] 

[LOCATION California] . 

4 inches in length . [PERSON Rhinophore] stalk stout , conical , the clavus perfoli- 
ate , with about 24 leaves , and the stalk deeply retractile within low sheaths , 
the margins of which are tuberculate . Each of the 6 branchial plumes large 
and spreading , 3- to 4-pinnate . A thin , membrane-like expansion joins the 
bases of the plumes . [PERSON Radula] with 26 rows; center naked; with 55 to 62 
strongly hooked pleural teeth . Moderately common in tide pools . 

[PERSON Genus Discodorts Bergh] 1898 

Body rather soft , oval in outline; branchial aperture slightly crenulate , 
stellate or bilabiate; anterior margin of the foot bilabiate , the upper lip more 
or less notched . 

[PERSON Discodoris] heatbi [PERSON MacFarland Heath] 's [PERSON Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6i 

[LOCATION California] . 

I inch in length . [PERSON Mantle] thick , densely spiculate . [PERSON Rhinophores] cylindro- 
conical , the stalk stout , the clavus with 10 to 15 leaves , and wholly retrac- 
tile . Each of the 8 to 10 branchial plumes are tripinnate . [LOCATION Radula] colorless , 
with 20 rows of teeth; center naked . 36 to 42 strongly hooked pleural teeth . 
Rather rare in rock pools in the summer . 

Genus [PERSON Rostanga Bergh] 1879 

Back covered with minute , spiculose or stiff papillae; branchiae of 
simple-pinnate leaves . 

[PERSON Rostanga] pulchra [ORGANIZATION MacFarland MacFarland] 's [PERSON Pretty Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6g 

[LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length . [PERSON Rhinophores] short , stout , translucent-pink , stalk 
stout , prolonged beyond the 20- to 24-leaved clavus as a blunt , cylindrical 
process which is % the length of the entire [ORGANIZATION rhinophore] . 10 to 12 erect , sepa- 



DORIDAE 301 

rate , retractile branchial plumes . [PERSON Radula] with 65 to 80 rows of 80 denticu- 
late pleural teeth . Lives on red sponges . The egg-ribbon is orange-red and 
often laid on the sponge . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Genus Diaidula Bergh] 1880 

Body fairly soft; back silky finish; branchial aperture round and crenu- 
late; branchial plumes tripinnate . 

[PERSON Diaulula] sandiegensis [ORGANIZATION Cooper San Diego Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6d 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . Body soft; back velvety . Rings of black varying 
greatly in number and clarity ( 2 or 3 to 30 ) . [MISC Rhinophores] conical , the 
clavus with 20 to 30 leaves , deeply retractile into a conspicuous sheath with 
a crenulate margin . 6 branchial plumes tripinnate . Radula broad , with 19 
to 22 rows , each row with 26 to 30 falcate teeth on each side of the naked 
center . Moderately common in rock pools of the fucoid zone at all seasons . 
The broad , white , spiral egg bands are commonly laid from June to August , 

[PERSON Genus Aldisa Bergh] 1878 
[PERSON Aldisa] sangtunea [PERSON Cooper Blood-red Doris] 

[LOCATION Monterey Bay] to [LOCATION Point Lobos] , [LOCATION California] . 

Y2 inch in length . In form , superficially resembling our figure of [MISC Archi-] 
[PERSON doris mo7itereyensis] ( pi . i6h ) , but bright-scarlet to light-red , sprinkled every- 
where with very minute , black spots . Characterized by 2 or 3 very large , 
oval spots of black on the back , [PERSON Rhinophores] similar in form , with 12 to 
15 leaves in the clavus . Branchial plumes 8 to 10, simply or irregularly bi- 
pinnate . [PERSON Radula] with 70 rows of teeth , each row with 70 to 100 teeth which 
are long , slender and with small , swollen bases . Not uncommon in rock 
pools . 

Subfamily [ORGANIZATION CADLININAE] 

[PERSON Labial] armature lamelliform , almost annulate , of extremely small hooks . 
[LOCATION Middle] of [PERSON radula] with a denticulated tooth . External margin of pleural teeth 
serrate . 

[PERSON Genus Cadlina Bergh] 1879 

Characters of the subfamily . The glans penis is armed with a series of 
hooks . Usually the animal is from i to 2 inches in length . 



302 [MISC American Seashells] 

[LOCATION Cadlina] laevis [PERSON Linne White] [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Doris] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

I inch in length , similar to our figure of [PERSON A.] no bills ( pi . i6c ) , but a pure , 
waxy , semi-transparent white . Back with numerous very small , obtuse , 
opaque-white tubercles . An irregular row of white or sulfur-yellow , angu- 
lar spots located down each side near the margin of the back . [PERSON Rhinophores] 
opaque-white or yellowish , with 12 or 13 leaflets , surmounted by a short , 
blunt point . Branchial plumes of 5 imperfectly tripinnate , transparent white 
plumes . [PERSON Radula] with 50 to 70 rows of teeth . 29 to 30 pleural teeth on each 
side of the central tooth , the latter with 3 to 4 denticles on each side of the 
center hook . Locally uncommon . [PERSON C.] repanda Alder and [PERSON Hancock] , [PERSON C.] obve- 
[PERSON lata Miiller] and [PERSON C.] planulata [PERSON Gould] are this species . 

[PERSON Cadlina] flavomaciilata [LOCATION MacFarland] Yellow-spotted [PERSON Doris] 

[LOCATION Pacific Grove] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length . Characterized by the 2 rows of lemon-yellow spots 
borne upon low tubercles . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 10 to 12 leaves in its club . 
Branchial plumes small , 10 to 11, either simple pinnate or bipinnate . [PERSON Radula] 
with about 77 rows of teeth , with 23 pleural teeth on each side of the central 
tooth which has 4 to 6 equal-sized denticles . All times of the year in small 
numbers in rocky tide pools . 

[LOCATION Cadlina marginata MacFarland] Yellow-rimmed [PERSON Doris] 

[LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION Monterey Bay] , [LOCATION California] . 

1% inches in length , similar to our figure of [PERSON A. nobilis] ( pi . i6c ) , but 
covered everywhere with low , yellow-tipped tubercles surrounded by a nar- 
row ring of white and forming the center of a clearly marked polygonal 
area . Ground color a translucent yellowish white . There is a distinct narrow 
band of lemon-yellow around the margins of the mantle and the lateral and 
posterior edges of the foot . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 16 to 18 leaves in the clavus . 
Branchial plumes 6, bipinnate , sheath with yellow-tipped tubercles on the 
margin . 90 rows of teeth , with about 47 pleural teeth on each side of the 
central tooth which has 4 to 6 even-sized denticles . Not uncommon in rock 
pools . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily GLOSSODORIDINAE] 

[PERSON Brilliantly] blue-colored; back smooth , body elongate . Labial armature 
strong , of very minute hooks . [ORGANIZATION Center of radula] very narrow , often with 



DENDRODORIDIDAE 303 

minute , compressed spurious teeth . Penis unarmed . [PERSON Chromodoris Alder] and 
[PERSON Hancock] is a synonym of the following genus . 

[PERSON Genus Glossodoris Ehrenberg] 1831 
[PERSON Glossodoris] porterae [PERSON Cockerell Porter] 's [ORGANIZATION Blue Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 61 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

Yo inch in length , characterized by its deep ultramarine blue ( dissolves 
out at death ) and by the two orange stripes . Foot without orange marks . 
Fairly common in rocky tide pools . This might be the young or a form of 
the next species . 

[PERSON Glossodoris] calif orniensis [MISC Bergh Califomian] [ORGANIZATION Blue Doris] 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 inches in length . Like [PERSON G.] porterae , but with numerous , bright , orange , 
oblong spots in two rows on the mantle , another row down each side of the 
foot , and a group of round spots on the anterior end . [ORGANIZATION Common] in tide pools . 
[PERSON G. universitatis Ckll] . is this species . 

[PERSON Glossodoris] macjarlandi Cockerell MacFarland 's [ORGANIZATION Blue Doris] 

[LOCATION La Jolla] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , like a small porterae , but with a ground color of red- 
dish purple ( not dissolving out at death ) ; mantle with a yellow-orange mar- 
gin and 3 longitudinal yellow stripes . End of foot with an orange stripe . 
Rare . 

Family [ORGANIZATION DENDRODORIDIDAE] 

Body soft , Doris-shaped . Pharyngeal bulb and elongated sucking tube , 
destitute of mandibles and radulae . [PERSON Penis] armed with a series of hooks . 
[PERSON Doriopsis Pease] is a synonym of the following genus . 

[PERSON Genus Defidrodoris Ehrenberg] 1831 
[PERSON Dendrodoris] fulva [ORGANIZATION MacFarland Common] [ORGANIZATION Yellow Doris] 

[LOCATION California] . 

2 inches in length . Back soft , with low , papilla-like elevations tipped 
with white . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 18 to 20 leaves in the clavus which is % the 



304 [ORGANIZATION Ainerican Seashelh] 

length of the entire rhinophore . It is completely retractile . 5 branchial 
plumes are tripinnate . No mandibles or [PERSON radula] . One of the commonest [MISC Pa-] 
cific Coast species . In tide pools at all times of the year , especially common 
in summer . Coiled t^^ band is yellow . 

[ORGANIZATION Family POLYCERIDAE] 
[PERSON Body limaciform] ( slug-like ) ; branchial plumes not retractile . 

Genus [PERSON Laila MacFarland] 1905 
[PERSON Laila cockerelli] [LOCATION MacFarland] [PERSON Laila Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6j 
[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION CaHfornia] . 

% inch in length . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 1 3 leaves in the clavus . 5 branchial 
plumes tripinnate , non-retractile into the cavity . 76 to 82 rows of radula; 
center with a series of rectangular , flattened plates; on the side are 2 pleural 
teeth , then 10 to 13 closely set pavement-like uncinal teeth . [MISC Glans] penis 
long , armed with 10 to 12 irregular rows of minute , thorn-like hooks . Not 
very common . Found under shelving rocks in tide pools . 

[PERSON Genus Triopha Bergh] 1880 
[PERSON Triopba] carpenteri [PERSON Stearns Carpenter] 's [PERSON Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 6k 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Point Lobos] , [LOCATION California] . 

I inch in length . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 20 to 30 leaves in the club . 5 
branchial plumes , large , tripinnate . 30 to 33 rows of radulae , with 4 teeth on 
the center part ( the rhachis ) ; pleural teeth 9 to 18, strongly hooked . Un- 
cinal teeth 9 to 18, quadrangular in outline . Very common in rock pools . 

[PERSON Triopha] maculata MacFarland Maculated [PERSON Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6f 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [ORGANIZATION Point Lobos] , [LOCATION Cahfornia] . 

I inch in length . [PERSON Rhinophore] stalk and club same length , the latter with 
18 leaves . Branchial plumes 5, tripinnate 14 rows of teeth , each row with 
4 flattened plates , 4 to 5 pleurals , and 7 to 8 uncinal teeth . [PERSON Blunt] glans penis 
armed with minute hooks . Abundant in summer in rock pools , in winter un- 
common . 

Triopha grandis [ORGANIZATION MacFarland MacFarland] 's [MISC Grand Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 1 [ORGANIZATION 6b] 

[LOCATION California] . 



[ORGANIZATION ONCHIDORIDAE] 305 

2 to 3 inches in length . With 8 to 12 tuberculate processes in front of 
head , and 6 to 7 more down the sides of the back . Back yellowish-brown , 
often flecked with bluish spots . Tips of yellow processes , tip of tail and tips 
of branchial plumes with yellowish red . [PERSON Rhinophores] set in conspicuous 
sheaths , club yellow with 20 leaves . Branchial plumes 5, bushy , tri- and 
quadri-pinnate . 18 rows of radular teeth; 4 centrals , 8 pleurals and 8 uncinal 
teeth . Found on brown kelp . Fairly common . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Polycera] Cuvier 1817 

[ORGANIZATION Frontal] margin with finger-like processes . [MISC Finger-like] processes border- 
ing branchial plumes . [ORGANIZATION Center of radula] naked , flanked by 2 lateral teeth and 
several uncini . 

[PERSON Polycera] atra [MISC MacFarland Orange-spiked] [PERSON Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i6e 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

^/4 to I inch in length . The blue-black lines shown in our figure are 
usually thinner and less conspicuous . 8 gill plumes . Common on brown 
algae . 9 to 10 rows of radular teeth , dark-amber; 2 pleurals , 3 to 4 uncinal 
teeth . 

Family [ORGANIZATION ONCHIDORIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Acanthodoris Gray] 1850 

[PERSON Body Dorid-like] with a furry back . Labial disk armed with minute 
hooks . [ORGANIZATION Center of radula] naked; first pleural tooth large , external pleurals 4 
to 8, small . Glans penis armed . Vagina very long . 

[PERSON Acanthodoris] pilosa [ORGANIZATION Abildgard Pilose Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 15b] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION New Haven] , [LOCATION Connecticut] . [LOCATION Alaska] . 

% to 1% inches in length . Semi-transparent . Color variable , ranging 
from pure white to yellowish white , canary-yellow , yellowish brown , gray- 
speckled , purple-brown and black . Back covered with soft , slender , conical , 
pointed papillae , which give it a hairy appearance . Rhinophores long , its 
club bent backwards and with 19 to 20 leaves . Sheath denticulate . Branchial 
plumes 7 to 9, large and spreading , tripinnate , transparent . A number of 
color forms have been described from [LOCATION Alaska] by [PERSON Bergh] and from [LOCATION New] Eng- 
land by [PERSON A. E. Verrill] . [PERSON Radula] with about 27 rows . No central tooth , 4 
pleurals on each side . Moderately common at low tide , sometimes found 
out of water , 



306 [ORGANIZATION AiJierican Seashells] 

[PERSON Acanthodoris] brunnea [ORGANIZATION MacFarland Pacific Brown Doris] 

[LOCATION Monterey Harbor] , [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , somewhat like our figure of [PERSON A. pilosa] ( pi . 15b ) . Some- 
what broader at the anterior end . [PERSON Brown] tubercles on back rounder , fewer , 
not as pointed . Back brown with flecks of black and with small spots of 
lemon-yellow between the [LOCATION tubercles] . [PERSON Rhinophores] deep blue-black , tipped 
with yellowish white . Club with 20 to 28 obliquely slanting leaves . 7 bran- 
chial plumes , wide-spreading , bipinnate . About 10 tubercles are included 
within the rosette , 4 or 5 of them large and enclosing the anal papilla . An- 
terior margin of back is yellow . 24 to 28 rows of radular teeth . No centrals . 
First pleural large , with 14 to 19 denticles on the inner border . 6 to 7 other 
smaller pleural teeth . Dredged 30 to 60 fathoms . 



[PERSON Genus Adalaria Bergh] 1878 
[LOCATION Adalaria] proxhim [ORGANIZATION Alder] and [PERSON Hancock] Yellow False [PERSON Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 15 ! 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Eastport] , [LOCATION Maine] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

V2 inch in length; deep yellow , white or yellow-orange . Back covered 
with stout , subclavate , or elliptical bluntly pointed tubercles , set at a little 
distance apart , and mixed with smaller ones . Calcareous spicules appear 
through the skin , radiating from the tubercles . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 1 5 leaves 
reaching almost to the base . Margin of sheath smooth . Branchial plumes 11. 
40 rows of radular teeth . No central tooth . First pleural large , sickle-shaped , 
other II small and plate-like . Uncommon ( ? ) in [LOCATION New England] . 



[ORGANIZATION Family OKENIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Ancula Loven] 1846 

[PERSON Ancula] cristata [ORGANIZATION Alder Atlantic Ancula] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i5f 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

Yz inch in length , of a transparent watery white , smooth . [PERSON Rhinophores] 
with 8 to 10 leaves . 3 branchial plumes , tripinnate . Labial armature of rows 
of imbricated hooks . [LOCATION Radula] narrow , center naked , 25 to 27 rows of teeth; 
inner pleural large , denticulate on the inner margin . Outer pleural tooth 
small , smooth . A. sulpJmrea [PERSON Stimpson] is probably this species . On the north- 
west coast of [LOCATION Florida] there is a Polycera [ORGANIZATION {hummi Abbott] ) which superficially 
resembles this species in external features , but its radula indicates its true 
relationships . 



DENDRONOTIDAE 307 

[PERSON Ancula] pacifica [ORGANIZATION MacFarland Pacific Ancula] 

[LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , very similar to our figure of [PERSON A. cristata] ( pi . i5f ) . 
Color translucent-yellow with 3 narrow , orange lines on the anterior half 
of the back , and one down the center of the back half . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 
9 yellowish leaves . 3 branchial plumes . 4 ( not 6 ) finger-like processes on 
each side of the plumes . 35 rows of teeth in the [LOCATION radula . Center] with a small 
quadrangular plate , flanked by one large and one small pleural tooth . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Hopkinsia MacFarland] 1905 
[LOCATION Hopkinsia] rosacea [ORGANIZATION MacFarland Hopkins] ' [PERSON Doris] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 16a 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

1 inch in length . [LOCATION Rhinophores] long and tapering , the anterior side 
smooth along the entire length . % of the posterior side bears about 20 pairs 
of oblique plates . Branchial plumes 7 to 14, entirely narrow and naked . 
I large pleural tooth on each side , flanked by a tiny , triangular pleural . Spiral 
tgg ribbon rosy . Moderately common at all times of year under shelving 
rock between tide marks . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily AEOLIDIACEA] 

Faviily [ORGANIZATION DENDRONOTIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Dendronotus Alder] and [PERSON Hancock] 1845 

Body compressed; 2 tentacles laminated , with arborescent sheaths; nu- 
merous branchiae ramose . Arrow-shaped central tooth with a denticulate 
margin; about 9 elongate laterals on each side . About 40 rows of teeth . 

Dendro7iotus frondosus [ORGANIZATION Ascanius Frond Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i5e 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Rhode Island] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Vancouver Island] . 

2 inches in length . [PERSON Rhinophores] with 5 or 6 large leaves , interspaced by 
about 15 smaller ones . Other characters as shown in our figure and the 
generic descriptions . [PERSON D. arborescens] [PERSON Miiller] is this species . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 
shore to 60 fathoms . 

[PERSON Dendronotus] giganteus [PERSON O 'Donoghue] Giant [PERSON Frond Eolis] 

[LOCATION Northwest United States] . 

5 to 8 inches in length . Similar to our figure of frondosus . 16 to 18 



308 [MISC American Seashells] 

leaves , all told , in the club of the [PERSON rhinophore] . Distinguished from frondosus 
by the 3 to 5 small but well-marked dendriform papillae on the posterior 
edge of the rhinophore sheath . Usually dredged down to 25 fathoms . Prob- 
ably the largest of the [MISC American] nudibranchs . 

Fa7mly [LOCATION SCYLLAEIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Scyllaea Linne] 1758 

Scyllaea pelagic a [PERSON Linne Sargassum Nudibranch] 

Southeast [LOCATION United States] . Other warm seas . 

I to 2 inches in length . Translucent cream-brown to orange-brown . 
With numerous flecks of red-brown . Body elongate . Oral tentacles absent . 
Two slender long rhinophores . Sides of body with 2 pairs of large , club- 
like , foliaceous gill plumes or cerata . [ORGANIZATION Common] in floating sargassum weed 
in the [LOCATION Gulf Stream] . 

Family [ORGANIZATION AEOLIDIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Aeolidia Cuvier] 1798 

Body depressed , rather broad; branchiae a httle flattened , set in numer- 
ous , close , transverse rows; 4 tentacles simple; foot broad , anterior angles 
acute . [PERSON Radula] of a single , broad , pectinate plate , 

[LOCATION Aeolidia] papulosa [ORGANIZATION Linne Papillose Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i5g 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Rhode Island] . [LOCATION Europe] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Santa Barbara] , 
[LOCATION California] . 

I to 3 inches in length . Color variable : brown , gray or yellowish , 
always more or less spotted and freckled with lilac , gray or brown and 
opaque-white . Number of papillae fcM^er in young specimens . 30 rows in 
radula of a single , broad , arched tooth bearing about 46 denticles . 

[ORGANIZATION Family TERGIPEDIDAE] 

Genus [PERSON Catriona Winckworth] 1941 

( [PERSON Cratena] of authors ) 

[PERSON Catriona aurantia Alder] and [ORGANIZATION Hancock Orange-tipped Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 15J 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Connecticut] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

% inch in length . Branchiae numerous , occurring in 10 or 11 close , 
transverse rows , anteriorly with 5 to 6 papillae per row , posteriorly with 2 



FLABELLINIDAE 309 

to 4. [PERSON Radula] of 80 plates which are horseshoe-shaped and with 6 strong , 
straight denticles . Not too common . [PERSON C.] aurantiaca A. and [PERSON H.] is the same 
species . 

[PERSON Genus Tergipes] Cuvier 1805 

Body slender; tentacles simple , the oral pair very short . [PERSON Branchiae] not 
very numerous , fusiform , inflated , set in a single series on each side of the 
back; foot narrow , anterior angles rounded . Egg mass kidney-shaped . Rad- 
ula with a single row of plates , each with a stout central denticle and numer- 
ous delicate marginal denticles . 

Tergipes despectus [PERSON Johnston Johnston] 's [ORGANIZATION Balloon Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i5d 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION New York] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

% inch in length , characters as shown in our figure and in the generic 
description . Gregarious on hydroids . [PERSON Shore] to 8 fathoms . Common ( ? ) . 

Fa7nily [LOCATION GLAUCIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Glaucus Forster] 1777 

[PERSON Glaiiciis] mamnis [PERSON Du Pont] 1763 [ORGANIZATION Blue Glaucus] 

Worldwide , pelagic in warm waters . 

2 inches in length , body elongate , head small . [LOCATION Tentacles] and [PERSON rhinophores] 
very small . 4 clumps of vivid-blue frills on each side of the body . [PERSON Dorsal] 
side smooth , striped with dark-blue , light-blue and white . Underside pale 
grayish blue . With strong jaws and a radula of a center row of about 10 
denticulated teeth . Moderately common at certain seasons . Washed ashore 
with [LOCATION Janthina] , the [ORGANIZATION Purple Sea-snail] . [PERSON G.] atlanticiis [PERSON Forster] , [PERSON G. radiata Gmelin] 
and G , forsteri [PERSON Lamarck] are all this species . 

Family [ORGANIZATION FLABELLINIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Eiibranchiis Forbes] 1838 

Resembling Tergipes . [PERSON Radula] with central plate with several stout 
denticles . A triangular lateral tooth is on each side of the central plate , 

[PERSON Eubranchus] exiguiis Alder and [ORGANIZATION Hancock Dwarf Balloon Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 15c 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Boston] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

% inch in length , characters as shown in our figure and the generic 
description . Seasonally uncommon . 



310 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Eubranchus] pallidus Alder and [ORGANIZATION Hancock Painted Balloon Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] i5h 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Boston] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

% inch in length , characters as shown in our figure and the generic 
description . Uncommon ( ? ) , 

Genus [PERSON Coryphella Gray] 1850 

Branchiae numerous , clustered , elongate or fusiform . Foot narrow , 
with the anterior angles much produced . [PERSON Radula] with a single longitudinal 
series of central teeth which bear a large central denticle and several marginal 
denticles . There is a denticulated lateral tooth on each side of the central . 

[PERSON Coryphella] rufibranchialis [PERSON Johnston Red-fingered Eolis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 15a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION New York] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

I inch in length , characters as shown in figure and in the generic de- 
scription . Common ( ? ) in [LOCATION New England] . 

Subclass PULMONATA Order BASO MM ATOP [ORGANIZATION MORA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family SIPHON ARllDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Siphonaria Sowerby] 1824 

Shells closely resembling the true limpets , [PERSON Acmaea] , but at once distin- 
guished by the nature of the muscle scars on the inside . In both , the long , 
narrow scar is horseshoe-shaped , but in [LOCATION Siphonaria] the gap between the ends 
is located on one side of the shell , while in [LOCATION Acmaea] it is located at the front 
end . In some [LOCATION Siphonaria] , the area near the gap is trough-shaped . These 
are air-breathers and are more closely related to the land garden snails than 
to the gill-bearing , water-breathing limpets . 

[LOCATION Siphonaria] pectinata [ORGANIZATION Linne Striped False Limpet] 

[MISC Figure 65b] 

[LOCATION Eastern Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] , [LOCATION Mexico] and [ORGANIZATION St Thomas] . 

I inch in length , rather high , with an elHptical base . Exterior with 
numerous , fine , radial threads or rather smoothish . Color whitish with nu- 
merous , brown , bifurcating , radial lines . Interior glossy , similarly striped . 
Center cream to brown . Muscle scar with 3 swellings , the gap occurring be- 
tween the two at the side . Do not confuse with [MISC Acmaea leiicopleura] which 
commonly has a [PERSON blackish] owl-shaped figure inside . [ORGANIZATION Common] along the shores 
on rocks . This is S. ? iaufragum Stearns and [PERSON S. lineolata Orbigny] . 



[LOCATION SIPHONARIIDAE] 



311 





Figure 65. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast False Limpets] . Side and interior views of a , [LOCATION Siphonaria] 
alternata Say; b , [PERSON S. pectinata] [PERSON Linne] . Natural size . 

[LOCATION Siphonaria] alternata Say Say 's [MISC False Limpet] 

Figure 65a 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] ( and [LOCATION Sarasota] ) , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

% to % inch in length , with about 20 to 25 small , white , radial ribs 
between which are smaller riblets . Background gray to cream . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
glossy-tan , sometimes striped or mottled with dark-brown . Fairly common 
on rocks near the shore line . 



CHAPTER VIII 

[ORGANIZATION Coat-of-Mails] 
and Other [PERSON Chitons] 

Class [ORGANIZATION AMPHINEURA] 



Order [ORGANIZATION LEPIDOPLEURIDA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family LEPIDOPLEURIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Lepidoplemiis Risso] 1826 

Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sowerby iVrctic [PERSON Cancellate Chiton] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Maine] . [LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Oregon] . 

^ inch in length , arched; color of exterior an orange-gray to whitish 
gray; interior white . Anterior valve microscopically granulated in radial 
rows . Central areas of the intermediate valves very finely granulated with 
densely placed , round pimples . Posterior valve with a smooth , slightly ele- 
vated central apex . Girdle narrow , same color as the valves and densely 
packed with tiny , split-pea scales . Some scales are commonly club-shaped , 
especially at the margins of the girdle , or sometimes so irregular and crowded 
as to give the appearance of fine moss . Moderately common on gravel 
bottoms from 20 to 100 fathoms . 

Key to the [ORGANIZATION Small Red Chitons] ( [PERSON ^] to i inch ) 
Girdle naked : 

Valves dull , color pattern maculated [MISC To7iicella] marmorea Fabr . 

Valves glossy , with bright , black and white lines 

[PERSON Tonicella] lineata [PERSON Wood] 

[PERSON Girdle] with scales : 

With overlapping , split-pea scales Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sby . 

312 



[ORGANIZATION LEPIDOCHITONIDAE] 3 1 3 

With tiny , granular scales : 

Interior of valves bright pink . . . . [PERSON Ischnochiton] ruber [PERSON L.] 
Interior of valves white [MISC Ischnochiton] albus [PERSON L.] 

Order [LOCATION CHITONIDA] 
Family [ORGANIZATION LEPIDOCHITONIDAE] 
Genus Tonic [PERSON ella Carpenter] 1873 

[LOCATION Tonicella Tnannorea] Fabricius Mottled [ORGANIZATION Red Chiton] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Japan] and the [LOCATION Aleutian Islands] . 

About I inch in length , oblong to oval , elevated and rather acutely 
angular . Colored a light-tan over which is a heavy suffusion of dark-red 
maculations and specks . Upper surface appears smooth , although under 
high magnification it is seen to be granulated . Lateral areas of intermediate 
valves not very distinctly outlined . Interior of valves tinted with rose . Pos- 
terior valve with 8 to 9 slits . [PERSON Girdle] is leathery and without scales or bristles . 
Superficially this species resembles [PERSON Ischnochiton] ruber which , however , has 
scales on its girdle . [ORGANIZATION Common] from i to 50 fathoms . 

[PERSON Tonicella] lineata [PERSON Wood Lined] [MISC Red Chiton] 

[LOCATION Japan] to the [MISC Aleutians] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

About an inch in length , similar to [LOCATION T. marjuorea] , but with its valves 
smooth and shiny , and it is brightly painted with black-brown lines bordered 
with white which run obliquely backwards on the intermediate valves . The 
end valves have these same color lines concentrically arranged . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
on the rocky shores of [LOCATION Alaska] . The young live in waters off the shore 
from 10 to 30 fathoms , but as they mature they migrate toward shore . 

[PERSON Genus Lepidochitona Gray] 1821 
Subgenus Cyanoplax Pilsbry 1892 

[PERSON Lepidochitona] dentiens [PERSON Gould Gould] 's [PERSON Baby Chiton] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey County] , [LOCATION California] . 

% inch or slightly more in length , oval , slightly elevated . Color tawny , 
olivaceous , slaty or brownish , usually covered with specklings of a darker 
hue . [MISC Upper] surface of valves covered with microscopic , sharp granulations 
which are rarely aligned in any direction . Lateral areas may be slightly 
raised , and may be bounded in front by a very low rib . The apex of the 
posterior valve is near the center and is raised; behind the apex , the valve 



314 [MISC American Seashells] 

is concave . [PERSON Girdle] very narrow , same color as the valves , and with very 
minute , gritty granules . 

[PERSON L.] ( [PERSON C.] ) dentiens is a common intertidal form found north of [LOCATION Monterey] 
[LOCATION County] , [LOCATION California] . It is replaced to the south by the very similar and 
common [PERSON L.] ( [PERSON L.] ) [PERSON keepiana Berry] ( Keep 's [PERSON Baby Chiton] ) . In the former , the 
insertion teeth are prominently developed , their bounding slits in general 
widely V-shaped , and the teeth of the posterior valve very acute on the 
sides; the eaves are wide and conspicuously porous or " spongy . " In the latter 
species , there are numerous short , fiarroivly slitted teeth in the terminal 
valves , and extremely thin , narrow , less openly porous eaves . ( See S. [PERSON S. Berry] , 
1948, Leaflets in [LOCATION Malacology] , vol . i , no . 4. ) 

[PERSON Lepidochitoiia] hart^uegi [PERSON Carpenter] ' [PERSON Hartweg] 's [PERSON Baby Chiton] 

[LOCATION Washington] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 1 34 inches in length , oval , rather flattened . Similarly colored to [PERSON L.] 
de ? itiens . Girdle narrow and finely granulated . Sculpture of the end valves 
and the lateral areas of the middle valves differs from the microscopic granu- 
lations of dentiens in bearing easily seen , but very tiny , warts . It also differs 
in having the area behind the apex of the posterior valve convex instead of 
concave . Moderately common in intertidal areas . 

Genus [PERSON Nuttallina Carpenter] 1879 
[LOCATION Nuttallina] californica [MISC Reeve Californian] [PERSON Nuttall Chiton] 

[LOCATION Vancouver Island] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

About I inch in length , almost 3 times as long as wide . Color dark- 
brown to olive-brown . [MISC Upper] surface of valves finely granulated and with 
a shallow furrow on each side of the smooth dorsal ridge . [ORGANIZATION Apex] , or mucro , 
of posterior valve so far back that it extends beyond the posterior margin 
of the eaves . Interior of valves bluish . Posterior valve about as wide as long 
and with 8 to 9 slits . [PERSON Girdle] with short , rigid spinelets mostly brown in 
color and with a few white ones intermingled . The girdle looks mossy . 
Moderately common . 

[PERSON Nuttallina] scahra [PERSON Reeve Rough Nuttall Chiton] 

[LOCATION San Diego] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Very similar to [PERSON N. californica] , but the posterior valve twice as wide as 
long . Color of valves lighter . Girdle spines much less numerous . This 
is [PERSON Carpenter] 's [ORGANIZATION Acanthopleura] flexa . 



[ORGANIZATION MOPALIIDAE] 315 

[ORGANIZATION Family MOPALIIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Mopalia Gray] 1847 

[PERSON Mopalia] ciliata [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Hairy Mopalia] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1% inches in length , oblong , usually colored with splotches of 
black and emerald-green , although sometimes having cream-orange bands 
on the sides of the valves . Sometimes grayish green with grayish black or 
white mottlings . [PERSON Girdle] colored yellowish brown to [MISC blackish] brown . [PERSON Valves] 
slightly beaked; lateral area separated from the central area by a prominent , 
raised row of beads . Central areas with many coarse , wavy , longitudinal 
riblets , which are sometimes pitted between . Lateral areas coarsely granu- 
lated or wrinkled . Posterior valve small , with a deep slit on each side and 
a broad , deep notch at the very posterior end . [PERSON Girdle] fairly wide , generally 
notched at the posterior end and clothed with curly , strap-like brown hairs 
between which are much smaller , glassy white hairs or spicules . Interior 
of valves greenish white . Anterior valve granulated and with 8 to 9 coarse , 
raised rays of beads . A common intertidal species . The subspecies ivosnes- 
[PERSON senski Middendorff] ( [LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound ) is supposed to be without the 
tiny white spicules in the girdle . 

[LOCATION Mopalia] muscosa [PERSON Gould Mossy Mopalia] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , oblong to oval . Very similar to [PERSON M. ciliata] , but 
differing in having a very shallow and small notch at the very posterior 
end . Color usually a dull-brown , [PERSON blackish] olive or grayish . Interior of 
valves blue-green , rarely stained with pinkish . [PERSON Girdle] with stiff hairs resem- 
bling a fringe of moss . The following species have been considered by some 
workers as varieties of 7miscosa , and perhaps with some justification : lignosa 
[PERSON Gould] , [PERSON hindsi Reeve] , [PERSON acuta Carpenter] , the latter having also been named 
plumosa and fissa by [PERSON Carpenter] . A common intertidal species . 

[PERSON Mopalia] lignosa [PERSON Gould Woody Mopalia] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2^4 inches in length , oblong . Color a grayish green or [PERSON blackish] 
green , rarely with whitish cream and brown , feathery markings . The sculp- 
turing on the valves is very delicate and may consist only of numerous small 
pittings near the center . Concentric growth lines in smoother specimens are 
quite easily seen . Radial ribs absent on the end valves . [ORGANIZATION Girdle] solid or macu- 



316 [MISC American Seashells] 

lated with browns and yellows . [PERSON Strap-like] , brown hairs not numerous . In- 
terior of valves greenish white to white . Moderately common . 

[PERSON Mopalia] hindsi [PERSON Reeve Hinds] ' [PERSON Mopalia] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , oblong , flattened and resembhng [PERSON M. ciliata] 
[PERSON Sowerby] , but generally smoother . [PERSON Girdle brown] , rather thin and fairly 
wide , and almost naked except for a few short hairs . Interior of valves 
white with short crimson rays under the beaks . Moderately common . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Placiphorella] Dall 1878 
[PERSON Placiphorella] velata Pilsbry Veiled [LOCATION Pacific Chiton] 

Figure 66a 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1 to 2 inches in length , readily recognized by its flat , oval shape and 
wide girdle which is very broad in front . There are a few hairs on the 
girdle which , if viewed under a lens , will be seen to be covered by a coat 
of diamond-shaped scales . Girdle reddish yellow . [PERSON Valves] colored a dull 
olivaceous brown with streaks of buff , blue , pink or chestnut . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
of valves white with a slight bluish tint . Posterior valve with i to 2 slits 
and with very large sutural plates . Fairly common intertidally . 

Genus [PERSON Katharina Gray] 1847 
[PERSON Katharina] tunicata [PERSON Wood Black Katy Chiton] 

[MISC Figure 66b] 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to southern [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , oblong and elevated . Characterized by its shiny , 
naked , black girdle which covers % of each gray valve . Valves usually 
eroded . Anterior valve densely punctate . Interior of valves white . Foot 
salmon to reddish . Very common between tides , especially in the north . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Syimnetrogephyriis Middendorff] 1847 
( [PERSON Amicula Gray] 1847, not 1842 ) 

Symmetrogephyrus vestitus Broderip and [PERSON Sowerby] Concealed [MISC Arctic Chiton] 

Figure 66c 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to the [LOCATION Aleutian Islands] . 

I to 2 inches in length , oval , rather elevated . [PERSON Valves] covered with a 
thin , smooth , brown girdle except for a small , heart-shaped exposure at the 



[ORGANIZATION CRYPTOPLACIDAE] 



317 



center of each valve . [PERSON Girdle] may have widely scattered tufts of hair . In- 
terior of valves white . Common from 5 to 30 fathoms . 

[PERSON S. pallasi Middendorff] ( [ORGANIZATION Concealed Pacific Chiton] ) is very similar to 
vestitus , but the girdle is much thicker and the bunches of reddish hairs 
more numerous . [PERSON Uncommon] from 3 to 10 fathoms . 




Figure 66. [LOCATION Pacific Coast] chitons , a , [PERSON Placiphorella velata Pilsbry] , i to 2 inches 
( [LOCATION California] ) ; b , [PERSON Katharina timicata Wood] , 2 to 3 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; c , Syjn- 
metrogephynis [PERSON vestitus Brod] . and Sby . , i to 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] waters to [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts and [LOCATION Alaska] ) ; d , [PERSON Amicula] stelleri Midd . , 6 to 12 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) , 
showing position of the ist and 7th valves only . 



Genus Ceratozona Dall 188 : 



[PERSON Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby] 

[LOCATION East Florida] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[MISC Rough Girdled Chiton] 

Figure 67a 



I to 2 inches in length , oblong , slightly beaked . [LOCATION Surface] commonly 
eroded , whitish gray with blue-green to moss-green mottlings on the sides 
of the calves . Surface roughly sculptured . Anterior valve with 10 to 11 
strong , rugose , radiating ribs . Lateral areas bounded in front and behind 
by a large , rugose rib . Central area with low , rough , longitudinal ribs . In- 
terior of valves bluish green . Girdle leathery , yellowish brown and with 
numerous , yellowish brown clusters of strap-like hairs . Posterior valve 
rather small and with 8 to 10 slits . 35 to 36 gill lamellae . The gills extend the 
length of the foot , but do not go as far as the posterior end . Very common , 
especially in the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] . 



[ORGANIZATION Family CRYPTOPLACIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Cryptoconchus Burrow] 1815 



[PERSON Cryptoconchiis] floridanus [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] to [LOCATION Puerto Rico] . 



[PERSON White-barred Chiton] 

[MISC Figure 67b] 



Rarely over an inch in length , long and narrow , and characterized by 
its thin , black , naked girdle which extends on to the valves except over 
the narrow , beaded dorsal area . These exposed bands in the valves make 



318 [ORGANIZATION Arnencmi Seashells] 

it appear as if a streak of white paint had been appHed along the top of the 
animal . The side of the girdle at each valve-suture has a minute pore bearing 
short bristles , but these 2 features are commonly difficult to see . A variety 
is found with a brown-colored girdle . 16 gill lamellae . They begin halfway 
back along the side of the foot . Uncommon . 

[PERSON Genus Acanthochitona Gray] 1821 
[LOCATION Acanthochitona] spicnlosa [PERSON Reeve Glass-haired Chiton] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , elongate , with the girdle covering most of 
the valves . There are 4 clumps of long , glassy bristles near the anterior valve 
and one on each side of the other valves . The clumps are set in cup-like 
collars of the girdle skin . End valves and lateral areas of middle valves cov- 
ered with tiny , round , sharply raised pustules . The dorsal , longitudinal 
ridge is raised , narrow , distinct and smoothish except for microscopic pin- 
points . Lower edge of girdle with a dense fringe of brown or bluish bristles . 
3 2 [PERSON gill lamellae] . The gills begin about % back along the side of the foot and 
do not extend quite so far back as the posterior mantle margin . A moderately 
common species in shallow water . A. astriger [PERSON Reeve] is the same species . 

[LOCATION Acanthochitona] pygmaea Pilsbry Dwarf Glass-haired [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^ to % inch in length , moderately elongate and colored cream , green , 
brown or variegated with these colors . Similar to [PERSON A. spicnlosa] , but smaller , 
and with its dorsal ridge triangular , less elevated and cut by longitudinal 
grooves . The pustules on the lateral areas and the end valves are round 
or oval . The clumps of bristles are the same . Not uncommonly found 
among rocks and dead shells at low tide . 

[LOCATION Acanthochitona] balesae Pilsbry 1940 from the [LOCATION Lower Keys] is very 
elongate , only % inch in length; the pustules on the lateral areas are pro- 
portionately larger and fewer , and the dorsal ridge is rounded and covered 
with small , granulose pustules . Rare at Bonefish Key , [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Amiciila Gray] 1842 
( [PERSON Cryptochiton Middendorff] 1847 ) 

[PERSON Amicula] stelleri [ORGANIZATION Middendorff Giant Pacific Chiton] 

Figure 66d 

[LOCATION Japan] and [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION California] . 

6 to 1 2 inches in length , oblong and flattened . The large , white , butter- 



[LOCATION ISCHNOCHITONIDAE] 



319 



fly-shaped valves are completely covered by the large , leathery , firm girdle 
which is reddish brown to yellowish brown . Minute red spicules make 
the girdle feel gritty . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the northern part of its range . Formerly 
called [PERSON Cryptochiton] stelleri . 




Figure 67. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast] chitons , showing from the underside the position and 
length of gills and the nature of the lappets , a , [ORGANIZATION Ceratozona nigosa Sby] . , i to 2 
inches; b , [PERSON Cryptoconchns] floridaniis [LOCATION Dall] , i inch; c , Calloplax [PERSON jajieirejisis Gray] , 
% inch; d , [PERSON Chaetopleura] apiculata Say , % inch; e , [LOCATION Tojiicia] schranmti [PERSON Shuttleworth] , 
I inch; f , [PERSON Chitoji] tuber ciilata [PERSON Linne] , 3 inches . 



Family [ORGANIZATION ISCHNOCHITONIDAE] 

Genus Calloplax Thiele 1909 



[LOCATION Rio Janeiro] [PERSON Chiton] 

Figure 67c 



Calloplax janeirensis [PERSON Gray] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Brazil] . 

% to % inch in length , oblong , gray to greenish brown , or speckled 
with red . Very strongly sculptured . Lateral areas strongly elevated by 
3 to 4 very coarse , large , beaded ribs; anterior valve with 12 to 18 such ribs . 
[ORGANIZATION Central ridge] ( or jugal tract ) with longitudinal rows of fine beads; apex 
elevated , smooth and rounded . Central area with about 1 2 very sharp , gran- 
ulose , longitudinal ribs . Interior white . Anterior valve with i o , middle valves 
with I and posterior valve with 9 slits . [PERSON Girdle] with very fine " sugary " 
scales and an occasional single hair . Gills start Ys the way back from the head 
and extend posteriorly to a large , fleshy lappet on the posterior margin of 
the girdle . An uncommon species . 

[PERSON Genus Chaetopleura Shuttleworth] 1853 
[PERSON Chaetopleura] apiculata Say [MISC Common Eastern Chiton] 

Figures 6-jd\ 68 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% to % inch in length , oblong to oval . [PERSON Valves] slightly carinate . [LOCATION Central] 



320 



[MISC American Seashelh] 




Figure 68. [MISC Common Eastern] 

[LOCATION Chiton] , [PERSON Chaetopleiira apiculata] 

Say , Yo inch . 



areas with 15 to 20 longitudinal rows of raised , neat beads . Lateral areas 
distinctly defined , raised and bear numerous , larger , more distantly spaced 

beads which may or may not be present on 
the more dorsal region . Interior white or 
grayish . Slits of anterior valve 11, central 
or middle valves i , posterior valve 9 to 11. 
Girdle narrow , mottled cream and brown , 
microscopically granulose and with sparsely 
scattered , transparent , short hairs . 22 to 24 
gill lamellae in each gill which start just be- 
hind the juncture of the head and foot and 
extend all the way back to the posterior 
margin of the mantle where there is located 
a small , single-lobed lappet . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 
I to 15 fathoms . 

In the north , the exterior color is buff to ashen , rarely reddish . On the 
west coast of [LOCATION Florida] , where they are commonly found attached to [PERSON Finna] 
shells , the colors vary from light-gray , mauve , yellow to white , and are 
commonly with a darker or lighter streak down the center or rarely with 
longitudinal blue stripes . 

Genus [PERSON Ischnochiton Gray] 1847 
[PERSON Subgenus Stenoplax Carpenter] 1878 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] floridanus [LOCATION Pilsbry Florida] Slender [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION Miami] to [PERSON Dry Tortugas] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

I to 1 34 inches in length , about 3 times as long as wide , elevated , with 
the valves roundly arched , not carinate . Color whitish to whitish green with 
markings of olive , [PERSON blackish] olive or gray . Lateral axeas raised and with wavy , 
longitudinal riblets which are commonly strongly beaded . Central areas 
with wavy , longitudinal ribs . Interior of valves mixed with white , blue 
and pink , rarely all pink or all white . End valves concentrically ( or rarely 
axially ) beaded . Intermediate valves with i slit , posterior valve with 9. 
[PERSON Girdle] marbled with bluish and gray , and densely covered with round , solid , 
finely striated scales . Moderately common . 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] purpmascens [PERSON C. B. Adams] ( [PERSON Purplish Slender Chiton] ) 
from the [LOCATION West Indies] is very similar , but the end valves and lateral areas 
have smooth , instead of beaded , wavy , concentric riblets . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Ischnochitoji] papillosus [PERSON C. B. Adams] Mesh-pitted [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION Tampa] to the [LOCATION Lower Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION ISCHNOCHITONIDAE] 3 2 1 

% to /4 inch in length , oval . Moderately sculptured and without very 
distinct lateral areas . It has microscopic , even , quincunx pittings on the upper 
surfaces of the valves . End valves with concentric rows of fine , low beads . 
Lateral areas with fine , wavy , longitudinal , incised lines . Posterior slope of 
posterior valve is concave and with 9 slits . Color whitish with heavy mottlings 
of olive-green; rarely with white spots . [PERSON Girdle] narrow , colored with alter- 
nating bars of white and greenish brown . Scales like microscopic split peas 
which are finely striated . A fairly common shallow-water species . 



[PERSON Ischnochiton] magdalenensis [PERSON Hinds Magdalena Chiton] 

[LOCATION Coos Bay] , [LOCATION Oregon] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , elongate . Color a drab greenish , commonly 
whitish due to wear . Central areas with fine , irregular , longitudinal cuts 
and with diamond-shaped pits near the lateral areas . Lateral areas prominently 
raised and with 10 to 12 coarse , radial ribs of gross , low beads . Front slope 
of anterior valve straight . Interior of valves bluish with the posterior end of 
each whitish . Girdle rather narrow and with alternating , faint bars of 
brown and yellowish brown . [LOCATION Scales round] and so small that the girdle has 
the texture of fine sandpaper . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] conspicuus Pilsbry Conspicuous [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION San Miguel Island] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 6 inches in length , very similar to magdalenensis , but the front slope 
of the anterior valve is very concave; the central areas are practically smooth 
and with flecks of green . Scales are elongate , hard , and so densely packed that 
the girdle feels velvety . Interior of valves pinkish and blue . Moderately 
common between tides . 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] acrior [PERSON Pilsbry Acrior Chiton] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 6 inches in length , very similar to magdale7iensis . Instead of dia- 
mond-shaped pittings on the sides of the central areas , there are wavy ribs . 
The front slope of the anterior valve is very concave , as in conspicuus . The 
scales are similar to those in inagdalenensis , but much larger . Interior of 
valves pinkish with a blue spot at the anterior end of each valve . Moderately 
common . 



322 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] regularis Carpenter Regular [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION Southern CaHfornia] . 

I to i^ inches in length , oblong , appears smooth to the naked eye . 
Color an even slate-blue or uniform olive-blue . Valves slightly carinate . 
Central areas with very fine , longitudinal threads . Lateral areas slightly 
raised and with radial threads . Interior of valves gray-blue . [PERSON Girdle] with 
very tiny , closely packed , low , round scales . Moderately common between 
tides . 

[PERSON Subgenus Lepidopleuroides Thiele] 1928 
[PERSON Ischnochiton] albus [ORGANIZATION Linne] [PERSON White Northern Chiton] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION San Diego] , 
[LOCATION California] . 

About Yz inch in length , oblong , moderately elevated . [MISC Upper] surfaces 
smoothish except for irregular , concentric growth ridges and a microscopic , 
sandpapery effect . Color whitish , cream , light-orange or rarely marked with 
brown . Interior of valves white . Posterior valve with 12 to 13 weak slits . 
17 to 19 gill lamellae on each side , beginning about halfway alongside the 
foot . [PERSON Girdle] sandpapery , with tiny , closely packed , gravelly scales . Com- 
mon from shore to several fathoms in cold water . Distinguished from ruber 
by the anterior slope of the anterior valve which is straight to slightly con- 
cave in albus , but convex in ruber . 

[LOCATION Ischnochiton] ruber Linne [ORGANIZATION Red Northern Chiton] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Connecticut] . [LOCATION Europe] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

V2 to I inch in length , oblong , moderately elevated and with the valves 
rather rounded . Upper surfaces smooth except for growth wrinkles . Colored 
a light-tan over which is a heavy suffusion of orange-red marblings , or en- 
tirely suffused with red . Interior of valves bright pink . Posterior valve with 
7 to 1 1 slits . Girdle reddish brown with weak maculations; covered with 
minute , elongate scales which do not overlap each other . 15 to 18 gill la- 
mellae , similar to those in albus . Common from i to 80 fathoms . Do not 
confuse with [PERSON Tonicella] marmorea [PERSON Fabr] . whose girdle is naked . 

Subgenus Lepidozona Pilsbry 1892 
[PERSON Ischnochiton] mertensi Middendorff Mertcn 's [PERSON Chiton] 

[MISC Aleutians] to [LOCATION Lower California] , 



[ORGANIZATION ISCHNOCHITONID AE] 3 2 3 

I to 1V2 inches in length , rather oval in shape . Color variable : com- 
monly yellowish with dark reddish brown streaks and maculations . [LOCATION Central] 
areas with strong , longitudinal ribs and smaller , lower cross ridges which 
give a netted appearance . Jugal area V-shaped and with 5 to 6 smooth longi- 
tudinal ribs . Lateral areas raised , smoothish and with a few prominent warts . 
Anterior valves with 30 or more radial rows of warts which are largest 
near the girdle . Interior whitish , or rarely tinged with pink . [PERSON Girdle] with al- 
ternating yellowish and reddish bands; covered with tiny , low , smooth , split- 
pea scales . Very abundant just offshore , especially in the northern part of 
its range . 

[MISC Iscknochiton] calif orniensis [PERSON Berry Trellised] [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION Southern California] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 1% inches in length , oval to oblong , heavily sculptured . Color a 
dull-greenish with yellowish splotches and with a dark-brown area on the 
top of each valve . Central area with longitudinal and cross ribs which give a 
strong netted appearance . Lateral areas raised and with 4 rows of prominent 
beads . Posterior edge of valves serrated with about 20 small tooth-shaped 
beads . Anterior valve with 20 to 27 strongly granular ribs . [PERSON Girdle] closely 
packed with convex , tiny , split-pea scales . Moderately common and for- 
merly thought to be /. clathratus [PERSON Reeve] which , however , is only from the 
[ORGANIZATION Panamic Province] to the south . 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] cooperi [PERSON Pilsbry Cooper] 's [PERSON Chiton] 

[LOCATION Southern California] . 

I to 1% inches in length , rather oval in shape . Color olive-green to 
olive-brown and clouded with light-blue . Central area with closely packed , 
sharp , longitudinal ribs which are finely striated . Jugal area with the same 
type of ribs and with its anterior end having about 10 notches . Lateral areas 
raised and with 4 to 8 irregular rows of prominent , rounded warts . 
Interior of valves bluish . [PERSON Girdle] covered with tiny , flat , striated , split-pea 
scales . [PERSON Uncommon] . 

[PERSON Ischnochiton] palmulatiis Pilsbry [PERSON Big-end Chiton] 

[LOCATION Southern California] . 

% inch in length , oblong and with the posterior valve massive and 
greatly swollen . Color of valves yellowish brown to light grayish green 
with dark blackish green in the areas just above the girdle . [LOCATION Central] areas 
carinate at the top , with 20 to 30 strong , rounded , longitudinal ribs . [PERSON Lateral] 



324 [MISC American Seashells] 

areas greatly raised and with 2 convex , strong ribs of coarse beads . Anterior 
valve with 9 convex , beaded ribs . Posterior valve very high , convex and 
with 7 to 8 pairs of strong ribs . Interior bluish white . Girdle yellowish with 
reddish bands; thin , narrow and with microscopic , striated scales . Uncom- 
mon . 



Fa7nily [LOCATION CHITONIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Subfamily CHITONINAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Chiton Linne] 1758 

Outer edges of insertion plates with tiny , sharp teeth or pectinations; 
girdle with small , hard scales that look like overlapping split peas; girdle 
colored with alternating bars of grayish green and black; interior of valves 
blue-green . 

Key to the [MISC American Chiton] 
Valves entirely smooth : 

Girdle scales glassy; sinus of valves narrow . laevigatus ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) 

Girdle scales dull; sinus of valves wide . marmoratus ( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) 

[PERSON Valves] with sculpturing : 

Central area with longitudinal ribs : 

Posterior valve with round pimples . . tuberculatus ( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) 
Posterior valve with radiating ribs . . virgulatus ( [LOCATION Pacific] ) 

Central area smoothish and dull . . . . squamosus ( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) 



[LOCATION Chiton] tuberculatus [ORGANIZATION Linne Common] [MISC West Indian] [PERSON Chiton] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] id; figure [PERSON 6-ji] 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . Color a dull grayish green or greenish brown . 
Some or all of the valves may have a smooth , dark-brown , arrow-shaped 
patch on the very top . [PERSON Girdle] with alternating zones of whitish , green and 
black . The scales are placed on the girdle , so that they appear slightly higher 
than broad , while in squamosus they appear to be broader than high . Lateral 
areas with 5 irregular , radiating cords . Central areas smooth at the top and 
with 8 to 9 long , strong , wavy , longitudinal ribs on the sides . End valves with 
irregular , wavy radial cords . Gills beginning at the juncture of the head and 
foot and with 46 to 48 lamellae . A very common species on wave-dashed , 
rocky shores . 



CHITON ID AE 325 

[LOCATION Chiton] squa ? 7tosiis [PERSON Linne Squamose Chiton] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . Color a dull , ashen-gray with wide , irregular , 
dull-brown , longitudinal stripes . Posterior edge of first 7 valves marked 
with 4 or 5 squares of [MISC blackish] brown . [PERSON Girdle] with alternating pale stripes 
of grayish green and grayish white . Posterior valve with minutely pimpled 
ribs . Lateral areas of middle valves with 6 to 8 rows of small beads between 
which are microscopic pinholes . Central areas smoothish , with fine , transverse 
scratches . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Chiton] viridis [PERSON Spengler] from the [LOCATION West Indies] is very similar , but the 
margins of the central areas have 6 to 1 1 very short , wavy ribs , and the 
lateral areas have 3 or 4 strong ribs of rounded pustules . Uncommon . 

[PERSON Chiton] niarmoratus [PERSON Linne Marbled Chiton] 

[LOCATION South Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . Color variable : ( i ) entirely [PERSON blackish] brown; 
( 2 ) olive with flecks , patches and lines of whitish merging together towards 
the middle; or ( 3 ) purplish brown or light-olive with [MISC zebra-like] stripes on 
the sides . Entire surface of valves smooth except for a microscopic , silky 
texture . Lateral areas a little raised . Underside of posterior valve with 14 to 
16 slits . A common [MISC West Indian] littoral species . 

[PERSON Chiton] laevigatus Sowerby Smooth [LOCATION Panama Chiton] 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , similar to marmoratus . Girdle scales broader 
than high and not very glossy . Valves smooth , with a silky sheen and 
colored a grayish green over which are radiating rays of dark-brown . 
Similar coloration in the other valves . Underside of posterior valve with 2 1 
narrow slits . Sutural plates on underside of middle valves with a dark blotch 
at the base . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[LOCATION Chiton] albolineatus [PERSON Sowerby] ( western [LOCATION Mexico] , uncommon ) is also a 
smooth species , but differs in having only 16 to 17 slits in the posterior 
valve and has snow-white , radiating lines on the lateral areas and on the 
end valves . The girdle scales are light blue-green and edged with white . 

[PERSON Chiton] virgulatus [PERSON Sowerby Virgulate Chiton] 

[PERSON Magdalena Bay] , [LOCATION Lower California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 



326 [ORGANIZATION Americaji Seashells] 

2 to 3 inches in length , similar to tuberculatus . Girdle scales glassy . 
End valves with rather even , raised , radiating threads . [LOCATION Middle] valves with 
the lateral areas bearing about 8 raised threads which split in two at the margin 
of the valve . Central area with about 6o to 70 even , longitudinal threads . 
Posterior valve with 19 to 20 prominent slits . [ORGANIZATION Common] . The closely re- 
sembling species , [PERSON C.] stokesi [PERSON Broderip] , from [LOCATION Mexico] to [LOCATION West Colombia] has 
only 15 to 16 slits in the posterior valve . 

Subfamily [ORGANIZATION ACANTHOPLEURINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Acanthopleura Guilding] 1829 

Subgenus M auger ia [PERSON Gray] 1857 

[ORGANIZATION Acanthopleura] granulata [PERSON Gmelin Fuzzy Chiton] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , usually so worn and eroded as to eliminate the 
brown color and granulated sculpturing . Girdle thick , ashy white with 
an occasional black band , and matted with coarse , hair-like spines . [ORGANIZATION Underside] 
of valves colored a light-green , with the middle valves having a rather large , 
black splotch behind the sinus . Posterior valve with about 9 slits . Compare 
with [PERSON Ceratozojja] rugosa whose gills do not extend to the very posterior end 
as they do in this species . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Genus [PERSON Tonicta Gray] 1847 

[PERSON Resembling Chiton] in having pectinate or toothed sutural plates , but 
the girdle is naked and the upper surface of the valves have microscopic 
eyes . 

[LOCATION Tonicia] schrammi [PERSON Shuttleworth Schramm] 's [PERSON Chiton] 

Figure 676 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

About an inch in length , colored a brownish red to buff and with 
darker mottlings and speckles . [MISC Upper] surface of valves glossy; interiors 
white with a crimson stain in the center . Lateral areas separated from the 
smooth central area by a strong , rounded rib . The central area has a pep- 
pering of about 75 tiny , black eyes . Head valve smooth except for 8 to 10 
broad rays of tiny , black eyes . Girdle naked , leathery and brownish to flesh- 
colored . Posterior valve with 14 slits . 36 lamellae in each of the 2 gills . They 
begin just behind the juncture of the head and the foot and extend back 
almost to the posterior end where there is a bilobed , small , fleshy lappet . 
A moderately common , intertidal species . 



CHAPTER IX 

[ORGANIZATION Dentaliums] and Other 
[ORGANIZATION Tusk-Shells] 

[ORGANIZATION Class SCAPHOPODA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family SIPHON ODENTALUDAE] 

The tusk-like shell is generally swollen in the middle and is entirely 
smooth . The foot is worm-like and can be expanded at the end into a 
round disk . The median tooth of the [PERSON radula] is almost as long as wide . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cadulus PhiHppi] 1844 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , white , without sculpture and swollen in the middle some- 
what like a cucumber . Aperture constricted and very oblique . The genus 
is divided into four subgenera as follows : 

[ORGANIZATION Apex] with 2 deep slits Dischides ] t& . vtys i^6- ] 

[ORGANIZATION Apex] with 4 deep slits [ORGANIZATION Polyschides Pilsbry] and [ORGANIZATION Sharp] 1 897 

[ORGANIZATION Apex] with 2 or 4 shallow slits [PERSON Platyschides Henderson] 1920 

[ORGANIZATION Apex] without slits : 

[PERSON Obese] , convex on both sides [ORGANIZATION Cadulus] s. str . 

Slender , almost flat on one side [ORGANIZATION Gadila Gray] 1 847 

[PERSON Subgenus Polyschides Pilsbry] and [PERSON Sharp] 1897 
Cadulus carolinensis [PERSON Bush Carolina Cadulus] 

Figure 69a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

10 mm . in length . Slightly swollen . [ORGANIZATION Apex] with 4 shallow slits . In cross- 
section the [ORGANIZATION shell] is roundish . Commonly dredged from 3 to 100 fathoms . 

327 



328 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Cadulus] quadridentatus Dall Four-toothed Cadulus 

[MISC Figure 69b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

5 to 10 mm . in length , swollen behind the aperture . [ORGANIZATION Apex] with 4 well- 
defined slits . In cross-section the [ORGANIZATION shell] is roundish . Commonly dredged from 
3 to 50 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Gadila Gray] 1847 
[PERSON Cadulus] mayori [PERSON Henderson] Mayor 's [PERSON Cadulus] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] . 

3 to 4 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in length , swollen just anterior to the middle of the shell . 
Apical opening % the size of the aperture and usually has i or 2 callus rings 
within the opening . Fairly common from 1 6 to 1 00 fathoms . 

family [ORGANIZATION DENTALIIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] with the greatest diameter at the aperture . Foot conical and with 
epipodial processes . Median tooth of the [LOCATION radula] twice as wide as long . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Dentalium Linne] 1758 

The shell is an elongate , curved tube open at both ends , and somewhat 
resembles an elephant 's tusk . The diagnostic characters are the type of sculp- 
turing ( ribs , riblets and circular threads or incised lines ) , the form of the 
apex , the degree of curvature , the size and thickness of shell and the position 
and form of the apical slit . The ten or so subgenera are nebulous in charac- 
ter and definition and one should consult the works of [PERSON J. B. Henderson] , 
[PERSON H. A. PUsbry] and [PERSON W. H.] Dall . 

Subgenus Dentalium s. str . 
Dentalium laqueatum [PERSON Verrill Panelled Tusk] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2/4 inches in length , thick-shelled and dull-white in color . [ORGANIZATION Apex] 
sharply curved; anterior % of shell slightly arched . 9 to 12 strong , elevated , 
primary longitudinal ribs with equally spaced , concave intercostal ( space 
between ribs ) spaces . Ribs fade out at the anterior third . There are fine 
reticulations over the entire shell . A supplemental tube is present in the 
young shells . Abundant in sandy mud from 4 to 200 fathoms . 



[LOCATION DENTALIIDAE] 



329 



Dentalium [PERSON texasianum Philippi] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 



[PERSON Texas Tusk] 

Figure 69c 



% to I % inches in length , thick-shelled , well-curved , hexagonal in cross- 
section and dull , grayish white in color . The broad spaces between the ribs 
are flat . Common from 3 to 10 fathoms . The subspecies cestum [PERSON Henderson] 
from [LOCATION Texas] has numerous , cord-like riblets between the six main ribs . 



o 





[ORGANIZATION „Om] 





Figure 69. [PERSON Tusk Shells] , a , [PERSON Cadiihis carolmensis Bush] , % inch ( southeast [ORGANIZATION United] 
[LOCATION States] ) , showing an enlargement of the apical end; [ORGANIZATION b] , apical end of [PERSON Caduliis] qiiadri- 
dentatiis [LOCATION Dall] , % inch ( southeast [LOCATION United States] ) ; c , Dentalium [PERSON texasiamnn Philippi] , 
I inch ( southeast [LOCATION United States] ) , showing cross-section at each end; d , cross-section 
of [PERSON D. pilsbryi Rehder] , i inch ( west [LOCATION Florida] ) ; e , [PERSON D.] eboreum [PERSON Conrad] , 2 inches 
( southeast [LOCATION United States] ) ; f , [PERSON D.] pretiosiim [PERSON Sowerby] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) . 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Dentale Da Costa] 1778 



Dentalium entale stimpsoni [PERSON Henderson] 



[PERSON Stimpson] 's [PERSON Tusk] 



[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . 

I to 2 inches in length , round in cross-section and dull , ivory-white in 
color . Region of the apex always very eroded and chalky . Surface uneven 
and with some longitudinal wrinkles in better preserved specimens . A poor 
subspecies of the north [MISC European D.] entale [PERSON Linne] . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 8 to 1 200 
fathoms . The subgenus [PERSON Antalis H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] is the same as [PERSON Dentale] . 

Dentalium occidentale [ORGANIZATION Stimpson Western Atlantic Tusk] 

[LOCATION Newfoundland] to off [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION North Carolina] . 



3 30 [ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 

I to 1% inches in length . Primary ribs i6 to i8, fairly distinct in 
the young stages; sculptureless in the senile stage . Round in cross-section . 
[PERSON Chalky-white] when eroded . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 20 to 1,000 fathoms . 

Dentalium autillarum [PERSON Orbigny Antillean Tusk] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

About I inch in length , [PERSON roundish] in cross-section . Primary ribs 9, but 
increasing to 1 2 near the middle and finally with 24 near the aperture . Mi- 
croscopic , transverse lines between the ribs . Color opaque-white , rarely 
reflecting a greenish tint . Encircled with weak , zigzag bands or splotches 
of translucent gray . 

Dentalium pilsbryi Rehder Pilsbry 's [PERSON Tusk] 

Figure 69d 

[LOCATION West Florida] and [LOCATION Brazil] only . 

% to 1% inches in length , [PERSON roundish] in cross-section . Primary ribs 9, 
with a smaller , weaker , rounded , secondary rib appearing between each . All 
ribs fade out toward the anterior end . Intercostal spaces flat , crossed by 
coarse growth lines . No transverse , microscopic sculpture . Color opaque- 
white; without gray splotches . Formerly known as [PERSON D.] pseiidohexagonum 
[PERSON Henderson] 1920, not [PERSON Arnold] 1903. [PERSON Uncommon] from 2 to 5 fathoms . 

Dentalium pretiosum Sowerby Indian [PERSON Money Tusk] 

Figure 6gi 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

About 2 inches in length , moderately curved and solid; opaque-white , 
ivory-like , commonly with faint dirty-buff rings of growth . [ORGANIZATION Apex] with a 
short notch on the convex side . A common offshore species which was used 
extensively by the northwest [MISC Indians] for money . 

[PERSON Subgenus Fissidentalium Fischer] 1895 
Dentalium floridense [PERSON Henderson Florida Tusk] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , [PERSON roundish] in cross-section . [ORGANIZATION Shell] hard and yel- 
lowish white . [ORGANIZATION Apex] hexagonal with concave spaces between . Ribs increase 
to 24 anteriorly and are rounded , equal-sized and crowded . There is a long , 
narrow apical slit on the convex side . Rare from 35 to 100 fathoms . 



DENTALIIDAE 331 

[PERSON Subgenus Graptacme Pilsbry] and [PERSON Sharp] 1897 
[PERSON Dentalimn] eboreum [PERSON Conrad Ivory Tusk] 

Figure 696 

[LOCATION North CaroHna] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2^ inches in length , glossy , ivory-white to pinkish . Apical slit 
deep , narrow and on the convex side . Apical end with about 20 very fine 
longitudinal scratches . [ORGANIZATION Common] in sandy , shallow areas . 

Dentalium semistriolatum [ORGANIZATION Guilding Half-scratched Tusk] 

[LOCATION South Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

About I inch in length . Similar to eboreum , but curved more , with 
apical slits on the side , and its color translucent-white with milky patches . 
Some specimens may be reddish near the apical end . [ORGANIZATION Common] from i to 90 
fathoms . 

Dentalium calamus Dall [PERSON Reed Tusk] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to east [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] . 

% to I inch in length , almost straight and glassy-white . Most of the 
shell has minute , longitudinal scratches ( about 16 per mm . ) . The apical end 
is sealed over by a bulbous cap which bears a small slit . Uncommon . 

[PERSON Subgenus Episiphon Pilsbry] and [PERSON Sharp] 1897 

Shells very small , needle-like , wholly lacking longitudinal sculpture and , 
as in some other •subgenera , having a projecting , thin tube at the posterior 
end after the tip is broken or lost . Only one species in the [LOCATION Western Atlantic] . 

Dentalium sowerbyi Guilding Sowerby 's [PERSON Tusk] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] and [LOCATION Texas] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

10 to 15 mm . in length . Needle-like , not fragile , curved , glossy-white . 
Crowded rings of growth microscopic on tip . [ORGANIZATION Apex] without slit and from it 
projects a very thin inner tube . Erroneously known previously as [PERSON D. filum] 
[PERSON Sowerby] . Commonly dredged from 17 to 180 fathoms . 



CHAPTER X 



Scallops , Oysters and 
Other [MISC Clams] 

[ORGANIZATION Class PELECYPODA] 



The bivalves or clams are dwellers of fresh , marine or brackish waters . 
They lack a head and are without jaws or radular teeth; they are protected 
by a pair of [PERSON shelly] valves which are connected or hinged by a horny ligament 
and which are moved by the contraction of one to three muscles attached 
to the inner sides of the valves; feeding is usually done with the aid of their 
ciliated or hair-covered gills . Further details have been presented in the 
chapter on " The Life of the Clam . " The class is also known as Lmnelli- 
branchia , [LOCATION Bivalvia] or [PERSON Acephala] . The class may be divided into the follov/ing 
orders and suborders : 

Order [ORGANIZATION PALAEOCONCHA] 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder SOLEMYACEA] ( [MISC Awning Clams] ) 

Order [LOCATION PROTOBRANCHIA] 

» 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder NUCULACEA] ( [MISC Nut Clams] ) 

Order [LOCATION FILIBRANCHIA] 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder TAXODONTA] ( [LOCATION Ark Shells] ) 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder ANISOMYARIA] ( [PERSON Scallops] , Oysters , [ORGANIZATION Sea Mussels] ) 

Order [LOCATION EULAMELLIBRANCHIA] 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder SCHIZODONTA] ( River Mussels ) 
Suborder HETERODONTA ( [PERSON Cockles] , [PERSON Lucines] , [PERSON Venus] ) 
[ORGANIZATION Suborder ADAPEDONTA] ( iVlya and [ORGANIZATION Razor Clams] , [PERSON Teredos] ) 
[ORGANIZATION Suborder ANOMALODESMACEA] ( [ORGANIZATION Pandora Clams] ) 

Order [LOCATION SEPTIBRANCHIA] 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder POROMYACEA] ( Dipper Clams , [ORGANIZATION Meat Eaters] ) 

332 



[ORGANIZATION SOLEMYACIDAE] 33 3 

Order [ORGANIZATION PALAEOCONCHA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION SOLEMYACIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Solemya Lamarck] 1818 

The Awning Clams are very primitive in their characters and they have 
no near relatives . Their shells are fragile , with a weak , toothless hinge , 
gaping at both ends , and covered by a polished , horny , brown periostracum 
which extends well beyond the margins of the valves . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Petrasma] Dall 1908 
[PERSON Solemya] velum Say [ORGANIZATION Common Atlantic Awning Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27a 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Florida] . 

% to I inch in length , very fragile , and with a delicate , shiny , brown 
periostracum covering the entire shell and extending beyond the edges . Light 
radial bands of yellowish brown are present in some specimens . Chondro- 
phore supported by 2 curved arms . Commonly dredged in shallow water in 
mud bottom . Compare [LOCATION Florida] specimens with occidentalis . 

[PERSON Solemya] bore alls [ORGANIZATION Totten Boreal Awning Clam] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Connecticut] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , very similar to velum , but more compressed , 
heavier , and colored grayish blue or lead on the inside of the valves ( instead 
of purplish white ) . The striking difference is in the siphonal opening of the 
animal . In velum , there are 2 small , [MISC median] , low tubercles above the opening 
and 5 or 6 pairs of short tentacles at the lower end of the opening . In bo- 
realis , there are 3 pairs ( one of which is large and long ) of tentacles above 
the opening and about 1 5 smaller ones bordering the lower half . [LOCATION S. borealis] 
is moderately common offshore . 

[PERSON Solemya] occidentalis [ORGANIZATION Deshayes West Indian Awning Clam] 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^ inch in length , similar to [PERSON S. velum] , but much smaller , and has only 
one slender ridge or rib bordering the chondrophore . [LOCATION Uncommon] just off- 
shore . Described first by [PERSON Deshayes] in 1857, later by [PERSON Fischer] in 1858. 

[PERSON Solemya] valvidus [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Pacific Awning Clam] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 



3 34 America} ! Seashells 

% inch in length , thin , translucent . Periostracum shiny , light-brown , 
with slender , radial lines of darker brown which are finely striate posteriorly . 
Ligament bounded by a single , arched prop or rib . Uncommonly dredged 
offshore . 

Order [LOCATION PROTOBRANCHIA] 
[ORGANIZATION Suborder NUCULACEA] 

Key to Families 
[PERSON a. Chondrophore] below hinge present : 

b. External ligament absent; shell ovate [PERSON Nuculidae] . 

bb . External ligament present; shell elongate . . . . [PERSON Nuculanidae] . 

aa . [LOCATION Chondrophore] absent; shell ovate [PERSON Malletiidae] . 

[ORGANIZATION Family NUCULIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Nucula Lamarck] 1799 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] ovate , usually less than Yz inch in size; interior pearly; ventral mar- 
gins usually with fine denticulations . 




' " mxmw^ " 



■- " 'W^ 



Figure 70. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Coast Nut Clams] , a and [ORGANIZATION b] , [PERSON Nucida] proxima Say , [PERSON ^] inch; 

c , [PERSON N.] tenuis [LOCATION Montagu] , Yo inch ( both coasts ) ; d , [PERSON N. delphinodonta Mighels] , [PERSON Yiq] 

inch; e , [PERSON N. atacellaim Schenck] , Y& inch . 



[PERSON Subgenus Nucula] s. str . 
[LOCATION Nucula] proxima Say 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 



[ORGANIZATION Atlantic Nut Clam] 

Figure 70a , [ORGANIZATION b] 



% inch in length , obhquely ovate , smooth . Color greenish gray with 
microscopic , embedded , axial , gray lines and prominent , irregular , brownish , 
concentric rings . Outer shell overcast with oily iridescence . Anterior end 
often with microscopic , axial lines . Ventral edge minutely crenulate . Com- 
mon just offshore in mud . 



[ORGANIZATION NUCULIDAE] 3 35 

[PERSON Nucula] atacellana [ORGANIZATION Schenck Cancellate Nut Clam] 

Figure yoe 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Maryland] . 

Vs inch in length and oval in outline; the cancellate sculpturing is due 
to the crossing of numerous radial and concentric threads . [ORGANIZATION Interior] scarcely 
pearly and with a thick , transparent glaze . Color yellowish brown to light- 
tan . Commonly dredged offshore down to 500 fathoms . Formerly known 
as [PERSON N. reticulata Jeffreys] and [PERSON cancellata Jeffreys] . 

[PERSON Nucula] crenulata [PERSON A. Adams] [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Crenulate Nut Clam] 

[LOCATION South Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , ovate , internal margin finely crenulate . With numer- 
ous concentric , fine ribs which have numerous microscopic crenulations be- 
tween them . Interior scarcely pearly; overlaid by a thick , transparent layer 
of shell matter , through which radial fractures or lines are discernible; color 
yellowish . Dredged in shallow water . Similar in outline to [PERSON N. tenuis] ( see 
fig . 70c ) . 

[LOCATION Nucula] exigua [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Pacific Crenulate Nut Clam] 

[LOCATION Southern California] to [LOCATION Ecuador] . 

%6 inch in length ( 5 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) , shaped hke tenuis and the preceding species . 
Concentric rings strong with radial crenulations between . Strongly project- 
ing lunular area just under the beaks . Color yellowish . Dredged in shallow 
water . Very similar to [PERSON N. crenulata] from the [ORGANIZATION Western Atlantic] . 

[LOCATION Nucula] delphinodonta Mighels [ORGANIZATION Delphinula Nut Clam] 

Figure jod 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Maryland] . 

Vie inch ( 3 [ORGANIZATION mm .] ) in length , ovate , fat and smooth except for coarse 
concentric growth lines . Anterior end slightly pushed in under beaks and 
bordered by slight carination . Ventral edge smooth . Color olive-brown . 
9 teeth posterior to and 4 teeth anterior to chondrophore . 

[PERSON Nucula] tenuis [ORGANIZATION Montagu Smooth Nut Clam] 

Figure 70c 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Maryland] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Usually %6 inch in length ( up to % inch in [LOCATION Alaska] ) , ovate , smooth 
except for irregular growth lines . Color a shiny olive-green , sometimes with 
darker lines of growth . No radial lines . Ventral edge smooth . 



3 36 [ORGANIZATION Avierican Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Acila] H , and [PERSON A. Adams] 1858 

Similar to [LOCATION Nucula] but characterized by the presence of divaricate sculp- 
ture on the outside of the shell . One common species in [MISC North American] 
waters . 

Subgenus Trunc acila [PERSON Schenck] 193 1 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] without the shallow sinus as seen in true [LOCATION Acila] , and the posterior 
end of the shell nearly at right angles . 

[LOCATION Acila] castrensis [ORGANIZATION Hinds Divaricate Nut Clam] 

Figure 72c 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

H inch in length , abruptly truncate at the anterior end . Divaricate , 
radiating ribs plainly visible . Commonly dredged from 4 to 100 fathoms in 
sandy mud . 

Family [ORGANIZATION NUCULANIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Nuculana Link] 1807 

( [PERSON Leda Schumacher] 1817 ) 

[PERSON Nuculana] pernula [PERSON Miiller Miiller] 's [ORGANIZATION Nut Clam] 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] . [LOCATION Northern Alaska] . 

% to I inch in length , elongate and truncate posteriorly , moderately 
fat , slightly gaping at the rounded anterior end . Numerous raised , concen- 
tric growth lines . Periostracum light-brown to dark green-brown , semi- 
glossy . [ORGANIZATION Shell] dull-white , interior shiny-white . Interior of rostrum ( posterior 
end of shell ) reinforced by a strong radial roundish low rib . [PERSON Lunule] long , 
prominent , with sharp edge . Commonly dredged offshore in cold water . 
[PERSON N.] conceptionis [LOCATION Dall] is much more elongate , smoother and glistening brown . 

[LOCATION Nuculana] minuta [PERSON Fabricius] ( [MISC Arctic] to off [LOCATION San] Diego; and to [LOCATION Nova] 
[LOCATION Scotia] ) is /4 inch in length , % as high , rather plump , and with a short ros- 
trum whose smoothish lunule is bounded by a rather coarse rib . Concentric , 
raised threads are numerous and crowded . Beaks are one third to almost one 
half the way back from the rounded anterior end . Uncommon offshore . 

[PERSON Nuculana] tenuisulcata [ORGANIZATION Couthouy Thin Nut Clam] 

Figure 71a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] . 

Up to % inch in length , elongate , moderately compressed; rostrum mod- 
erately long with ^ sharp , high keel down the dorsal center ( margin of the 



[LOCATION NUCULANIDAE] 



337 



valves ) . Concentric ribs fairly even , well-developed , numerous . Periostra- 
cum light- to dark-brown . [PERSON Commonly] found in mud just below low-tide 
mark . 






Figure 71. [PERSON Nut and Yoldia Clams] , a , [PERSON Nuculana] teimisiilcata Couthouy , % inch 

( [LOCATION Atlantic] ) ; b , [LOCATION Yoldia] liinatiila Say , 2 inches ( [MISC Arctic] waters , both coasts ) ; c , [LOCATION Yoldia] 

[PERSON montereyensis DzW] , i inch ( [LOCATION California] ) . 



[PERSON Nuculana] carpenteri [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[PERSON Carpenter] 's [ORGANIZATION Nut Clam] 



About [PERSON Vi] inch in length , compressed , thin , translucent yellow-brown , 
with a long , slightly upturning rostrum . Anterior end round . [ORGANIZATION Umbones] very 
small , close together . Almost smooth except for minute , concentric growth 
lines and microscopic axial scratches which are absent in dead , white valves . 
[ORGANIZATION Commonly] dredged offshore from 10 to 100 or more fathoms . 

[PERSON Nuculana] fossa [ORGANIZATION Baird Fossa Nut Clam] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

% to I inch in length , elongate , moderately fat and smoothish except 
for small , pronounced , concentric ribs at the anterior end and on the beaks . 
Dorsal area of rostrum smoothish , depressed and bounded by 2 weak radial 
ribs . Periostracum dark- to light-brown . Dredged offshore in shallow water . 
Some workers consider the following forms or variations as subspecies : 
sculpta [LOCATION Dall] , vaginata [LOCATION Dall] and curtulosa [LOCATION Dall] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Ledella Verrill] and [PERSON Bush] 1897 
[PERSON Nuculana] ? nessanensis [ORGANIZATION Seguenza Messanean Nut Clam] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



338 



[MISC American Seashelh] 



% to % inch in length , moderately elongate , with a very short , slightly 
pinched rostrum . Almost smooth except for a few very small concentric 
growth ridges near the base of the shell . When alive , glistening light-brown 
with a slight oily iridescence . When dead , grayish white with concentric 
chalk streaks . Commonly dredged in moderately deep water . One of our 
smallest species . 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Saccella Woodring] 1925 



[PERSON Nuculana] acuta [PERSON Conrad] 



[ORGANIZATION Pointed Nut Clam] 



[LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length , moderately elongate , with a sharp-pointed poste- 
rior rostrum . Concentric ribs evenly sized and evenly spaced and extending 
over the rib which borders the dorsal surface of the rostrum . [ORGANIZATION Shell] usually 
dredged dead in a white condition . Periostracum thin , very light yellowish . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] offshore . 



[PERSON Nuculana] concentrica Say 

[LOCATION Northwest Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 



[ORGANIZATION Concentric Nut Clam] 



^ to % inch in length , strong , rather obese and moderately rostrate . 
Yellow-white , semi-glossy and with very fine , concentric grooves which are 
evident in adults on the ventral half of the valves . Beaks and the area just 
below smooth . Radial ridge on rostrum smoothish , not crossed by strong 
threads . Differing from acuta in being more obese , in having a smooth beak 
area , smooth rostral ridge and in having much finer , more numerous , con- 
centric threads or cut lines . Moderately common in i to 3 fathoms . 




Figure 72. [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Nut Clams] , a and b , [PERSON Nuculana] taphria [LOCATION Dall] , % inch 
( [LOCATION California] ) ; c , [PERSON Acila] castrensis [PERSON Hinds] , ^> inch ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) . 



[PERSON Nuculana] taphria [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Bodego Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[ORGANIZATION Taphria Nut Clam] 

Figure 72 a , [ORGANIZATION b] 



[ORGANIZATION NUCULANIDAE] 3 39 

About H to % inch in length , shiny green-brown , with prominent con- 
centric sculpture and characterized by the nearly central umbones . [PERSON Rostrum] 
bluntly pointed , slightly upturned at the end . Concentric ribs disappear just 
anterior to the carinate border of the dorsal area which is strongly wrinkled . 
Adults over K ' inch become quite fat . Commonly dredged off southern Cali- 
fornia in shallow water . [PERSON Sorensen] reports that this species is found com- 
monly in fish stomachs off [LOCATION Monterey] . 

[PERSON Nuculana] penderi [LOCATION Dall] and [PERSON Bartsch Pender] 's Nut Clam 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] . 

/4 to % inch in length , moderately elongate , very fat; rostrum short 
and pointed; concentric ribs prominent and evenly developed . Dorsal area 
of rostrum oval , finely ribbed and bounded by a sharp , smooth , large rib . 
Periostracum light-brown . Moderately common offshore . 

[PERSON Nuculana] hindsi [PERSON Hanley Hinds] ' [ORGANIZATION Nut Clam] 

[LOCATION Nazan Bay] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Costa Rica] . 

% inch in length , moderately elongate ( example : 7.8 mm . long; 4.4 
mm . high; both valves 3.0 mm . wide ) ; posterior end rostrate , slightly turned 
up at the end . Dorsal area of rostrum smoothish except for faint axial threads 
bounded by smooth carinate rib . Sculpture of evenly sized , closely spaced , 
distinct , concentric ribs which become obsolete just before the rostral rib . 
Exterior light yellowish brown . Interior white with faint pearly sheen . [PERSON N.] 
acuta [PERSON Conrad] , a name often given to this [LOCATION Pacific Coast] species , has its rostral 
rib crossed by concentric ribs . [PERSON N. penderi] [LOCATION Dall] and [PERSON Bartsch] is twice as fat , 
with a very ovate lunule and is more rounded at the ventral margin . [PERSON Hanley] 
in i860 first reported this species from " [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Nicoya] , [LOCATION Costa Rica] . " This 
is probably " [PERSON N. re] don do en sis ' ' " ' " [PERSON Burch] " \\ 'oodring 1951. It is dredged com- 
monly off the [LOCATION West Coast] from 1 5 to 600 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Thestyleda Iredale] 1929 
[PERSON Nuculana] hamata [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Hamate Nut Clam] 

Figure z6A 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Panama City] , [LOCATION California] . 

Under % inch in length , moderately compressed , exterior with strong 
concentric ribs; characterized by the squarely truncated posterior end of the 
long rostrum . Fairly commonly dredged off [LOCATION Calif] ornian shores from 20 to 
200 fathoms . 



340 [MISC American Seashells] 

Genus Yoldia MoUer 1842 

Somewhat similar to [PERSON Nuculana] , but the valves are much thinner and 
fragile , rarely with a long rostrum , usually gaping at both ends , much 
smoother and glistening . 

[PERSON Subgenus Yoldia] s. str . 
[LOCATION Yoldia] limatula [MISC Say File Yoldia] 

[MISC Figure 71b] 

[LOCATION Maine] to [LOCATION Cape May] , [LOCATION New Jersey] . [LOCATION Northern Alaska] . 

I to 2 ^ inches in length , elongate , narrowing at the posterior end . Um- 
bones very small , halfway between the ends of the shell . Exterior glistening 
greenish tan to light chestnut-brown , with only faint concentric growth 
lines . Interior glossy white . A rather common species just below low-water 
mark . Distinguished from [ORGANIZATION Y. sapotilla] by its more elongate shape . It is pres- 
ent in northern [LOCATION Alaska] , but it is replaced to the south by the following sub- 
species . 

[LOCATION Yoldia] limatida gardneri [PERSON Oldroyd Gardner] 's [LOCATION Yoldia] 

[LOCATION Southern Alaska] to off [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

Very similar to the true Innatida , but always having the anterior ventral 
margin with a small concave depression . In general shape it falls within the 
variations of the [LOCATION Atlantic] specimens . Moderately common . 

[LOCATION Yoldia] sapotilla [PERSON Gould Short] Yoldia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 27b] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

% to 1% inches in length , oblong , smooth , with a moderately extended 
posterior end . Periostracum yellowish to greenish brown . Differing from 
limatula in being shorter and less extended and more truncate at the poste- 
rior end . Commonly dredged off [LOCATION New England] in shallow water; often 
found in fish stomachs . This species can be confused with the uncommon 
Y. [PERSON myalis Couthouy] ( pi . 2 yd ) which is found from [LOCATION Labrador] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] 
and [LOCATION Alaska] and which , however , is shorter and more pointed at the posterior 
end . 

[PERSON Subgenus Megayoldia Verrill] and [PERSON Bush] 1897 
[LOCATION Yoldia] thraciaejormis [PERSON Storer Broad] Yoldia 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 276 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION North Carolina] . [LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound . 



[ORGANIZATION ARCIDAE] 341 

1% to 2 inches in length , oblong . Characterized by its squarish , up- 
turned posterior end; coarse , dull , flaky periostracum; large circular chon- 
drophore; and the coarse , oblique rib running from beak to posterior ventral 
margin . A4oderately common from shallow to deep water . Found in fish 
stomachs . 

Faintly [ORGANIZATION MALLETIIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] not pearly inside , oval , compressed , gaping at both ends; ligament 
external , elongated , resting on nymphs; numerous teeth; no resilium . A linear 
depression extends from the umbonal cavity to the anterior muscle scar . 
Worldwide , usually deep water . Includes several genera and subgenera in- 
cluding [ORGANIZATION Tindaria Bellardi] 1875, [PERSON Neilonella] Dall 1881, [PERSON Malletia Desmoulins] 
1832 and [ORGANIZATION Frotoniiciila Cotton] 1930. 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Tindaria Bellardi] 1875 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , resembling a tiny Venus clam; fat; beaks facing slightly for- 
ward; ligament minute , external; hinge smooth , continuous just below beaks . 
Generally deep water and rare . 

[ORGANIZATION Tifidaria] brunnea Dall [PERSON Brown Tindaria] 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [PERSON Tillamook] , [LOCATION Oregon] . 

/4 inch in length , fat , moderately pointed at posterior end . Very fine 
concentric scratches . Exterior dark olive-brown . Interior glossy cream . Has 
been dredged abundantly in a few places in deep water . There are 8 other 
rare species on the [LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION America] . 

Order [LOCATION FILIBRANCHIA] 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder TAXODONTA] 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily ARCACEA] 

Key to Families 

[PERSON a. Shell] elliptical , hinge straight [ORGANIZATION Arcidae] 

aa . [ORGANIZATION Shell] circular or lopsidedly circular , hinge curved : 

[PERSON b. Ligament] partly sunk into shell [ORGANIZATION Limopsidae] 

bb . Ligament external [PERSON Glycymeridae] 

[ORGANIZATION Family ARCIDAE] 

The ark shells have undergone intensive study in the last few years , and 
the nomenclature is still not settled . It is obvious , though , that not all of the 



342 [MISC American Seashelh] 

arks can be placed under the single [LOCATION genus Area] . The geological history and 
morphological studies force us to recognize three subfamilies . Many of the 
subgenera listed here are considered by some authorities as full genera . 1 
have refrained from defining their limits . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily ARCINAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Area Linne] 1758 

[PERSON Characterized] by the long , narrow hinge line with numerous small teeth , 
by the large byssal notch on the ventral side , and the wide ligamental area 
between the beaks . 



Area zebra Swainson [LOCATION Turkey Wing] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2711 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , about twice as long as deep . Color tan with 
flecks and zebra-stripe markings of reddish brown . [PERSON Periostracum brown] , 
matted . Ribs of irregular sizes . No concentric riblets . Do not confuse with 
[PERSON A. umbonata] . A common species which attaches itself to rocks with its 
byssus . Used extensively in the shellcraft industry . Formerly A. oceiden- 
[PERSON talis Philippi] . 

[ORGANIZATION Area wnbonata Lamarck Mossy Ark] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27 ] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

i^ to 2% inches in length . Similar to [PERSON A. zebra] , but differing in having 
beaded ribs and a very large byssal opening , usually having the posterior end 
much larger , and in lacking the zebra stripes . Periostracum sometimes quite 
heavy and foliated . Commonly attached to underside of rocks in shallow 
water . 



[PERSON Genus Barbatia Gray] 1847 
[PERSON Subgenus Barbatia] s. str . 

[ORGANIZATION Barbatia] eandida Helbling [LOCATION White Bearded Ark] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 271 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

1/4 to 1V2 inches in length; fairly thin , not heavy . [PERSON Irregular] in shape . 
Byssal opening at base of shell . Numerous weak , slightly beaded ribs; those 
on the posterior dorsal area being very strongly beaded . Periostracum 
brown , longest at posterior end . Exterior and interior of shell white . Liga- 






[ORGANIZATION ARCIDAE] 343 

ment moderately developed . This species was also named [PERSON Candida Gmelin] , 
[PERSON jamaicensis Gmelin] and helblingi Brug . [ORGANIZATION Common] , attached under stones . 

[PERSON Barbatia] cancellaria [LOCATION Lamarck Red-brown Ark] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] zyq 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length , similar to [PERSON B. Candida] , but with low , cancel- 
late sculpture and colored a dark , purplish brown . This is a common species 
which is erroneously called [PERSON B. barbata Linne] ( a [MISC Mediterranean] species ) . 

[PERSON Subgenus Acar Gray] 1857 
[PERSON Barbatia] dontingensis [ORGANIZATION Lamarck White Miniature Ark] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27U 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

^ to % inch in length , somewhat box-shaped , whitish in color and with 
no appreciable periostracum . Similar in shape and sculpture to [ORGANIZATION Arcopsis] 
adamsi , but instead of having a small , triangular ligament between the beaks , 
domingensis has a very narrow , long ligament posterior to the beaks . The 
posterior end is usually larger than the anterior end and characteristically 
dips slightly downward . Common at low tide under rocks . Erroneously 
called Area reticulata Gmelin by [LOCATION Dall] and others ( see [PERSON Lamy] and [ORGANIZATION Woodring] ) . 

[PERSON Barbatia] bailyi [PERSON Bartsch Baily] 's Miniature Ark 

[LOCATION Santa Monica] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

A little over ^ inch in length , oblong to squarish , fat; cancellate sculp- 
ture in which the beads become foliate at the posterior end . Ligament small , 
narrow and placed well posterior to the fairly close beaks; about 15 teeth . 
Color white to brownish white . 

Very common in certain localities under stones at low tide . [PERSON A.] pernoides 
[PERSON Carpenter] was thought to be this shell but is apparently some other much 
larger species of unknown identity . 

[PERSON Subgenus Fugleria Reinhart] 1937 
[PERSON Barbatia] tenera [PERSON C. B. Adams] [PERSON Doc Bales] ' [LOCATION Ark] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27k 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

I to I >2 inches in length , thin-shelled , rather fat and evenly trapezoidal 
in shape and with numerous rather evenly and finely beaded , thread-like ribs . 
Ligamental area fairly wide at the beak end , becoming narrow at the other . 



344 [MISC American Seashelh] 

Small byssal gape present on the ventral margin . Moderately common . Area 
balesi Pilsbry and [LOCATION McLean] is this species . 

[PERSON Genus Arcopsis von Koenen] 1885 

Ligament limited to a very small , triangular , or bar-like area bet^veen 
the umbones . 



[ORGANIZATION Arcopsis] adamsi [PERSON E. A. Smith Adams] ' Miniature Ark 

[MISC Figure 26b] 

[LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION North Carolina] , to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

/4 to % inch in length , oblong in shape , moderately fat , flattened sides; 
white to cream in color . Periostracum very thin . Sculpture cancellate . Lig- 
ament limited to a very small , triangular , black patch between the umbones . 
The muscle scars are usually bordered by a calcareous ridge . [MISC Inner] margin 
of valves smooth . [ORGANIZATION Common] under rocks . 

Subfamily [ORGANIZATION ANADARINAE] 

[PERSON Genus Anadara Gray] 1847 

[PERSON Subgenus Larkinia Reinhart] 1935 

[PERSON Anadara] multicostata Sowerby Many-ribbed Ark 

[LOCATION Newport Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] large , 3 to 4 inches in length , very thick and squarish , 31 to 36 
radial ribs . The left valve slightly overlaps the right valve . Found in sandy 
areas by dredging in depths over 12 feet . A. grandis Broderip and [PERSON Sowerby] 
in [MISC Mexican] and [PERSON Panamic] waters is larger , heavier and has 25 to 27 ribs . 

[LOCATION Anadara] notabilis Roding Eared Ark 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27P 

[LOCATION Northern Florida] to the [LOCATION Caribbean] and [LOCATION Brazil] . [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

1/4 to 3^ inches in length . 25 to 27 ribs per valve . Fine concentric 
threads cross the ribs and are prominent between the ribs . The ribs never 
split . Rare in Florida; common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Formerly called auriculata [PERSON Lamarck] which is from the [LOCATION Red Sea] . [PERSON A.] 
[PERSON deshayesi Hanley] is a synonym of notabilis . 

[PERSON Anadara] lienosa fioridana [PERSON Conrad] Cut-ribbed Ark 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27-0 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] . 



[ORGANIZATION ARCIDAE] 345 

2/4 to 5 inches in length , elongate . Ribs 30 to 38 in number , square , 
faintly divided by a fine-cut line . Fine , raised , concentric lines seen between 
weakly beaded ribs . Left valve very slightly larger than right valve . Peri- 
ostracum light- to dark-brown . Not very common . 

Typical lienosa Say is fossil and very close in characters to [PERSON floridana] . 
This species has often been called A. secticostata [PERSON Reeve] which is not so 
elongate and whose origin is unknown . 

[LOCATION Anadara] baiighvimii [PERSON Hertlein Baughman] 's [LOCATION Ark] 

Off the [LOCATION Texas Coast] . 

1% inches in length , similar to [PERSON A. lienosa] fioridmia , but much fatter , 
with 28 to 30 weakly noduled ribs which are not split , and with a strongly 
posterior-sloping anterior ventral margin . Common offshore down to 50 
fathoms . [PERSON A. springeri Rehder] and [PERSON Abbott] , published a month later , is this 
species . 

[LOCATION Anadara] transversa Say Transverse Ark 

Plate 27s 

[LOCATION South] of [LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to 1/4 inches in lengtli . Left valve overlaps right valve . Ligament 
fairly long , moderately narrow , rough or pustulose . Ribs on left valve usually 
beaded , rarely so on right valve; 30 to 35 ribs per valve . Periostracum gray- 
[PERSON ish brown] , usually wears off except along base of valves . Fairly common in 
mud below low water . The smallest of the [LOCATION Atlantic Anadaras] . Distinguished 
from ovalis by its longer , wider , more distinct external ligament . [PERSON A. sulcosa] 
[PERSON van Hyning] 1 946 is this species . 

Subgenus Lunar ca [PERSON Grav] 1847 

The subgenera [PERSON Argina Gray] and [ORGANIZATION Arginarca McLean] 1951 are probably 
the same . 

[LOCATION Anadara] ovalis [PERSON Bruguiere] Blood Ark 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [ORGANIZATION 27t] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION West Indies] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

1/4 to 2% inches in length , not very thick , [PERSON roundish] to ovate; square , 
smooth ribs; ligament very narrow and depressed; beaks close together . Peri- 
ostracum black-brown , hairy . Ribs 26 to 35 in number . 

[LOCATION Dall] considered the forms ' 'pexata Say " and ' 'americana Wood " too in- 
distinct for recognition . This species was known for a long time as cam- 
[PERSON pechiensis Gmelin] and is common . 



346 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Cunearca] Dall 1898 
[LOCATION Anadara] brasiliana [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Incongruous] Ark 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27y 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1V2 inches in length; almost as high as long . [PERSON Beaks] facing each 
other at center of short , transversely striate ligamental area . Left valve over- 
laps right valve considerably . Ribs 26 to 28, square with strong bar-like beads . 
Periostracum thin , light-brown . A. mcongnia Say is this species . 

[PERSON A. chemnitzi Philippi] from the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] to [LOCATION Brazil] is similar , but 
thick-shelled , less than i inch in length; the beaks are slightly forward of the 
center of the ligamental area . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily NOETllNAE] 
[PERSON Genus Noetia Gray] 1857 

Beaks point posteriorly; valves the same size; ligament transversely stri- 
ate; posterior muscle scar raised to form a weak flange . 

[PERSON Subgenus Eontia MacNeil] 1938 

The subgenus [LOCATION Eontia] is an [LOCATION Atlantic] group only . [PERSON Noetia] s. str . differs in 
having decidedly more regular sculpture , the ribs smoother and never di- 
vided; deeper and longer crenulations on the inner margin . There is only 
one Recent [MISC American] true [PERSON Noetia] ( [PERSON reversa H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] ) which occurs 
from the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Peru] . 



[LOCATION Noetia] ponderosa Say Ponderous Ark 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27Z; figure 28a 

[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Key West] , [LOCATION Louisiana] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

2 to 2 % inches in length , almost as high as long . Ribs raised , square and 
split down the center by a fine incised line; 27 to 31 ribs per valve . [PERSON Posterior] 
muscle scar raised to form a weak flange . Periostracum thick , black , but 
wears off at the beaks . A common shallow-water sand-dweller . Fossil speci- 
mens are rarely found on [LOCATION Nantucket] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , beaches . 

[ORGANIZATION Family LIMOPSIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Limopsis Sasso] 1827 

Rather small , obliquely oval , clams with tufted , velvety brown peri- 
ostracum . Hinge line curved , with a series of oblique teeth . The hinge 
resembles that of the [LOCATION Glycymeridae] . Ligament external , small , central , tri- 



[LOCATION LIMOPSIDAE] 



347 



angular . Mostly deep water . Four species on the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] , about six on 
the [LOCATION Atlantic] side . 





Figure 73. [PERSON Limopsis] diegensis [LOCATION Dall] , % inch ( [LOCATION California] ) , a , interior of valve; [ORGANIZATION b] , 
exterior , showing the fur-like periostracum . 

Limopsis diegensis Dall [ORGANIZATION San Diego Limopsis] 

Figure 73 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara Islands] to [LOCATION Coronado Island] , [LOCATION California] . 

Vs to Yz inch in length , obhquely oval . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white; exterior glossy 
white with concentric striae , often studded by tiny pinpoint holes . Radial 
scratches present . Periostracum heavy , tufted with hairs , and often with 
a cancellate pattern . Uncommonly dredged below 20 fathoms . 



[PERSON Limopsis] cristata [PERSON Jeffreys] 



[PERSON Cristate Limopsis] 



[LOCATION Cape Cod] to southeastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , similar to sulcata but much smaller , less tufted with 
periostracum , with the inner margin of the valves having a series of strong , 
pimple-like nobs or teeth , and the outside of the shell having its radial sculp- 
ture stronger than its faint concentric sculpture . Commonly dredged off 
[LOCATION Florida] . 

Limopsis [PERSON minuta Philippi] ( [LOCATION Newfoundland] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] ) is 
very close to this species but has cancellate or beaded sculpture and attains 
a length of H inch . The shells of L. ajitillensis Dall ( [LOCATION Florida] to the [PERSON Lesser] 
[LOCATION Antilles] ) are % inch in size and unique in being brightly colored with pink , 
orange or yellow . 

[PERSON Limopsis] sulcata [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Bush Sulcate Limopsis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate zji] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , strongly oblique , with prominent , rounded ribs which 



348 [MISC American Seashells] 

are finely cut on the upper edge by short radial grooves . [MISC Inner] margin of 
valves smooth . [ORGANIZATION Shell] dull-white . Periostracum thick , tufted , extending be- 
yond the ventral edge of the shell . Commonly dredged in moderately shal- 
low water . 

Fa7mly [LOCATION GLYCYMERIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Glycymeris DaCosta] 1778 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] heavy , usually orbicular , equivalve , porcellaneous , usually with a 
soft , velvety periostracum . Beaks slightly curved inward . [ORGANIZATION Hinge] heavy , with 
numerous , small , similar teeth . Ligament external , its area distinct and with 
diverging grooves . The largest muscle scar is at the anterior end . Often mis- 
spelled [PERSON Gly] cimerts or [PERSON GHcymeris] . 

[PERSON Glycymeris] pectinata [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Comb Bittersweet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27 ! 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in size; characterized by 20 to 40 raised , radial ribs which 
have no fine radial striae or scratches on them . Color grayish and commonly 
splotched with brown . A common shallow-water species . 

[PERSON Glycyjneris] undata [ORGANIZATION Linne Atlantic Bittersweet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to east [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 inches in length , heavy , smoothish , except for microscopic radial 
scratches and somewhat larger concentric scratches , giving a silky appear- 
ance . There are numerous very weak and hardly discernible radial ribs sepa- 
rated by lines of white . [PERSON Beaks] at about the middle of the ligamental area . 
Color cream to white wdth bold splotches of nut-brown . Interior all white 
or well-stained with brown . This is [PERSON G. Hneata Reeve] . 

In the region of the [LOCATION Carolinas] , an inch-long species ( spectralis [PERSON Nicol] 
1952 ) is found which is more oval , its beaks face slightly toward the rear 
and the color is almost a uniform light-brown . Both common . 

Glycyiiwris deciissata [ORGANIZATION Linne Decussate Bittersweet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] lyh 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 inches in size , very similar to undata , but differs in the posteriorly 
pointing beaks , and in having nearly all of the ligamental area in front of 
the beaks . The radial scratches are stronger . This is G. pen ? iacea Lamarck- 
Moderately common . 



[ORGANIZATION MYTILIDAE] 



349 



[PERSON Glycymeris] americana [ORGANIZATION DeFrance Giant American Bittersweet] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to north [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

Up to 5 inches in length , rather compressed , always much flatter than 
imdata . The dorsal or hinge side of large specimens is quite long . [PERSON Beaks] 
point toward each other and are located at the midpoint of the hinge . Color 
drab-gray or tan , rarely with weak mottlings . Rare . 



[PERSON Glycymeris] subobsoleta [PERSON Carpenter] 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[LOCATION West Coast] [PERSON Bittersweet] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3ie 



I inch in size , subtrigonal , texture chalky . Periostracum velvety , but 
usually worn away . Ligament area short . Radial ribs flat , with narrow inter- 
spaces; usually white , but may be with light- to medium-brown markings . 
A rather common shallow- to rather deep-water species . 





[ORGANIZATION SEPTIFEK] 



milLUS 





[PERSON VOLSELLft] BRACHI00NTE5 

Figure 74. [PERSON Hinges] of some genera of mussels . 

Suborder [ORGANIZATION ANISOMYARIA] 
[ORGANIZATION Superfamily MYTILACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family MYTILIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Crenella Brown] 1827 

Shells small , oval to oblong-oval , thin , brownish periostracum and with 
fine decussate radial ribs . Ligament weak , internal . Margins crenulated . In- 



350 



[MISC American Seashelh] 



terior of shell glossy-white with a faint trace of iridescence . [PERSON Mantle] open in 
front , and folded at the posterior end into a sessile excurrent siphon . Foot 
worm-shaped with a disk-shaped end . [ORGANIZATION Hinge] finely dentate . 



[PERSON Crenella] faba [PERSON O. F. Miiller] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Nova Scotia] . 



[PERSON Faba Crenella] 

Figure 75a 



[PERSON Vi] to Y2 inch in length , oval-oblong , with numerous radial ribs . Color 
reddish brown . Thin periostracum varnish-like . [PERSON Byssus] golden-brown . Com- 
mon offshore . 




FiGtJRE 75. [PERSON Crenella Clams] , a , [LOCATION Cre] ? iella faba Miiller , Y^ inch ( [MISC Arctic] waters ) ; 
b and c , [PERSON Crenella] glandula [PERSON Totten] , % inch ( [LOCATION New England] ) ; d , [PERSON Miisculus] lateralis 

Say , % inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) 



[ORGANIZATION Crenella] glandula [PERSON Totten] 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 



[PERSON Glandular Crenella] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28 ) ; figure [ORGANIZATION 75b ,] c 



% to % inch in length , squarish , with the beaks near one corner . Radial 
ribs are fine , numerous , slightly beaded and often crossed by much finer , con- 
centric threads . Color olive-brown . A very common offshore , cold-water 
species . The smaller decussata has its beaks at the center of its more sym- 
metrical shell . 

[PERSON Crenella] decussata [PERSON Montagu Decussate Crenella] 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . [LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

Less than % inch in size , oval , with numerous fine , decussated radial 
ribs . Color tan to yellowish gray . Dredged from 3 to 150 fathoms . A food 
of many marine fishes . Compare with glandula . 

[PERSON Crenella divaricata Orbigny] ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and 
the [LOCATION West Indies] ) is even smaller than decussata , is pure white , and very in- 
flated . 



[ORGANIZATION MYTILIDAE] 351 

[ORGANIZATION Crenella] columbiana Dall [ORGANIZATION British Columbia Crenella] 

Figure 26g , h 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION San Diego] . 

A little over H inch in length , oval-oblong , inflated , with numerous very 
fine , decussate radial ribs . Color greenish yellow-brown . lo to loo fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Modiolus Lamarck] 1799 

This group of mussels have shells of various forms in which the hinge is 
without teeth . The anterior end of the shell extends in front of the beaks , 
while in [ORGANIZATION Mytilus] 3 to 5 tiny teeth are present on the hinge and the beaks are 
at the very anterior end of the shell . [PERSON Volsella Scopoli] has been rejected . 

[PERSON Modiolus] modiolus [ORGANIZATION Linne Northern Horse Mussel] 

Figure 26 ) 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to northeast [LOCATION Florida] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 6 inches in length , heavy , with a coarse , rather thick , black-brown 
periostracum which in dried specimens flakes off to reveal a mauve-white , 
chalky shell . One of the largest and commonest mussels found in cooler 
waters below low-water mark . Do not confuse with [PERSON M. americanus] . 

[PERSON Modiolus] ajnericajms [PERSON Leach Tulip Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35I 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 to 4 inches in length , smooth , except for the periostracum , which is 
commonly hairy and sometimes resembles a beard . Color light-brown flushed 
with deep rose and sometimes with several radial streaks of light-purple . An- 
terior ventral area with a deep chestnut splotch . Interior dull white , some- 
times stained with bluish , rose or brownish . 

[PERSON Recently] killed specimens are commonly washed ashore in large num- 
bers . A very common species . Formerly known as [LOCATION Volsella] or [PERSON Modiolus] 
tulipa [PERSON Linne] or [PERSON Lamarck] . The subspecies found in [LOCATION Charleston Bay] , [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] , and [LOCATION Tampa] , [LOCATION Florida] , is more compressed and a soft brown in color . 

[PERSON Modiolus] demissus [ORGANIZATION Dillwyn Atlantic] Ribbed [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28h 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . Introduced to [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , black-brown in color , often shiny , and with 
strong , rough , radial , bifurcating ribs . Interior bluish white with the poste- 
rior end flushed with purple or purplish red . This is the only ribbed Modi- 
olus in our waters , but do not confuse it with [ORGANIZATION Brachidontes] recurvus which 



352 [MISC American Seashelh] 

has a strongly curved beak , tiny teeth at the umbo , and is a soHd rosy-brown 
on the inside . [PERSON Mytilus] plicatuhis [PERSON Lamarck] is this species . 

The subspecies deriiissus [PERSON granosissiimis Sowerby] ( both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to 
[LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Yucatan] ) is very similar but with almost twice as many ribs which 
are finely and neatly beaded . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Modiolus] forjjicatus [ORGANIZATION Carpenter California Horse Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29-0 
[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

About I inch in length , smoothish , inflated , light-brown periostracum 
which wears white at the beak end . Beaks curved strongly forward . Inte- 
rior dull white . Found in moderately deep water , and rarely cast ashore . 
[ORGANIZATION Associated] with [PERSON Haliotis rufescens] . 

/Modiolus capax [PERSON Conrad Capax Horse Mussel] 

[LOCATION Santa Cruz] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 

2 to 6 inches in size . Periostracum thick , often with coarse hairs , 
chestnut-brown in color . Worn shell brick-red with bluish mottlings . In- 
terior half white , half ( ventral ) brownish purple . Resembles figure of 
[PERSON Modiolus] americanus ( PI . 35I ) . 

Genus Brachidontes Swainson 1840 
Subgenus Brachidontes s. str . 

Brachidontes citriniis Roding Yellow [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35 ! 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I /<i inches in length , elongate , with numerous wavy , fine axial ribs , col- 
ored a light brownish yellow outside , and inside mottled a metallic purplish 
and white . Anterior end has four very tiny white teeth . Bordering the liga- 
ment are about 30 very small , equal-sized teeth on the edge of the shell . Com- 
pare with [PERSON B.] exustus [PERSON Linne] which is wider . The genus is commonly mis- 
spelled Brachy domes . 

Subgenus Horinomya Morch 1853 
Brachidontes exustus [ORGANIZATION Linne Scorched] [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35 ) 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , rather elongate with numerous fine axial ribs; colored 
a yellowish brown to dark-brown outside , and inside mottled with a metallic 



[ORGANIZATION MYTILIDAE] 35 3 

purplish and white . Anterior end has two very tiny purplish teeth . Beyond 
the ligament ( posterior end ) there are 5 to 6 very tiny , equal-sized teeth on 
the edge of the shell . Compare with B. citrinus , which is more elongate . 

Brachidontes stearnsi Pilsbry and [PERSON Raymond Stearns] ' [PERSON Mussel] 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Oaxaca] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

/4 to I inch in length , obtusely carinate , with numerous coarse , beaded , 
radial ribs which bifurcate . Color brownish purple on the dorsal half , straw- 
yellow to brownish yellow on the flattened ventral half . [PERSON Hinge] on dorsal 
edge with about a dozen very tiny bar-like teeth . Usually found in colonies 
in crevices of stones . Two small clams , [PERSON Lasaea] cistula [PERSON Keen] and [PERSON L. subviridis] 
[LOCATION Dall] , attach themselves to the byssus of this species . Do not confuse [PERSON B.] 
stearjisi with Septifer bifurcams , with which it often lives . [PERSON B.] multijormis 
[PERSON Carpenter] and [PERSON B.] adamsianus Dunker are closely related species , if not mere 
forms , found in the [LOCATION Panamic] province . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Ischadiwn Jukes-Brown] 1905 
Brachidontes recurviis [PERSON Rafinesque Hooked Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3511 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2% inches in length , [PERSON flattish] , rather wide , with numerous wavy 
axial ribs . Color outside a dark grayish black , inside a purplish to rosy 
brown with a narrow blue-gray border . At the umbonal end there are 3 to 
4 extremely small , elongate teeth on the edge of the shell . The anterior end 
of the shell is strongly hooked . This ■s\as known as [PERSON M.] hamatus Say and has 
sometimes been placed in the genus Mytilus . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Amygdahnn] [PERSON Megerle von Miihlfeld] 181 1 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] thin , very smooth , often with colored , cobwebby designs . These 
clams build nests for themselves with a copious supply of byssal threads . 

[PERSON Amygdaluni] papyria [PERSON Conrad Paper Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28i 

[LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Maryland] to [LOCATION Florida] . 

I to 1% inches in length , elongate , smooth , glistening , fragile , and 
colored a delicate two-tone of bluish green and soft yellowish brown . In- 
terior iridescent-white . The ligament is very weak and thin . [PERSON A. sagittata] 
Rehder , sometimes dredged off^ [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Mississippi] , is very shiny , ivory- 
white , half of each valve with fine , gray , cobwebby streaks . The umbo is 
reinforced inside by a very small , smooth column or rib . 



354 [ORGANIZATION Ainerican Seashelh] 

Genus Septifer Recluz 1848 
Septifer bifurcatus [PERSON Reeve Bifurcate Mussel] 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

I to 2 inches in size , subtriangular in outline , inflated . With a couple 
of dozen strong , wavy radial ribs . Inner margin crenulated . Periostracum 
black , although often worn white between the ribs . Interior pearly-white , 
often stained bluish brown on one half of the inner side . The subspecies 
obsoletus [LOCATION Dall] from [LOCATION San Diego] is mostly black on the interior and is a 
quite elongate form . 

[PERSON Genus Mytilus] Linne 1758 
Mytilus edulis [PERSON Linne Blue Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35m 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION CaHfornia] . 

1 to 3 inches in length , no ribs but often with coarse growth lines . 
Ventral margin often curved . Color blue-black with eroded areas of chalky 
purplish . Periostracum varnish-like . Interior slightly pearly-white with 
deep purple-blue border . Occasionally , specimens have radial rays of brown- 
yellow . Very common in [LOCATION New England] . Sometimes found in more south- 
erly waters attached to floating wood . 

[PERSON Mytilus] edulis diegensis [PERSON Coe] 1946 ( [LOCATION Northern California] to [MISC Lower Cali-] 
fornia ) is indistinguishable from specimens of edulis found in [LOCATION Alaska] and 
[LOCATION New England] , and probably only represents an ecological or physiological 
race ( see [PERSON W. R. Coe] , 1946 ) . 

[PERSON Mytilus] calif ornianus Conrad Calif ornian [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 19P 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Socorro Island] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

2 to 10 inches in length , thick , inflated; ventral margin nearly straight; 
with less than a dozen or so , fairly broad , weak radial ribs which are best 
seen on the middle part of the shell . Growth lines very coarse . An abun- 
dant species found between tides attached to rocks . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Musculus Roding] 1798 

Mussel-like shells with the sculpturing divided into three oblique areas , 
the center one being smooth or almost so , and the two end areas having 
radial ribs . The ligament is much longer than that in [LOCATION Crenella] . These are 
moderately deep-water clams . [PERSON Mantle] folded in front into a wide , incurrent 



[ORGANIZATION MYTILIDAE] 355 

siphon and behind into a conical excurrent siphon . Foot strap-shaped . This 
genus was formerly known as [PERSON Modiolaria Beck] 1838. [ORGANIZATION Hinge] finely dentate . 



[PERSON Musculus] niger [PERSON Gray Black Musculus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 8g 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . [LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound . 

About 2 to 3 inches in length . Similar to [PERSON M.] discors , but much more 
compressed and with strongly developed axial , decussated ribs on the pos- 
terior and anterior thirds . Center section with microscopic concentric wavy 
threads and pimples . Often pinkish on the inside . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 



[PERSON Musculus] laevigatus [PERSON Gray Smooth Musculus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 28f] 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to Puget Sound , and [LOCATION North Atlantic] . 

I to I % inches in length . Distinguished from discors by its larger size , 
and in having no pronounced radial riblet or depression separating the pos- 
terior third from the middle area . The periostracum is more often black in 
this species . The posterior area very often has numerous microscopic con- 
centric scratches which , to the naked eye , give this area a dull finish . Like 
discors , this species is much fatter than [LOCATION niger] . 



[PERSON Musculus] lateralis Say [PERSON Lateral Musculus] 

Figure yjd 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , oblong , fragile , with a center area on the valve with 
concentric growth lines only . Remainder of shell with radial ribs . Color 
light-brown with a strong blush of blue-green . Interior slightly iridescent . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] offshore . 



[PERSON Musculus] discors [PERSON Linne Discord Musculus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28e 

[LOCATION Atlantic] : [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Long Island Sound] . [LOCATION Pacific] : [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to 
Puget Sound . 

I inch in length , oblong , fairly fragile . Anterior and posterior thirds 
of outer shell with very weak radial ribs; center section smooth except for 
irregular growth lines . Periostracum shiny and either dark black-brown 
or light-brown . Interior bluish white with slight iridescence . [PERSON Commonly] 
dredged . 



356 A77ierican [PERSON Seashelh] 

Genus Botula Morch 1853 
[PERSON Subgenus Adula H.] and [PERSON A. Adams] 1857 

[PERSON Botula] falcata Gould Falcate Date [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29k 

[LOCATION Coos Bay] , [LOCATION Oregon] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , very elongate , slightly curved . [PERSON Beaks] rounded 
and about one-eighth the length from the anterior end; a strongly marked 
angle occurs from the beaks to the base of the posterior extremity; numerous 
vertical , wavy ribs over all the shell . Color a shiny chestnut-brown . Com- 
mon . 

[PERSON Botula] [PERSON californiensis Philippi] [MISC Californian] Date [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29h 

I to 1^4 inches in length , elongate , curved and smooth , except for a 
velvety , hair-like covering over the posterior end . Shiny , chocolate-brown 
in color . Moderately common . 

[PERSON Genus Lioberus] Dall 1898 
[PERSON Lioberus] castaneus Say Say 's [PERSON Chestnut Mussel] 

Both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , oval-elongate , well-inflated and thin-shelled . Exterior 
chestnut- to dark-brown , the anterior half glossy , the posterior half dull 
and commonly with a fine grayish matting of periostracum . Interior bluish 
white and with an irregular surface . Hinge simple with a slight swelling or 
pad under the beaks . Moderately common in shallow water . 

[PERSON Botula] fusca [PERSON Gmelin] from [LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] ( rare ) 
and the [LOCATION West Indies] ( common ) is similar , but distinguished by its longer , 
hooked or arcuate shape , by the thick , concentric ridges on the outside , by 
the more anteriorly placed beaks , and by the tiny , vertical threads on the 
hinge just posterior to the ligament . Attached in clusters to wood and 
rocks . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Lithophaga Roding] 1798 
[PERSON Lithophaga] nigra [PERSON Orbigny Black Date Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 8in 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in length , elongate and cylindrical . Black-brown outside 
and an iridescent bluish white inside . Anterior lower third of each valve 



[ORGANIZATION MYTILIDAE] 357 

with strong , vertical , smooth ribs; remainder of shell smoothish with only 
irregular growth lines . [PERSON Commonly] found boring into soft coral blocks . 

[PERSON Lithophaga] antillanim Orbigny Giant Date [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28k 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , elongate , cylindrical and colored a light yellow- 
[PERSON ish brown] on the outside and iridescent cream inside . Sides of valves marked 
with numerous , irregular , vertical riblets . Fairly common in soft rocks in 
moderately deep water . 

Subgenus Myoforceps [PERSON P. Fischer] 1886 
[PERSON Lithophaga] aristata [ORGANIZATION Dillwyn Scissor] Date [PERSON Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29 ) 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION La Jolla] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 

H to I inch in length . Characterized by the pointed tips at the posterior 
end being crossed like fingers . Color yellowish brown , but generally covered 
by a smooth , gray , calcareous encrustation . Moderately common in soft 
rock . 



[PERSON Subgenus Dibenis] Dall 1898 
[PERSON Lithophaga] bisulcata [PERSON Orbigny Mahogany Date Mussel] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28n 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , elongate , cylindrical and coming to a point 
at the posterior end . A sharp , oblique , indented line divides each valve into 
two sections . Anterior half of valve smooth , mahogany-brown , but com- 
monly encrusted with porous , gray , calcium deposits . Posterior end more 
heavily encrusted with a gray , porous covering which projects beyond the 
edge of the shell . A fairly common rock-boring species . 



[PERSON Lithophaga] plujnula [PERSON kelseyi Hertlein] and [PERSON Strong Kelsey] 's [PERSON Date Mussel] 

Plate i ( ) i 

[LOCATION San Diego] north to [LOCATION Mendocino County] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , similar to [PERSON L. bisulcata] , but the calcareous matter 
on the posterior end is strongly pitted and furrowed to look like a wet , ruffled 
feather . Typical plmnula [PERSON Hanley] ranges from [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Peru] . 
Both fairly common in rocks . 



358 America} ! Seashells 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily PTERIACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family ISOGNOMONIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Iso] gnomon [PERSON Solander] 1786 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] thin and greatly compressed; interior pearly; anterior margin with 
a narrow byssal gape near the dorsal margin . [PERSON Hinge] with numerous parallel 
grooves perpendicular to the dorsal margin of the valve . [PERSON Perna Bruguiere] 
and [ORGANIZATION Pedalion Dillwyn] are synonyms . Pedalion Solander 1770 is invalid . 



tsognomon alatus [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Flat Tree Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 35b] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Hinge] has 8 to 12 oblong grooves or sockets 
into which are set small , brown resiliums . Exterior with rough or smoothish 
growth lines . External color drab purplish gray to dirty-gray . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
moderately pearly with stains of purplish brown or mottlings of [PERSON blackish] 
purple . This very flat , oval bivalve is commonly found in compact clumps 
on mangrove tree roots . Distinguished from /. radiatus by its flat , more 
regularly fan shape and darker color . 



ho gnomon radiatus [PERSON Anton] 1839 [PERSON Lister] 's [ORGANIZATION Tree Oyster] 

plate 35a 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to 2 inches in size , very irregular in shape , commonly elongate . 
Sometimes twisted and irregular . Hinge short , straight and with 4 to 8 very 
small , squarish sockets . Exterior rough with weak , flaky lamellations . Color 
a solid , translucent yellowish , but commonly with a few wavy , radial stripes 
of light purplish brown . Common on rocks at low tide . Formerly /. listen 
[PERSON Hanley] 1843. 

[ORGANIZATION Isognomon] bicolor [PERSON C. B. Adams] ( [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] , [LOCATION Bermuda] and 
[LOCATION Caribbean] ) is heavier , more oval , and commonly with strong lamellations 
on the outside . It is usually darkly and heavily splotched with purple inside 
and out . [ORGANIZATION Common] . According to [PERSON Lamy] , /. [PERSON vulsella Lamarck] is a different 
species which is limited to the [LOCATION Red Sea] . 

The [ORGANIZATION Western Tree Oyster] , [PERSON Isognomon] chemiiitzianus [PERSON Orbigny] , from 
the [LOCATION Coronado Islands] to [PERSON Chili] , lives in crowded colonies under stones in 
shallow water . It resembles the above two species , is about i to 2 inches in 
size; its right valve flattish , left valve slightly swollen . It is the only [MISC Cali-] 
fornian [PERSON Isognomon] . 



FINN ID AE 359 

Family PTERIIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Pteria Scopoli] 1777 

Fairly thin-shelled , moderately fat , and with the hinge ends considerably 
drawn out . Pearly inside . The right and left valves bear i or 2 small denticles 
which fit into shallow sockets in the opposite valve . 

[LOCATION Pteria] colymbiis [ORGANIZATION Roding Atlantic Wing Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35d 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I /4 to 3 inches in length , obliquely oval with a long extension of the 
hinge line toward the posterior end . Left valve inflated . Right valve 
somewhat flatter and with a strong anterior notch for the byssus . Periostra- 
cum matted , brown and with cancellate fimbrications . Exterior color vari- 
able : brown , black or brownish purple with broken , radial lines of cream 
or white . Interior pearly with a wide , non-pearly margin of purplish black 
with irregular cream rays . Common from low water to several fathoms . 

The [MISC Western Wing Oyster] , [ORGANIZATION Pteria] sterna [PERSON Gould] is very similar , 3 to 4 
inches in length , and deep purplish brown with occasional paler rays . An- 
chored in mud; from [LOCATION San Diego] to [LOCATION Panama] . Common . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Pinctada Roding] 1798 

This is the famous genus of pearl oysters . The byssal gape is in the 
right valve below the small , triangular auricle . [PERSON Margaritifera Schumacher] 
is a synonym . 

[PERSON Pinctada] radiata [ORGANIZATION Leach Atlantic Pearl Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35c 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1% to 3 inches in length , moderately inflated to [PERSON flattish] , thin-shelled 
and brittle . There is a small , thin , flat ligament at the center of the hinge . 
Exterior tan with mottlings or rays of purplish brown or black . Rarely 
tinted with dull-rose or greenish . In quiet waters , thin scaly and very deli- 
cate , periostracal spines may be developed . [ORGANIZATION Interior] a beautiful mother-of- 
pearl . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water attached to rocks . 

[ORGANIZATION Family PINNIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Pinna Linne] 1758 

The Pen Shells are large , fragile , fan-shaped clams which live in sandy 
or mud-sand areas , usually in colonies . The apex or pointed end is deeply 



360 [ORGANIZATION Afjierican Seashells] 

buried , and there is a mass of byssal threads attached to small stones or frag- 
ments of shells . The broad end of the shell projects above the surface of the 
sand an inch or so . In the genus Pinna , there is a weak groove running down 
the middle of each valve . In [LOCATION Atrina] , this character is absent . 

[PERSON Pinna] carnea [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Amber Pen Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 27W] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 9 inches in length , relatively narrow , thin-shelled and with a 
central , radial ridge in the middle of the valve which is more conspicuous 
at the pointed or hinge end . With or without 10 radial rows of moderately 
large , scale-like spines . Color usually a light orangish to translucent-amber . 
Rare in [LOCATION Florida] but common in the [LOCATION Bahamas] . This is the only [LOCATION Pinna] in the 
western [LOCATION Atlantic] . [PERSON P. nidis] [ORGANIZATION Linne] is apparently a [MISC Mediterranean] and [LOCATION West] 
[MISC African] species which is heavier and darker red . The name [PERSON P.] haiidigjjobilis 
[PERSON Karsten] is invalid , as are all this author 's names . 



Genus [PERSON Atrina Gray] 1842 
[LOCATION Atrina] rigida [ORGANIZATION Solander Stiff Pen Shell] 

Plate 27X 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

5 to 9 inches in length , relatively wide , moderately thick-shelled and 
with 15 to 25 radial rows of tube-like spines; rarely smoothish . Color dark 
to light brown . Commonly washed ashore . A small , commensal crab lives 
inside the mantle cavity . A number of unusual snails and chitons are found 
in or on dead or live [ORGANIZATION Pinna] shells . 



[LOCATION Atrina] serrata Sowerby Saw-toothed [ORGANIZATION Pen Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27V 

[LOCATION North Carolina] and south half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Similar in size and shape to rigida , but covered with many more , much 
smaller , sharp spines . It is usually thinner-shelled and lighter in color . Com- 
monly washed ashore with rigida . 

Super jamily PECTIN ACE A 

Family [ORGANIZATION PLICATULIDAE] 

Genus [PERSON Plicatula Lamarck] 1801 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] trigonal or spathate , thick-shelled and attached by either valve 
to rocks or other shells . Sculpture of broad , radial ribs . [PERSON Hinge] with a nar- 



PECTIN ID AE 361 

row , elongate chondrophore which is flanked on each side by a fluted tooth 
and a socket . 

[PERSON Plicatula] gibbosa [PERSON Lamarck Kitten] 's Paw 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 356 

[LOCATION North CaroHna] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and [LOCATION West Indies] , 

About I inch in length , somewhat cat 's-paw-shaped . [ORGANIZATION Shell] strong , 
heavy , with 5 to 7 high ribs which give the valves a wavy , interlocking 
margin . [PERSON Hinge] in upper valve with 2 strong , equally sized teeth; lower 
attached valve with 2 sockets in the hinge with 2 smaller teeth set rather 
close together . Color dirty-white to gray with red-brown or purplish lines 
on the ribs . A common intertidal to offshore species . 

[ORGANIZATION Family PECTINIDAE] 

Because of the great number of fossil and living species of scallops and 
the almost limitless modifications exhibited by them , there have been no 
less than 50 genera and subgenera proposed in this family by various authors . 
[PERSON Doubtlessly] , many more will be invented . Most , if not all , of these genera 
are closely integrated by connecting species . Workers have a choice of 
using the single genus , [PERSON Pecteji] , or employing a genus for nearly every species . 
We are arbitrarily employing only six genera — Pecte ? ? , [PERSON Aequipecten] , Chla- 
772ys , [PERSON Placopecten] , [PERSON Lyropecteii] and [MISC Himiites —] and we cannot justify these 
on biological grounds . It may be noted that we have moved the glassy , thin- 
shelled Propeamiisshim from the [ORGANIZATION Pectinidae] into a family of its own on 
anatomical grounds . This new family refers to what was once called " Amus- 
siidae . " True Aumsiwn , however , is merely a subgenus of [PERSON Pecteii] connected 
to it by a series of species in the [ORGANIZATION Euvola] group . 

Genus Pecten Miiller 1776 
[PERSON Subgenus Pecten] s. str . 

Pecten diegensis Dall [ORGANIZATION San Diego Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 336 

[PERSON Cordell Bank] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 3 inches in size . Right valve convex with 22 or 23 flat-topped ribs 
which are generally longitudinally ridged on top . Left valve much flatter , 
with 21 to 22 narrow , rounded ribs . Dredged from 10 to 75 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Patinopecten] Dall 1898 
[MISC Pecten] caurinus [ORGANIZATION Gould Giant Pacific Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 29b] 

[PERSON Wrangell] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Humboldt Bay] , [LOCATION California] . 



362 [LOCATION America] ? ! Seashells 

6 to 8 inches in size , roughly circular; upper valve almost flat , reddish 
gray and with about 17 low , rounded ribs; lower valve deeper , whitish and 
with a few more , stronger , rather flat-topped ribs . This is the common , 
edible deep-sea scallop of [LOCATION Alaska] . 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Amusiujn Roding] 1798 
[MISC Pecten] papyraceus Gabb Paper Scallop 

The [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

About 2 inches in size , oily smooth , glossy , exterior without ribs , but 
internally with about 22 very fine ribs which are commonly arranged in 
pairs . Both valves moderately convex to [PERSON flattish] . Upper valve light-mauve 
to reddish brown with darker flecks . Lower valve whitish at the center 
with yellow to cream margins or all white . [MISC Hinge] line strongly arched . 
Rather rare in collections , but commonly brought up from several fathoms 
by shrimp fishermen . 

[LOCATION Pecten] [PERSON laurenti Gmelin] ( pi . [PERSON 33f )] from the [LOCATION Greater Antilles] is larger , 
with a straight hinge line and with the lighter-colored valve more convex 
than the darker valve . Rare . 

Section Euvola Dall 1897 
[PERSON Pecten] ziczac [PERSON Linne Zigzag Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 33d 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4 inches in size . Upper ( left ) valve flat; lower valve very deep and 
convex . There are 18 to 20 broad , very low , rather indistinct ribs on the 
deep valve which is generally colored a brownish red ( rarely orange ) . The 
ribs fade out or are not present near the side margins of the valve . Flat 
valve with a bright mozaic of whites and browns . A fairly common species . 
Do not confuse with raveneli . 



[MISC Pecten] raveneli Dall [PERSON Ravenel] 's Scallop 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 33g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in size , similar to [PERSON ziczac] , but the deep valve has about 25 
very distinct ribs which are commonly whitish in color . Between them are 
fairly wide , tan or pinkish grooves . In the flat valve , the 25 or so ribs are 
rounded in cross-section whereas in [LOCATION ziczac] they are flat-topped and much 
closer together . A rather uncommon species . 



PECTINIDAE 363 

[MISC Pecten] tereinus Dall Tereinus Scallop 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

I inch in size , quite fragile . [LOCATION Upper] ( left ) valve flat , with about 20 small , 
narrow ribs; lower valve deep to moderately deep and with low , irregularly 
defined , roundish ribs . Color whitish tan , slightly translucent , with faint 
mottlings of pink near the beaks . Rarely , the flat valve may be flecked with 
brown , zigzag , fine lines . A rare species uncommonly dredged by private 
collectors in 10 to 40 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Chlamys Roding] 1798 
Chlamys sentis [PERSON Reeve Sentis Scallop] 

Place 34a 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to i^ inches in length , but not so wide ( like a fan opened only 80 
degrees ) . Valves rather flat . One hinge ear small , the other twice as large . 
With about 50 ribs of varying sizes , each with tiny , closely set scales . There 
are 2 to 4 smaller ribs between the slightly larger ones . Color commonly 
brilliant : purple , red , vermilion , orange-red , brownish , white or mottled 
( especially near the beaks ) . [ORGANIZATION Common] under rocks below low-tide mark . 
Do not confuse with ornata , mildredae or be ? iedicti . 

Chlamys inildredae [PERSON F. M. Bayer Mildred] 's [ORGANIZATION Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

I to I ^ inches in length , similar to sentis and ornata , but the ribs of the 
upper valve ( one without the byssal notch ) 30 in number and every third 
or fourth one larger . Sculpture of rather large , erect scales set about i mm . 
apart . Ribs of lower valve about 30, in groups of 2 or 3. Exterior color 
much like sentis; interior yellowish with purple stains near the margins . 
Rare under rocks at low tide . 

Chlamys ornata [PERSON Lamarck Ornate Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 [ORGANIZATION 4b] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length , similar to sentis , but with about 18 high , major , 
slightly scaled ribs separated by 2 small , scaly cords on the upper valve . 
Ribs of lower valve are in 18 groups of 3#closely spaced riblets . Exterior 
ivory to yellowish cream with strong maculations of maroon or purplish . 
Interior usually white . Compare with mildredae . An uncommon and favorite 
collector 's item . 



364 [MISC American Seashells] 

Chlamys benedicti [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Bush Benedict] 's Scallop 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

Rarely over % inch in length . Very similar to sentis , but with a greater 
range of colors and having 2 color variations not found in sentis ( pure lemon- 
yellow or mottled with chalk-white zigzag stripes ) . With about 22 strong 
ribs alternating with weaker ribs , total about 45. Shorter ear has a sharp , 
90-degree corner and bears prominent spines , while in se7itis it is more rounded 
or considerably more than 90 degrees and is smoother . Hinge margin of 
longer ear has small projecting scales . Color pink , pinkish red , light purple 
or yellow , and commonly with pronounced whitish zigzag markings . A 
moderately common species usually misidentified as young sentis or vniscosa . 

Chlcniiys im brie at a [PERSON Gmelin Little Knobby Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 34f] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 to I % inches in length , but not quite so wide . Lower valve ( the one 
with the byssal notch ) slightly convex . [LOCATION Upper] valve almost flat and fairly 
thin . Ribs 8 to 10, uncommonly with smaller cords between . They have 
prominent , cup-shaped , delicate , distantly spaced scales . Color dirty-white 
or pinkish with small , squarish , red or purplish blotches . Interior yellowish , 
commonly with purplish stains . Moderately common . 

Chlamys bastata hastata [PERSON Sowerby Pacific Spear] Scallop 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34 ) 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Newport Bay] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 1V2 inches in size; without microscopic reticulations; right valve 
( with byssal notch ) with about 18 to 21 primary , strongly spined ribs which 
have 5 to 7 much smaller , weakly spined , secondary ribs in between left 
valve with i o to 11 distantly spaced , strongly scaled primary ribs , with 1 2 to 
16 very weak , beaded secondary ribs in between . This is not so common 
as the subspecies hericia , and is much more colorful , commonly being bright 
orange , red or lemon . 

Chlamys hastata hericia [PERSON Gould Pacific Pink Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34k 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 2% inches in size; without microscopic reticulations; right valve 
( with byssal notch ) with about 18 to 21 primary , moderately scaled ribs 
which have 5 to 7 much smaller spined ribs between; left valve with about 
10 to II primary , spined ribs which have a single , rounded , almost as large 



PECTIN ID AE 365 

secondary rib in between . Between these large ribs there are 15 to 1 8 tiny , 
spined ribs , 3 of which are on the large secondary rib . Color variable : solid 
rose , pink , white , light yellowish and blends of all these . Commonly dredged 
in shallow waters . 

Chlamys hindsi [PERSON Dall Hinds ' Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34I 

[LOCATION Alaska] to off [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 X.0 1V2 inches in size; with microscopic reticulations between the ribs 
either near the beaks or the margins of the valves . Left valve ( without the 
byssal notch ) with numerous primary ribs , each bearing 3 rows of spines , 
and with a secondary spined rib between . Right valve flattish , usually lighter- 
colored , and with fewer ribs which are smoothish , rounded and inclined to 
be grouped in pairs . The reticulate sculpturing is best seen on this side . 
Color variable : light-rose , mauve , lemon-yellow , pale-orange and blends of 
these . A rather common species dredged in shallow water down to 822 
fathoms . 

[LOCATION Chlmnys] islandica [PERSON Miiller Iceland Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27I 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Buzzards Bay] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound , 
[LOCATION Washington] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , not quite so wide . Long hinge ear is twice the 
length of the short one . Valves moderately convex to [PERSON flattish] . With about 
50 coarse , irregular ribs which split in two near the margin of the valve . 
Rarely , the ribs are grouped more or less in groups of [LOCATION twos] , threes or fours . 
Color usually a dirty-gray or cream , but some are quite attractively tinged 
with peach , yellow or purplish both inside and out . A very common species 
offshore on the continental shelf . 

[PERSON Genus Leptopecten] Verrill 1897 
[MISC Leptopecten] latianratus [PERSON Conrad Kelp-weed Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34 ! 

[PERSON Point Reyes] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

About I inch in size , thin , lightweight , with 12 to 16 squarish ribs . Ears 
strongly pointed at the ends . Color varies from translucent yellowish to 
chestnut-brown; commonly mottled with white . The subspecies monothneris 
[PERSON Conrad] has rounded ribs which form broad corrugations on the shell and it 
has less acutely pointed ears . This is a common species found attached to 
kelp weeds , stones and bottoms of boats . Sometimes spelled latiauritus . 



366 [MISC American Seashells] 

Genus Placopecten Verrill 1897 
[MISC Placopecten] magellanicus [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Atlantic Deep-sea] Scallop 

[PERSON Plates] 33c; 27m 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

5 to 8 inches in size , almost circular . Valves almost flat to slightly 
convex . Interior flaky-white . Exterior rough with numerous very small , 
raised threads . Exterior yellowish gray to purplish gray or dirty-white . 
This is the common , edible , deep-sea scallop fished off our [LOCATION New England] 
coasts . The name grandis Solander is nude and cannot be used . 

Genus Lyropecten Conrad 1862 
Subgenus Lyropecten s. str . 

[PERSON Lyropecten] antillarum [PERSON Recluz Antillean Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length and width . Valves fragile , both nearly flat . 
Only about 15 moderately rounded , low ribs . Growth lines exceedingly 
fine ( seen with the aid of a strong lens ) . Color either pastel-yellow , tawny- 
orange or light-brown , commonly with chalk-white mottlings , flecks or 
stripes . Found uncommonly in shallow water . 

[PERSON Subgenus Nodipecten] Dall 1898 
[PERSON Lyropecten] nodosiis [ORGANIZATION Linnc Lion] 's Paw 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 33b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 6 inches in size , rather heavy and strong-shelled . Characterized by 
the 7 to 9 large , coarse ribs which have large , hollow nodules . The entire 
shell also has numerous , much smaller , but distinct , riblets . The color is 
commonly dark maroon-red , but may be bright-red or orange . Fairly com- 
mon offshore , especially on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] , 

[PERSON Genus Aeqiiipecten] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1887 
Subgenus Aeqiiipecten s. str . 

Aequipecten glyptus [PERSON Verrill Tyron] 's Scallop 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 33a 

[LOCATION South] of [LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION Gulf of A4exico] . 

I to 2/4 inches in size . Both valves rather flat . [ORGANIZATION Shell] somewhat lop- 
sided and spathate in shape . About 17 ribs which start out as fine , sharp , 
slightly prickled ribs , but become flattened and indistinct or absent near the 



[ORGANIZATION PECTINIDAE] 367 

margin of the valve . One valve pure-white , the other with broad , rose rays 
corresponding to the ribs . Internally white and with weak , fine ribs . Rare , 
but has been brought in by commercial trawlers . This is [PERSON P. tryoni] [LOCATION Dall] . 

[MISC Aequtpecten] phrygius Dall [PERSON Spathate Scallop] 

Off [LOCATION Cape Cod] to east [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

About I inch in size . Characterized by its peculiar spathate or open- 
fan shape . With 17 sharp ribs . On closer inspection , it will be seen that 
each rib is composed of 3 rows of very fine , closely packed scales which 
are welded together to form a single rib . In cross-section , this would give 
the rib the shape of the letter [PERSON M. Hinge-line] straight with one ear slightly 
shorter than the other . Color dull-gray with indistinct blotches of dull- 
pink . Uncommonly dredged off [PERSON Miama] and the [LOCATION Lower Keys] . 

Aequipecten Uneolaris Lamarck Wavy-lined Scallop 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] to the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] . 

1 to 2 inches in size , ears about equal . [PERSON Valves] moderately inflated . Sur- 
face highly glossy , the colored valve with about 18 very low , rounded ribs . 
Bottom valve white . Top valve rosy-tan with characteristic , numerous small , 
wavy , thin lines of pink-brown running concentrically . A few brown mot- 
tlings may be present . A very gorgeous and rare species dredged from 7 
to 50 fathoms . [PERSON A.] may aguezensis [LOCATION Dall] and [PERSON Simpson] is this species . 

[MISC Aequipecten] muscosus [ORGANIZATION Wood Rough Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34d , e 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I ^ inches in size , both valves inflated and fairly deep . Hinge-ears 
equal to the width of the main part of the shell . 18 to 20 ribs , the center 
part of each bearing prominent , erect , concave scales , and on each side 2 
rows of much smaller scales . Color orange-brown , red , lemon-yellow , 
orange , or commonly mottled with purple . Beach-worn specimens may 
lose most of their scaliness . Moderately common just offshore to 90 fathoms . 
Formerly called exasperatus Sby . and fusco-purpureus [PERSON Conrad] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Flagiocteniuin] Dall 1898 
Aequipecten irradians Lamarck [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Bay Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 33 ! 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to northern half of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

2 to 3 inches in size . This is the common edible scallop of our east 



368 [MISC American Seashells] 

coast . It is not a very colorful species , although its drab browns and grays 
are rarely enhvened with yellow . There are 3 distinct subspecies which 
previously have been little understood . Each has a distinct geographical 
range and peculiar habitat . 

[PERSON A.] irradians irradians [PERSON Lamarck] . [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Long Island] , [ORGANIZATION N.Y.] 17 to 
18 ribs which are low and [PERSON roundish] in cross-section . Each valve is about 
the same fatness , and the lower one is only slightly lighter in color . [PERSON Drab] 
gray-brown with indistinct , darker-brown mottlings . The most compressed 
of the 3 subspecies . This is borealis Say . 

[PERSON A.] irradians concentricus Say . [LOCATION New Jersey] ( rare ) , [LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Georgia] 
and [LOCATION Louisiana] to [LOCATION Tampa] , [LOCATION Florida] . 1 9 to 21 ribs which are squarish in cross- 
section . Lower valve ( the lightest in color and commonly all white ) is 
much fatter than the dull bluish gray to brown upper valve . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON A.] irradians ajnplico status [LOCATION Dall] ( fig . i6i ) . [LOCATION Central Texas] to [LOCATION Mexico] 
and [LOCATION Colombia] . Similar to concentricus , but with only 12 to 17 ribs; more 
gibbose; lower valve commonly white and with high , squarish to slightly 
rounded ribs . [ORGANIZATION Common] in [LOCATION Texas] . 

[MISC Aequipecten] gib bus [ORGANIZATION Linne Calico Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 33 ) 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches . A common , colorful scallop found abundantly in southern 
[LOCATION Florida] a little offshore . Both valves quite fat . Ribs usually 20 ( 19 to 21 ) , 
quite square in cross-section . Bottom valve commonly whitish with a little 
color; upper valve can be of many bright hues ( lavender-rose , red , whitish 
with purple or reddish mottlings , etc . ) . This is dislocatus Say . If collecting in 
southeast [LOCATION Florida] , do not confuse with A , nucleus , 

[MISC Aequipecten] gib bus nucleus Born Nucleus Scallop 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34h 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1/4 inches in size . This is a difficult subspecies to identify , and 
it is possible that it is only a form . It is rarely over an inch in size , has i to 3 
more ribs than gibbus , is usually fatter , and is characteristically colored with 
small , chestnut mottlings on a cream background and commonly with snow- 
white specklings . Both or only one valve may be heavily colored . Never 
with the bright shades of orange , red , etc . Not uncommon in the Keys from 
low tide to a few fathoms on grass . 

Genus Hinnites Def ranee 1821 
Biologically speaking , this genus is really a Chlamys in which the adults 



[ORGANIZATION SPONDYLIDAE] 369 

are attached to rocks and become quite massive like [PERSON Spojidyhis] . For con- 
venience , we are considering it a full genus . 

Himjttes multirugosiis [PERSON Gale Giant Rock Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29a 

[LOCATION Aleutian Island] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Up to 8 inches in length . A heavy massive shell characterized by the 
early " [MISC Chlamys-Hke] " shell at the beaks . Interior white with a purplish hinge 
area . Attached to rocks by the right valve . The ^2-inch long young are 
almost impossible to separate from some species of [LOCATION Chlainys] , except when 
they show a mauve spot on the inside of the hinge line on each side of the 
resilium pit , or if they show signs of distortion or a mottling pattern of 
color on the outside of the valves . Some vouno- are bright-orancre . A common 
species . Formerly known as H 'mnites gigante7is [PERSON Gray] . This is a regrettable 
name change which I have followed , since leading workers on the [LOCATION Pacific] 
[ORGANIZATION Coast] have adopted it . 

Fa77nly [LOCATION PROPEAMUSSIIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Propeaviusshmi Gregorio] 1883 

Propeavitissmm poiirtalesiaimm Dall [PERSON Pourtales] ' [PERSON Glass Scallop] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 27c 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length . Valves very slightly convex . [ORGANIZATION Shell] extremely thin 
and transparent ( hke thin mica flakes ) . Each valve reinforced inside with 
about 9 rod-like , opaque \\ 'hite ribs . Exterior of one valve is smoothish , the 
other valve with numerous , microscopic , concentric threads . [ORGANIZATION Common] off- 
shore . Frequently dredged off [ORGANIZATION Aliama] by amateurs . There have been a 
number of other species described , some of which may only be forms of this 
variable species . 

[ORGANIZATION Fmjiily SPONDYLIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Spondylus] Linne 1758 

[PERSON Spondylus] americanus [PERSON Hermann Atlantic Thorny Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 36b] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 4 inches in size . [ORGANIZATION Spines] 2 or less inches in length , usually standing 
fairly erect . Color variable : white with yellow unbones , red or purple; 
sometimes all rose , all cream or all pink . The young are much less spinose , 
and might be confused with [ORGANIZATION Chama] which , however , does not have the ball- 
and-socket type of hinge . Beautiful and large specimens are found clinging 



370 [MISC American Seashells] 

to old wrecks in fairly deep water . Perfect specimens have recently sold for 
over $40. Formerly called americanus [PERSON Lamarck] , echinatus [PERSON Martyn] and domi- 
[PERSON nicensis Roding] . Sometimes called the [ORGANIZATION Chrysanthemum Shell] . Not un- 
common . 

[PERSON Spondylus] pictorum [ORGANIZATION Schreiber Pacific Thorny Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 36a 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

Up to 5 inches in size . The spines are 1% inches or less in length and 
usually bent over . Color variable , and usually more brilliant than the [LOCATION Atlantic] 
species . A popular , and now fairly high-priced collector 's item . Often found 
on beaches with their spines worn off . They live in fairly deep water at- 
tached to rocks and wrecks . 

Fa7mly [LOCATION LIMIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Lima] [PERSON Bruguiere] 1797 

[LOCATION Lima] lima Linne [LOCATION Spiny Lima] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35g 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I /4 inches in height and pure-white in color . Sculpture of numer- 
ous even , radial ribs bearing many erect , sharp spines . The posterior ear is 
much smaller than the anterior one . No large posterior byssal gape as in 
scabra . Moderately common under coral stones in shallow water . This 
species and its various forms or subspecies ( squa ? nosa [PERSON Lamarck] , multicostata 
[PERSON Sowerby] , caribaea [PERSON Orbigny] and tetrica [PERSON Gould] ) are found all over the world 
in tropical waters . 

[LOCATION Lima] pellucida [PERSON C. B. Adams] [LOCATION Antillean Lima] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in height , elongate , fragile , semi-translucent , white , with a 
large posterior gape and with a long , narrow anterior [PERSON gape] . Radial ribs small , 
fine , uneven in size and distribution . Hinge-ears almost equal in length . 
Closely related to [PERSON L. Mans] Gmelin from [LOCATION Europe] . A fairly common species 
which is often misidentified in collections as [PERSON L. inflata Lamarck] ( not [LOCATION Gmelin] ) . 
[PERSON L. antillensis] [LOCATION Dall] is the same . In thicker and older specimens there is a small , 
pinhole depression in the hinge just off to one side of the ligamental area . 

Subgenus Ctenoides Morch 1853 
[LOCATION Lima] scabra [ORGANIZATION Born Rough Lima] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [MISC 35f ,] o 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION ANOMIIDAE] 371 

I to 3 inches in height , half as long . Sculpture coarse , consisting of ir- 
regular , radial rows of short , bar-like ribs , somewhat giving the appearance 
of shingles on a roof . Periostracum thin , dark- to light-brown . A common 
variation of this species ( form tenera [PERSON Sowerby] ) is startlingly different , in 
that the small radial ribs are much more numerous and much smaller ( pi . 
35h ) , [ORGANIZATION Common] under rocks in shallow water at low tide . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Mantellum Roding] 1798 
[LOCATION Lima] heinphilli [PERSON Hertlein] and [PERSON Strong Hemphill] 's [LOCATION Lima] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29c 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I inch in length , white , obliquely elliptical in shape . With fine , irreg- 
ular , radial ribs which are crossed by very fine , rough threads . Anterior and 
posterior margins smooth . This fairly common species has been erroneously 
called [PERSON dehiscejis Conrad] and [PERSON L. orientaUs Adams] and [PERSON Reeve] . 

[PERSON Genus Limatula Wood] 1839 

[PERSON Liinatida] subauriculata [LOCATION Montagu Small-eared Lima] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Puerto Rico] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

% inch in height , ovate-oblong , greatly inflated ( having the shape of 
the shell of a pistachio nut ) , and sculptured with numerous small , longitudi- 
nal riblets . On the inside of the valves there are 2 prominent , longitudinal 
riblets at the center of the shell . Periostracum over the white shell is yel- 
lowish brown . Moderately common in cooler waters from just offshore to 
1000 fathoms . 

Genus Lime a Bronn 1831 

[PERSON Limea] bronniana Dall [PERSON Bronn] 's [LOCATION Dwarf Lima] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Very small , 5.0 mm . in height , ovate , superficially resembling a small 
[PERSON Cardiuvi] . With about 25 to 30 strong , smooth , rounded , radial ribs . Micro- 
scopic , concentric scratches between the ribs . Inner margin of valves serrated 
and reinforced by small , round teeth . [ORGANIZATION Shell] pure-white in color . Hinge-ears 
with an internal set of 3 or 4 small teeth . 

[ORGANIZATION Superjamily ANOMIACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION ANOMIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Anomia Linne] 1758 

The valve without the hole has i large and 2 small muscle scars . The 



372 [MISC American Seashells] 

shell is attached to a rock or wood surface by means of a calcified byssus 
which passes through a large notch in the right valve . The genus Pododes- 
mus differs in having only 2 muscle scars in the top or holeless valve . 

[ORGANIZATION Anomia simplex Orbigny Common Jingle Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35k 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in size , irregularly oval , smoothish , thin but strong . The 
upper or free valve is usually quite convex; the lower valve is [PERSON flattish] and 
with a hole near the apex . Color either translucent-yellow or dull-orange . 
Some with a silvery sheen . [PERSON Specimens] buried in mud become blackened . 
Very commonly attached to logs , wharfs and boats . 

[LOCATION Anomia] aculeata [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Prickly Jingle Shell] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

Rarely exceeding % inch in size , irregularly rounded , moderately fragile . 
[LOCATION Upper] valve convex , rough , often with small prickles . Lower valve flat and 
with a small hole near the hinge end . Color drab , opaque whitish tan . [PERSON A.] 
common cold-water species attaching itself to rocks and broken shells . 

[PERSON Anomia] peruviana [ORGANIZATION Orbigny Peruvian Jingle Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 296 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 

I to 2 inches in size , variable in shape , thin , partially translucent , smooth 
or with irregular sculpture; colored orange or yellowish green . Occurs be- 
tween tides attached to rocks , other shells and waterlogged wood . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Pododesmus Philippi] 1837 
The valve without the hole has i large and i small muscle scar . 
[PERSON Pododesmus] macroschismus [ORGANIZATION Deshayes False Jingle Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] igdi 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 4 inches in size . Radiating ribs very irregular and coarse . Color 
yellowish or greenish white , inner surface green and somewhat pearly . Lower 
valve with a large opening for the byssus . This is a very common species 
which is found attached to stones and wharf pilings from low-tide mark to 
about 35 fathoms . Often found on Haliotis . [PERSON P.] cepio [PERSON Gray] is a synonym . 

Pododesmus rudis Broderip from [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] is very 



[ORGANIZATION OSTREIDAE] 37 3 

similar to the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] species . Inch-long , brownish specimens are fpund 
in the crevices of coral boulders below low-water mark to several fathoms . 
Larger , more whitish specimens are found clinging to iron wrecks . Moder- 
ately common . P , [PERSON decipiens Philippi] . See plate 38b . 

[ORGANIZATION SuperfavTily OSTREACEA] 

Family OSTREIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Ostrea Linne] 1758 

This genus used to include all of the oysters , but today several valid 
genera are recognized , so that only three [MISC American] species are included in 
true [LOCATION Ostrea] . These are [PERSON O.] eqiiestris Say and [PERSON O.] permolUs [PERSON Sowerby] from the 
[LOCATION Atlantic Coast] and [PERSON O. hirida Carpenter] from the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] . The Euro- 
pean oyster , [PERSON O.] ediiUs [PERSON Linne] is also in this group . All of these oysters are 
relatively small . The eggs are fertilized and developed within the mantle 
chamber and gills . Usually around one million eggs are produced at one 
spawning . The prodissoconch hinge is long , the valves symmetrical . In the 
adults , the muscle scar is near the center of the shell and is not colored . 



[LOCATION Ostrea] equestris Say [LOCATION Crested Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in length , more or less oval , and with raised margins which 
are crenulated . The attached valve has a flat interior with a rather high , ver- 
tical margin on one side . Interior dull grayish with a greenish or opalescent- 
brown stain . Margin sometimes stained a weak-violet . Not very abundant 
except in some [LOCATION Florida] bays . It lives in water that is much saltier than that 
in which virginica lives . Also named spreta Orbigny . [PERSON O.] cristata Born is 
quite different and is limited to [LOCATION South America] . 

[ORGANIZATION Ostrea pons Linne 'Coon Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28d 

[LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Louisiana] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in size . The radial plicate sculpture and corresponding 
sharply folded valve margins are characteristic of this intertidal species . [MISC Inner] 
margins of valves closely dotted with minute pimples for nearly the entire 
circumference of the valves . Muscle scars located well up toward the hinge . 
Beaks somewhat curved . Interior translucent-white , exterior usually purplish 
red . Frequently elongate and attached to stems of trees by a series of clasp- 
ing projections of the shell , but may be also oval in shape . [PERSON O. rubella] and 
[PERSON O. limacella Lamarck] are this species . [PERSON O.] jolimn [PERSON Linne] is a [LOCATION Philippine] species . 



374 [MISC American Seashells] 

[LOCATION Ostrea] permollis [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Sponge Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 28b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Rarely over 3 inches in size . Lives embedded in sponges with only the 
margins of the valves showing . The surface of the valves has a soft , silky 
appearance . [PERSON Beak] twisted back into a strong spiral . Exterior light-orange to 
tan; interior white . Inner margins with numerous small , round denticles . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Another flat , but larger and light-shelled oyster , [PERSON Pycnodonta] hyotis 
[PERSON Linne] , is found in deep water attached to old wrecks off [LOCATION Florida] and in the 
[LOCATION West Indies] . It is immediately recognized by the peculiar structure of the 
shell which under a lens appears to be filled with numerous bubbles or empty 
cells , much like a bath sponge . It reaches a diameter of 3 or 4 inches , is 
generally circular in outline and may be colored whitish cream , brownish or 
even lavender . Ostrea thovmsi [LOCATION McLean] is this species according to the [MISC French] 
worker , [PERSON Gilbert Ranson] . 

[ORGANIZATION Ostrea lurida Carpenter] [ORGANIZATION Native Pacific Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] igi 
[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , of various shapes; generally rough with coarse 
concentric growth lines , but sometimes smoothish . Interior usually stained 
with various shades of olive-green , and sometimes with a slight metallic 
sheen . It occasionally has purplish brown to brown axial color bands on the 
exterior . This is the common intertidal native species of the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] . 
A number of ecological forms have been described : expansa [PERSON Carpenter] , 
rufoides Cpr . and possibly conchaphila Cpr . 

[PERSON Genus Crassostrea Sacco] 1897 

This genus includes the commercially important [ORGANIZATION American Oyster] , [PERSON C.] 
virginica Gmehn , which was formerly placed in the [LOCATION genus Ostrea] . In 
[LOCATION Crassostrea] , the left or attached valve is larger than the right . The inner 
margin is smooth . The eggs are small , produced in large numbers at one 
spawning ( over 50 million ) , and are fertilized and develop in the open wa- 
ters outside of the parents . The muscle scar is usually colored . The prodisso- 
conch hinge is short , and the valves asymmetrical . The [MISC Japanese Oyster] ( [PERSON C.] 
gigas ) ^ introduced to west [MISC American] shores , the Portuguese Oyster ( C angu- 
[ORGANIZATION lata Lamarck] ) , and [PERSON C. rhizophorae Guilding] from [LOCATION Cuba] also belong to this 
genus . [PERSON Gryphaea Lamarck] is a fossil genus which should not be associated 
with this genus . 



ASTARTIDAE 375 

[LOCATION Crassostrea] virginica Gmelin Eastern Oyster 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28a 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 6 inches in length . This is the familiar edible oyster which varies 
greatly in size and shape . The valve margins are only slightly undulating or 
are straight . The muscle scar is usually colored a deep purple , the rest of the 
shell being white inside and dirty-gray exteriorly . Beaks usually long and 
strongly curved . " Blue Points , " a form originally harvested at [LOCATION Blue Point] , 
[LOCATION Long Island] , are rounded in shape and with a rather deep , lower valve . 
" Lynnhavens " arc broad , elongate forms originally harvested at [LOCATION Lynnhaven] 
[LOCATION Bay] , [LOCATION Virginia] . These variations are due to environmental differences . [PERSON C.] 
[PERSON brasiliana Lamarck] and [PERSON C. floridensis] Sowerby are this species . 

[PERSON Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding] ( [PERSON brasiliana] of authors ) is found in the 
[LOCATION Caribbean] region , and it is a lightweight shell , deep-cupped , with a flat upper 
valve small and fitting well down into the lower valve . The inner margin of 
the lower , attached valve is splotched with bluish purple . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[LOCATION Crassostrea] gigas [ORGANIZATION Thunberg Giant Pacific Oyster] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29g 
[LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION California] . [LOCATION Japan] . 

3 to 12 inches in length , of various shapes , but generally characterized 
by its large size , its coarse , widely spaced , concentric lamellae or very coarse 
longitudinal flutings or ridges on the outside . Interior enamel white , often 
with a faint purplish stain on the muscle scar or near the edges of the shell . 
Very rarely with a greenish stain . A common , large and marketable oyster 
introduced yearly into [LOCATION Canada] and the [LOCATION United States] from [LOCATION Japan] . The form 
lapermisi Schrenck is round . The typical gigas is the long , strap-like form . 
[PERSON O.] gigas [PERSON Aleuschen] is an invalid name and does not preoccupy that of Thun- 
[PERSON berg] 's . Also known as the [MISC Japanese Oyster] . 

Order [LOCATION EULAMELLIBRANCHIA] 
[ORGANIZATION Suborder HETERODONTA] 
S7iperfa77nly [LOCATION ASTARTACEA] 

Family ASTARTIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Astarte Sowerby] 18 16 

[PERSON Astarte borealis Schumacher] Boreal Astarte 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28q 
[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] . [LOCATION Alaska] . 

I to 2 inches in length , ovate , moderately compressed . External liga- 
ment large . Concentric ridges strong near the beaks but disappearing near 



376 [LOCATION America] ? ! Seashelh 

the margins of the valves . Differing from subequilatera in being more ellip- 
tical in side view , in having the beaks near the middle , with weaker con- 
centric ribs , and with the inner surface of the valve margins smooth . A com- 
mon shallow-water species . 

[PERSON Astarte] subequilatera [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Lentil Astarte] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28-0 
[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION Florida] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , ovate , moderately compressed . External liga- 
ment small . Concentric ridges strong , rounded , evenly spaced . Internal mar- 
gin of valves finely crenulate . Beaks turned slightly forward , often eroded . 
Color dull light- to dark-brown . Found in shallow water in the north and 
below 50 fathoms in the south . [ORGANIZATION Common] . Compare with bore alls . 

[PERSON Astarte] undata [PERSON Gould Waved Astarte] 

Plate 28r 

[LOCATION New Brunswick] to [LOCATION Maine] . 

Similar to subequilatera , but less elliptical , with its beaks near the center 
and with fewer and stronger concentric ridges . Probably the commonest 
[PERSON Astarte] in [LOCATION New England] . 

[PERSON Astarte] castaiiea Say Smooth Astarte 

Plate 28s 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] . 

I inch in length , as high , trigonal in shape , quite compressed . Beaks 
pointed and hooked anteriorly; external ligament small . [ORGANIZATION Shell] almost smooth , 
except for weak , low concentric lines . Color a glossy light-brown . [MISC Inner] 
margin of valves finely crenulate . A commonly dredged species . 

Astarte nana Dall Southern Dwarf Astarte 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

/4 inch in length , slightly trigonal in shape , compressed . With or with- 
out about 25 well-developed , evenly spaced , rounded , concentric ridges . 
Ventral and inner edge of valves usually with 40 to 50 distinct small pits or 
crenulations . [ORGANIZATION Shell] cream , tan , brown or rose-brown in color with the beaks 
usually whitish . A very abundant species dredged in moderately shallow 
water , especially off eastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Family CRASS] AT [LOCATION ELLIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Eucrassatella Iredale] 1924 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] large , thick , equivalve , posteriorly rostrate; ligament and resilium 



CRASS A [ORGANIZATION TELLIDAE] 3 7 7 

adjacent and internal in a triangular resilifer; left valve with 2 diverging cardi- 
nal teeth; right valve with 3, of which the posterior one is more or less obso- 
lete . 3 laterals in each valve . [PERSON Crassatella Lamarck] is fossil and not this genus . 
[PERSON Crassatellites Krueger] is believed to be invalid . 

[PERSON Eucrassatella] speciosa [PERSON h. Adams] 1852 [PERSON Gibb] 's Clam 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30Z 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1V2 to 2/0 inches in length , % as high , heavy , beaks at the center , and 
the shell somewhat diamond-shaped . Concentric sculpture of neat , rather 
heavy , closely packed ridges ( about 15 per half inch ) . [PERSON Lunule] and escutcheon 
sunken , lanceolate in shape and about the same size as each other . Exterior 
with a thin , persistent , nut-brown periostracum . Interior glossy ivory with 
either a tan or pink blush . Moderately common just offshore in sand . [PERSON C.] 
floridana [LOCATION Dall] is the same , being based on a young specimen . [PERSON E. gibbesi] 
[PERSON Tuomey] and [PERSON Holmes] 1856 is a synonym . 

Genus CrassineUa Guppy 1874 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , compressed , subtriangular , and slightly inequivalve . 2 cardi- 
nals in each valve , i anterior lateral in the right valve , i posterior lateral in 
the left valve . 

[PERSON CrassineUa] lunulata [PERSON Conrad Lunate CrassineUa] 

Figure 28k 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to H inch in length , as high , quite compressed , solid , with the tiny , 
closely pressed-together beaks at the middle or slightly toward the anterior 
end . Dorsal margins straight and about 90 degrees to each other , the anterior 
margin slightly longer and with a \\4der sunken area . The valves are pecu- 
liarly askew , so that the posterior dorsal margin of the left valve is more 
obvious than that of the right valve . Concentric sculpture of coarse but well- 
developed ribs ( about 15 to 17 plainly visible ) . Color whitish or pinkish , 
interior commonly brown . Sometimes faintly rayed . A common shell from 
beach to 60 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION CrassineUa] mactracea [PERSON Lindsley Lindsley] 's [PERSON CrassineUa] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 30b] 

[LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] to [LOCATION Long Island] , [LOCATION New York] . 

Almost identical with lunulata from more southern waters , but more 
obese , with a more oval lunule , and generally with a chalky texture to the 



378 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

shell . Occasionally the ribs are less strongly developed . Common from just 
offshore to 30 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfajnily CARDITACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family CARDITIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Cardita Bruguiere] , 1792 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , thick , radially ribbed , quadrate , with a slight ventral gape 
and having a byssus . The animal has a marsupium to contain its eggs . Pos- 
terior right cardinal usually absent or almost so . This appears to be the 
accepted use of [ORGANIZATION Cardita] according to [LOCATION Winckworth] , [PERSON Chavan] , [PERSON Lamy] and [LOCATION Dall] . 

Subgenus Carditamera Conrad 1838 

[LOCATION Carditaviera] has shells which are more elongate and have strong lateral 
teeth . 

[ORGANIZATION Cardita] floridana [ORGANIZATION Conrad Broad-ribbed Cardita] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30a 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , about half as high , elongate , inflated , solid and 
heavy . Surface with about 20 strong , rounded , raised , beaded , radial ribs . 
In live material , the gray periostracum obscures the color of the shell . Ex- 
terior whitish to gray with small bars of chestnut color on the ribs arranged 
in concentric series . Interior white with a small light-brown patch above 
the two muscle scars . Beaks close together . Lunule small , very deeply in- 
dented under the beaks . Ligament moderately large , visible from the out- 
side . Very common on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] where it is washed ashore . 
Used extensively in the jewelry business . 

[ORGANIZATION Cardita] gracilis [PERSON Shuttleworth] is doubtfully recorded from [LOCATION Florida] but is 
known from [LOCATION Mexico] to [LOCATION Puerto Rico] . It is quite elongate , narrow at the 
anterior end , with larger , smoothish ribs , and the posterior lateral tooth is 
stained dark-brown . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] . 

The [LOCATION Pacific Coast] species is [PERSON Cardita carpenteri Lamy] ( pi . 29r ) which is 
V 'z inch long and ranges from [LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION Lower California] in shal- 
low to deep water . Its color is brownish gray with a purplish interior . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus GJaiis Miihlf] eld 1 8 1 1 
[ORGANIZATION Cardita] dominguensis [ORGANIZATION Orbigny Domingo Cardita] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , ovate , inflated; beaks close together , pointing toward 



[ORGANIZATION CARDITIDAE] 379 

each other , located nearer the anterior end . Lunule narrow , rough , ill- 
defined . Numerous strong radial ribs are weakly beaded . Color whitish with 
a rose tint . Moderately common from i foot to 70 fathoms on sandy bot- 
toms . Compare with the commoner and closely resembling [LOCATION Venericardia] 
tridentata . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Venericardia Lamarck] 1801 

[ORGANIZATION Shell rounded-trigonal] , with strong radial ribs which are commonly 
beaded; internal margins crenulate; right anterior cardinal and laterals absent . 
No byssus made . 

Subgenus Cyclocardia Conrad 1867 
[LOCATION Cyclocardia] has whitish shells and a rough periostracum . 

[LOCATION Venericardia] borealis [ORGANIZATION Conrad Northern Cardita] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [ORGANIZATION 28t] 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] . 

I to i^ inches in height , rounded , obliquely heart-shaped , thick and 
strong; beaks elevated and turned forward . Surface with about 20 rounded , 
moderately rough or beaded , radial ribs . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white , usually covered by a 
fairly thick , velvety , rusty-brown periostracum . Lunule small but very deeply 
sunk . [PERSON Hinge] strong; in the left valve the central tooth under the beak is 
large , triangular and curved . Very common on the [MISC Grand Banks] where it 
serves as a food for fish . 

[PERSON V. novangliae Morse] ( [LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION New York] ) is similar , but is ovate , 
the length being slightly greater than the height of the shell . It is sometimes 
considered a variety of borealis . 

[LOCATION Venericardia] ventricosa [ORGANIZATION Gould Stout Cardita] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29I 
Puget Sound to [LOCATION Santa Barbara Islands] . 

About % inch in length , rounded-trigonal , moderately fat , lunule small; 
with about 1 3 rather wide , radial ribs which are bluntly beaded . [MISC Inner] mar- 
gins of the valves have prominent , squarish , widely spaced crenulations which 
correspond to the external ribs . There are two other forms , one from [LOCATION Mon-] 
terey ( stearnsi [LOCATION Dall] ) , the other from [LOCATION Redondo Beach] , which are very close , 
but their distinctiveness and proper names are yet to be decided . The latter 
form is V. redondoensis " [PERSON Burch] " [PERSON P. Morris] 1952. [PERSON C.] ventricosa is dredged 
fairly commonly . 



380 



[MISC A^jierican] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he Us 



Subgenus Fleurovieris Conrad 1867 
[LOCATION Venericardia] tridentata Say Three-toothed [ORGANIZATION Cardita] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to all of [LOCATION Florida] . 

V4, inch in length and height , trigonal in shape , inflated , with 15 to 18 
heavily beaded strong radial ribs . Beaks close together , pointing slightly 
forward . [LOCATION Lunule oval] , sharply impressed , smoothish . Escutcheon small , nar- 
row . External color grayish brown , sometimes with red-brown mottlings . 
Hinge-teeth often purplish blue . Interior of valve stained with light-brown 
on white background . A common , moderately shallow-water species , usually 
confused with [ORGANIZATION Cardita] do77nngiiensis which , however , lacks the strong tri- 
dentate hinge , is ovate in shape , whose ribs are weakly beaded and whose 
beaks point toward each other . 



[LOCATION Venericardia] perplana [PERSON Conrad] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southern half of [LOCATION Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION Flattened Cardita] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 81 



^ inch in size , similar to [LOCATION V. borealis] but much smaller , without a peri- 
ostracum , pinkish or mottled brown , and more obhque . The ribs are wider , 
and close to each other . The subspecies [PERSON flabella Conrad] from [LOCATION Tampa Bay] , 
[LOCATION Florida] , has fewer ribs which are squarish and separated by furrows almost 
equal in size to the ribs themselves . [PERSON V. perplana] is common , flabella only 
locally found at certain seasons in few numbers . 





Figure 76. [PERSON Kelsey] 's [PERSON Milner Clam] , [PERSON Milneria kelseyi] [LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON Yg] to ^ inch ( southern 

[LOCATION California] ) . 



[PERSON Kelsey] 's [ORGANIZATION Milner Clam] 

Figure 76 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Milneria] Dall 1881 
[ORGANIZATION Milneria kelseyi] [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to ^ inch in length . An extraordinary clam which resembles a tiny 
[LOCATION Brazil] nut . The bottom margins of the valves are pushed in to form a small 
cup-shaped hollow . Into this , the females put the 50 or so young whose 



[ORGANIZATION ARCTICIDAE] 381 

shells are smooth and round . The hollow is covered over by a sheath of peri- 
ostracum . Hinge of adult with large triangular tooth in left valve which fits 
snugly between tM^o smaller ones in the right valve . Found in shallow water 
under stones . External sculpture of scaled ribs and concentric ridges . Color 
light-brown . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thick , translucent glaze inside . 

Fimtily [ORGANIZATION CORBICULIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Folymesoda Rafinesque] 1820 

[ORGANIZATION Folymesoda] caroliniana [ORGANIZATION Bosc Carolina Marsh Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3obb 

[LOCATION Virginia] to north half of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

I to I % inches in length , about as high , subtriangular in outline , rather 
obese and with a strong shell . Exterior of smoothish shell is covered with 
a very fuzzy or minutely scaled periostracum which is mostly glossy-brown 
and rather thin . Interior white , rarely stained with purple . Each hinge with 
3 small , almost vertical , equally sized teeth below the beaks and each hinge 
with I anterior and posterior lateral . Ligament external , long , narrow and 
dark-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] at the mouths of rivers where the influence of the 
tides is felt . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Pseudocyrena Bourguignat] 1854 
[PERSON Pseiidocyrena] fioridana [ORGANIZATION Conrad Florida Marsh Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3oy 

[LOCATION Key West] to northern [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

I inch in length , quite similar to [ORGANIZATION Folymesoda] caroliniana , but more vari- 
able in shape ( [PERSON ovalish] to elongate ) , without the fuzzy periostracum , with its 
beaks never eroded away and with 2 long , slender anterior and posterior 
laterals . Exterior with irregular growth lines , dull dirty-white , commonly 
flushed with purple or pink . Interior white with a wide margin of deep 
purple or entirely purple . [MISC Brackish] warm water in mud . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[ORGANIZATION Family ARCTICIDAE] 

[PERSON Genus Arctica Schumacher] 1817 

( [PERSON Cyprina Lamarck] ) 

[LOCATION Arctica] islandica [LOCATION Linne Ocean] Quahog 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 32f] 

[LOCATION Newfoundland] to oflF [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , almost circular in outline , rather strong , porcel- 
laneous , but commonly chalky . Exterior covered with a brown to black , 
rather thick periostracum . The posterior laterals and the absence of a pallial 



382 [MISC American Seashells] 

sinus will distinguish this clam from the true Quahogs ( see [LOCATION Mercenaria] 
[LOCATION mercenaria] ) . A common , commercially dredged species found in sandy mud 
from 5 to 80 fathoms . This is the only living species in this family . There 
are numerous fossil species . Also called the Black Clam and [ORGANIZATION Mahogany Clam] . 



[ORGANIZATION Family TRAPEZIIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Coralliophaga] [PERSON Blainville] 1824 

[ORGANIZATION Shell cigar-shaped] , with the beaks at the anterior end . 3 cardinals in 
each valve , the posterior one extending along the hinge line like a lateral . 
Posterior muscle scar considerably larger than the anterior one . Some work- 
ers have placed this genus in the [LOCATION Petricolidae] . 



[PERSON Coralliophaga] coralliophaga [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Coral-boring Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28p 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I % inches in length , oblong to elongate , and quite thin . Very 
finely sculptured with radial threads . Concentric lamellations present at the 
posterior end . Exterior yellowish white; interior white . This shell is very 
similar in appearance to [LOCATION Lithophaga] antillarum , but may be told from it by 
the presence of distinct teeth in the hinge . This is an uncommon species 
which lives in the burrows of other rock-boring mollusks . 



[ORGANIZATION Superfainily DREISSENACEA] 

Fajnily DREISSENIDAE 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cojigeria Partsch] 1835 

Subgenus Mytilopsis Conrad 1857 

Congeria leucophaeata [PERSON Conrad Conrad] 's [PERSON False Mussel] 

[LOCATION New York] to [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Mexico] . 

V2 to % inch in length , superficially resembling a [PERSON Mytiliis] or Septifer 
because of its mussel-like shape . The [MISC Septifer-like] shelf at the beak end has 
a tmy , downwardly projecting , triangular tooth on the side facing the long , 
internal ligament . The hinge has a long thin bar under the ligament . Exte- 
rior bluish brown to tan with a thin , somewhat glossy periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
dirty bluish tan . This common bivalve attaches itself by its short byssus to 
rocks and twigs in clumps which resemble colonies of Mytihis . Found in 
brackish to fresh water near rivers . 



[ORGANIZATION DIPLODONTIDAE] 383 

Super jamily [ORGANIZATION LUC] IN ACE A 

[ORGANIZATION Family DIPLODONTIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Diplodonta Bronn] 1831 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] thin , orbicular and strongly inflated . There are 2 cardinal teeth in 
each valve . The left anterior and right posterior ones are split or bifid . Lat- 
erals obscure or absent . [PERSON Taras Risso] , commonly used in place of the name 
[LOCATION Diplodonta] , is a doubtful name which has been recently abandoned . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Diplodonta] s. str . 
[ORGANIZATION Diplodonta] punctata Say [ORGANIZATION Common Atlantic Diplodon] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length , moderately strong , almost orbicular , well-inflated 
and pure-white in color . Smooth near the beaks , elsewhere very finely 
scratched with concentric lines and commonly with distantly spaced , coarse 
growth lines . Fairly common in shallow to deep water . 

[ORGANIZATION Diplodonta] orbella [ORGANIZATION Gould Pacific Orb Diplodon] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% to I inch in length , almost circular in outline , quite inflated and 
smoothish except for moderately coarse growth lines . Beaks small , pointing 
slightly forward . Ligament posterior to beaks is long , raised and conspicuous . 
2 rather large teeth in each valve below the beaks . Left anterior and right 
posterior teeth split . In many shallow-water localities , this clam builds a 
compact nest of periostracal material and detritus . In its more southerly 
range , specimens are usually more compressed , less orbicular in shape and 
more glossy externally ( subspecies subquadrata [PERSON Carpenter] ) . Alias [PERSON Taras] or- 
[PERSON bella] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Phlyctiderma] Dall 1899 
[PERSON Diplodonta] [PERSON semiaspera Philippi] Pimpled [ORGANIZATION Diplodon] 

[LOCATION North Carohna] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Rarely over V2 inch in length , similar to [PERSON D. punctata] , but chalky-white 
externally and with numerous concentric rows of microscopic pimples . Mod- 
erately common in sand below low-water mark to 40 fathoms . Alias D. 
granulosa [PERSON C. B. Adams] . 



384 



American Se ash ells 



[ORGANIZATION Subfamily THYASIRINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Thyasira Lamarck] 1818 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] subglobular and of an earthy texture; umbones directed forward; 
posterior region of valve deeply furrowed; lunule absent; ligament in a 
groove and partly external; hinge without teeth and indented in front of 
the umbo; pallial line without a sinus . 



[PERSON Thyasira] trisinuata [PERSON Orbigny] 



[ORGANIZATION Atlantic Cleft Clam] 



[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to /4 inch in length , oblong , fragile and translucent-white . [PERSON Hinge] 
weak and with only a very long , weak posterior lateral . Posterior slope of 
shell with 2 strong , radial waves or rounded grooves . Moderately common 
in dredgings from 15 to 90 fathoms on sandy bottom , 

[PERSON Thyasira] [PERSON gouldi Philippi] ( [PERSON Labrador] to off [LOCATION North Carohna] ) is similar , but 
only % inch in size , almost round but slightly higher , and with a weak yel- 
lowish periostracum . The hinge lacks teeth . [ORGANIZATION Common] offshore to 60 fath- 
oms . Called [PERSON Gould] 's [ORGANIZATION Cleft Clam] . 






Figure 77. [LOCATION Pacific Cleft Clams] , a , [PERSON Thyasira] bis e [PERSON eta Conrad] , i inch ( [LOCATION Pacific] 
[LOCATION Coast] ) ; b and c , [PERSON Thyasira] excavata [LOCATION Dall] , % inch ( [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] ) . 



[PERSON Thyasira] bisecta [ORGANIZATION Conrad Pacific Cleft Clam] 

Figure 77a 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Oregon] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , almost square in side view and moderately 
obese . Characterized by the almost vertical , straight , anterior end which is 
90 degrees to the dorsal margin . Ligament long and narrow and flush with 
the dorsal margin of the shell . There is a deep , prominent radial furrow on 
the exterior running posteriorly from the beaks . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky-white , com- 



[ORGANIZATION LUCINIDAE] 385 

monly with a thin , yellowish gray periostracum . [PERSON Irregular] coarse growth 
hnes present . [PERSON Uncommon] from 4 to 139 fathoms . Closely related to T. dis- 
juncta [PERSON Gabb] , if not that species . 

Fainily [ORGANIZATION LUCINIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Li^cina Bruguiere] 1797 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] orbicular , strong and laterally compressed . Cardinal teeth small , 
obscure in the adults , but the laterals are well-developed . The use of [LOCATION Lucina] 
here is based on [PERSON Anton] 's designation of [PERSON pensylvanica Linne] as the genotype . 
The [PERSON genus Linga Gregorio] is this genus . 

[PERSON Subgenus Lucijia] s. str . 
[LOCATION Lucina] pensylvanica [PERSON Linne Pennsylvania Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38h 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 2 inches in length , ovate , usually quite inflated . Concentric ridges 
very delicate and distinct . Color pure-white with a thin yellowish periostra- 
cum . Lunule heart-shaped , well-marked and raised at the center . The fur- 
row from the beak to the posterior ventral edge of the valve is very pro- 
nounced . Beachworm specimens become smooth and shiny-white . The 
species name was incorrectly spelled by [ORGANIZATION Linne] . Moderately common in shal- 
low water . 

Subgenus Here Gabb 1866 
[LOCATION Lucina] sonibrereiisis Dall [ORGANIZATION Sombrero Lucina] 

[MISC Figure 78b] 
[LOCATION Southern Florida] . 

^4 inch in length , oval , greatly inflated and pure white in color . No 
radial sculpture . Concentric riblets numerous , sharp and irregularly crowded . 
Concentric growth irregularities commonly make the outer surface wavy . 
[ORGANIZATION Commonly] dredged off [LOCATION Miami] from 20 to 90 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Bellucina] Dall 1901 
[LOCATION Lucina] aiitiaiitus [ORGANIZATION Dall Lovely Miniature Lucina] 

Figure 78c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% to % inch in length , not quite so high , quite obese , thick-shelled , pure- 
white in color and beautifully sculptured with 8 to 9 wide , rounded , radial 
ribs across which run numerous , small concentric riblets . Near the posterior 
upper margin of the shell there is a radial row of about 8 to 1 1 small , scale- 



386 



[MISC Avierican] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 



like nodes . Behind the tiny , curved beaks there is an [PERSON ovalish] , heart-shaped 
depression . Internal margin of valves strongly crenulated with tiny teeth . 
Adults are commonly misshapen by concentric growth stops . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 
shallow water to 68 fathoms . Compare with [PERSON L. multilineata] . 




Figure 78. American Lucinas . [LOCATION ATLANTIC] : a , [PERSON Fhacoides fllosiis Stimpson] , i to 
3 inches; [ORGANIZATION b] , [PERSON Liicina] soffibrerensis [LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON Y^] inch; c , [PERSON Liicina] amiantus [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; 
d and e , [PERSON Lucina] leiicocyvia [LOCATION Dall] , 34 inch; f , [PERSON Liicina] multilineata [PERSON Tourney] and 
[PERSON Holmes] , % inch . [LOCATION PACIFIC] : g , [PERSON Lucina] approxiinata [LOCATION Dall] , ^ inch; h , [PERSON Liicina] tenui- 

sculpta Cpr . , % inch . 



[PERSON Subgenus Farvilucina] Dall 1901 
[PERSON Lucina] multilineata [PERSON Tuomey] and [PERSON Holmes] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 

% to ^/4 inch in length , almost circular in shape , very obese , moderately 



[MISC Many-lined Lucina] 

Figure ySf 



LUCINIDAE 387 

thick-shelled , white , and very finely sculptured . Somewhat like [PERSON L. amiantus] , 
but without radial ribs , except for exceedingly fine threads seen best near 
the beaks . Concentric sculpture of numerous , rather irregular , growth 
threads . The shell commonly continues growth after a long rest , thus caus- 
ing an irregular , concentric hump in the shell . Inner margin very finely 
denticulate . [PERSON P. crenella] [LOCATION Dall] is the same species . Common from beach to 
1 20 fathoms . 

[PERSON Lucina] tenuisculpta Carpenter Fine-lined [PERSON Lucina] 

Figure ySh 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

V2 inch in length , slightly less in height , oval in outline , chalky-white 
and with a thin , grayish or yellowish green periostracum . Sculpture of nu- 
merous , small , weak , raised , radial threads . Concentric growth lines fine and 
irregularly placed . Beaks fairly prominent and pressed closely together . Be- 
hind them , the narrow , depressed ligament is visible from the outside . In 
front is the small , heart-shaped , depressed lunule . Inner margin of valves 
finely toothed . Common just offshore . 

[PERSON Lucina] approximata [LOCATION Dall] Approximate [PERSON Lucina] 

Figure ySg 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

M inch or less in size . Very similar to tenuisculpta , but smaller , almost 
round in outline , more inflated and with fewer and quite strong , radial rib- 
lets . Periostracum very thin , commonly worn off . [ORGANIZATION Shell] texture less chalky . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in sandy mud just offshore to 48 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Fleurolucina] Dall 1901 
[PERSON Lucina] leucocyma Dall [MISC Four-ribbed Lucina] 

Figure ySd , e 

[LOCATION North CaroHna] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 

[PERSON Vi] inch in length , roughly oval , fairly thick-shelled , inflated and white 
in color . With 4 conspicuous , large , rounded , radial ribs , and with numerous , 
small , crowded , squarish , concentric riblets . The inner margins of the valves 
are finely denticulate . A common , bizarrely sculptured species found from 
low water to several fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Fseudomiltha] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1885 
[PERSON Lucina] floridana [PERSON Conrad Florida Lucina] 

Plates 38i , 3oaa 

[LOCATION West] coast of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 



388 [MISC American Seashells] 

1/4 inches in length , almost circular , compressed , smoothish , except for 
a few weak , irregular growth lines . Pure-white with a dull- whitish , flaky 
periostracum . The beaks point forward , and in front of them there is a deep , 
small pit . [PERSON Hinge] plate fairly wide and strong , but the teeth are weakly de- 
fined . Moderately common in shallow water to a few fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Phacoides Gray] 1847 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] orbicular , quite compressed . Sculpture mostly concentric . Cardi- 
nal teeth obsolete in adults , but the laterals are well-developed . [PERSON Phacoides] 
[PERSON Blainville] is the same but is not considered valid . [PERSON Dentilucina Fischer] is the 
same . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Phacoides] s. str . 

[ORGANIZATION Phacoides] pectinatus Gmelin Thick [PERSON Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to iVo inches in length , ovate , compressed , white or flushed with 
bright-orange . Concentric ridges moderately sharp , usually unequally spaced . 
Ligament partially visible from the outside . [PERSON Lunule] strongly raised into a 
rather thin , rough blade . Anterior and posterior lateral tooth strong . Cardi- 
nals very weak . Moderately common in shallow water . Alias [PERSON Lucina] ja- 
[PERSON maicensis Lamarck] . Do not confuse with [PERSON P. filosus] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Lucinisca] Dall 1901 
[PERSON Phacoides] nassula [PERSON Conrad Woven Lucina] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 

V^ inch in length , almost circular , inflated , strong and pure white . Sculp- 
ture of strong , closely spaced , concentric and radial ribs . These form a 
reticulate , rough surface . Where the ribs cross each other there is a tiny , 
raised scale . The ventral margin of the valve is strongly beaded by the distal 
ends of the axial riblets . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water to 100 fathoms . 

[PERSON Phacoides] rmttalli [PERSON Conrad Nuttall] 's [LOCATION Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3ig 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Manzanillo] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I inch in length , circular , moderately inflated and with a fine , sharp , 
cancellate sculpturing . The shell is divided off^ at the anterior and upper 
portion into a slightly more compressed region which is less sculptured con- 
centrically . Lunule very deep , short and larger in the left valve . Moderately 
common offshore in sand . 



[ORGANIZATION LUCINIDAE] 389 

The subspecies centrifuga [LOCATION Dall] , from [LOCATION Lower California] , has stronger and 
distantly spaced , concentric , raised lines . 

[PERSON Subgenus Lucinoma] Dall 1901 
[ORGANIZATION Fhacotdes] filosus [ORGANIZATION Stimpson Northeast Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38 ) ; figure 78a 

[LOCATION Newfoundland] to north [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

1 to 3 inches in length ( south of [LOCATION North Carolina] rarely over i ^ inches ) , 
almost circular , compressed , white , with a thin , yellowish periostracum . 
Beaks small , close together and centrally located . Sculpture of sharp , raised , 
thin , concentric ridges each about % inch apart . The young commonly lack 
these ridges . No anterior lateral tooth present . Common offshore . Do not 
confuse with pectinatiis which has a strong anterior lateral tooth , is tinted 
inside with orange and whose concentric ridges are unevenly spaced . 

[PERSON Phacoides] annulatus [PERSON Reeve Western Ringed Lucina] 

[MISC Figure 28f] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to southern [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 2% inches in length , oval to circular and slightly inflated . With 
strongly raised , concentric threads about [ORGANIZATION Viq] inch apart . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky-gray 
to white , overlaid by a thin , greenish-brown periostracum . Fairly commonly 
dredged from 8 to 75 fathoms . The Tertiary fossil species acutilineatus Con- 
rad may be the same . 

[PERSON Genus Anodontia Link] 1807 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] large , obese , fairly thin and subcircular in outline . Hinge without 
distinct teeth . Anterior muscle scar long and parallels the pallial line . 

[ORGANIZATION Anodontia alba Link Buttercup Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 38f] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1% to 2 inches in length , oval to circular , inflated and fairly strong . 
[PERSON Hinge] with very weak teeth , the posterior lateral being the most distinct . 
Exterior dull-white with weak , irregular concentric growth Hues . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
with a strong blush of yellowish orange . A common species used in the 
shellcraft business . This is [LOCATION Lucina] [PERSON chrysostoma Philippi] . 

[PERSON Anodontia] pbilippiana [PERSON Reeve Chalky Buttercup] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 386 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to east [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Cuba] and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 



390 [MISC American Seashells] 

2 to 4 inches in length , very similar to [PERSON A. alba] , but with a more chalky 
shell , never with orange color , interior usually pustulose , and the long , an- 
terior muscle scar juts away from the pallial line at an angle of about 30 
degrees instead of paralleling it as in [LOCATION alba] . An uncommon species , commonly 
confused with [ORGANIZATION alba] . It lives down to 50 fathoms but at times is washed ashore . 
A , [LOCATION schrammi Crosse] is this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Codakia Scopoli] 1777 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] large , orbicular , moderately compressed . Hinge of right valve with 
a prominent anterior lateral which is typically close to the cardinals ( an an- 
terior , a posterior and a middle cardinal ) . Hinge of left valve with a large 
double anterior lateral , only 2 cardinals , and with a small , double posterior 
lateral . 

[PERSON Subgenus Codakia] s. str . 
[PERSON Codakia] orbicularis [ORGANIZATION Linne Tiger Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38d 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 % to 3 % inches in length , slightly less in height , well-compressed , more 
or less orbicular in outline , thick and strong . Beaks and /4 inch of subsequent 
growth smoothish . Remainder of the shell roughly sculptured by numerous 
coarse radial threads which are crossed by finer concentric threads . This 
commonly gives the radial ribs a beaded appearance . Exterior white . Inte- 
rior white to [MISC pale-lemon] , commonly with a rose tinge on the ends of the 
hinge or along the margins of the valves . [PERSON Lunule] jusf in front of the beaks 
is deep , heart-shaped , small and nearly all on the right valve . A common trop- 
ical species . Do not confuse with [PERSON C. orbiculata] . 

[PERSON Codakia] costata [PERSON Orbigny Costate Lucina] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , variable in shape , but usually orbicular , quite obese , 
white to yellowish in color . With fine radial ribs , usually in pairs which are 
crossed by very fine concentric threads . Beaks also* with this sculpturing . 
Lunule small , indistinct , lanceolate , slightly more on the right valve . Com- 
pare its poorly defined lunule with those of orbicidaris and orbiculata . Mod- 
erately common offshore on sandy bottoms . 

Subgenus Epilucina Dall 1901 
[PERSON Codakia] californica [MISC Conrad Californian] [PERSON Lucina] 

Plate 31C 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[ORGANIZATION CHAMIDAE] 391 

I to I K Inches In length , oval to circular , moderately inflated . Exterior 
dull-white with numerous , crowded , rather distinct , but small , concentric 
threads . Lunule of right valve like a small , depressed , lanceolate shield which 
fits snugly into a similarly shaped recess in the left valve . A common [PERSON Httoral] 
species in southern [LOCATION California] and down to 78 fathoms . Do not confuse with 
large specimens of [LOCATION Diplodonta] . 



Subgenus Ctena Morch i860 
[PERSON Codakia] orbicidata [ORGANIZATION Montagu Dwarf Tiger Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30I 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch or less in length , very similar to orbicularis^ but with a large , 
elongate lunule in front of the beaks ( instead of small and heart-shaped ) , and 
with stronger , less numerous , commonly divaricate ribs which are noticeable 
right up to the ends of the beaks . This species is much fatter and never has 
pink coloring inside . Common in sand from low water to 100 fathoms . 

The form filiata [LOCATION Dall] has finer sculpturing much like orbicidaris , is often 
yellowish in color , but can be readily distinguished from the latter by its 
elongate lunule . [ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 



[PERSON Genus Divaricella von Martens] 1880 
[PERSON Divaricella] quadrisidcata Orbigny [PERSON Cross-hatched Lucina] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30m 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to I inch in length , almost circular , moderately inflated , and glossy- 
white in color . Sculpture of fine , criss-cross or divaricate , impressed lines . 
[MISC Inner] margin minutely impressed . A very common species washed ashore on 
sandy beaches . It is used extensively in the shellcraft business . [PERSON D. dentata] 
[PERSON Wood] from the [LOCATION West Indies] is very similar , but its inner margin is smooth . 



Family CHAMIDAE 

[PERSON a. Shell] equivalve , with a distinct lunule; radial rows of spines . . . . 

[PERSON Echinochama] 

aa . [ORGANIZATION Shell] very Inequivalve; no lunule : 

[PERSON b. Umbones] turning from right to left; attached by left valve [ORGANIZATION Chama] 
bb . [PERSON Umbones] turning from left to right; attached by the right valve 
[PERSON Pseudochama] 



392 



[ORGANIZATION American Seashells] 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Chmna Linne] 1758 
[ORGANIZATION Chama vmcerophylla Gmelin] Leafy [MISC Jewel Box] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 37b- , figure 79b 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

This is the most common and most brightly hued Atlantic species . In 
quiet waters it may develop spine-like foliations to such an extent that it 
resembles the Spiny Oyster , [PERSON Spondylus] . Exterior variously colored : lemon- 
yellow , reddish brown , deep- to dull-purple , orange , white , or a combination 
of these colors . Inner edges of the valves have tiny , axial ridges or crenula- 
tions . The scale-like fronds have minute radial lines . Compare with sinuosa . 




Figure 79, [LOCATION Atlantic Chamas] . Diagrammatic drawings of the deep valves , showing 
direction of growth and the juncture of the pallial line and muscle scars , a , [LOCATION Chmiia] 
sinuosa Broderip; b , [ORGANIZATION Chama inacerophylla Gmelin;] c , [PERSON Fseiidochama] radians 

[PERSON Lamarck] . 

Chama congregata [ORGANIZATION Conrad Little Corrugated] [PERSON Jewel Box] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 37d 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Rarely over i inch in size . This species closely resembles the common 
[PERSON J77acerophylla] , but in place of numerous foliations there are low axial corru- 
gations or wavy cords . The unattached valve may have a few short , flat 
spines . There are fine crenulations on the inner margins of the valves . The 
color is usually dull with darker specklings . In rocky areas they live in crev- 
ices and under stones . [PERSON Commonly] found attached to pen and ark shells . 



[ORGANIZATION Chama sinuosa Broderip] White Smooth-edged [PERSON Jewel Box] 

Figure 79a 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 3 inches in size . The color is always whitish , although the interior 
may be stained with dull-green . There are no crenulations on the inner edges 



[ORGANIZATION CHAMIDAE] 393 

of the valves . The paUial Hne runs directly to the anterior muscle scar and 
not past the end as in the other species . This is a reef species . An ecological 
variety of heavy shell has been named fir7na Pilsbry and [PERSON McGinty] 1938. 



[ORGANIZATION Chama pellucida Broderip Clear Jevv^el Box] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 37a 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Chile] . 

I /4 to 3 inches in size , with frond-like , smoothish foliations . Color 
opaque to translucent-white . Interior chalk-white , the margins minutely 
toothed or crenulate . [PERSON Commonly] found attached to pilings , breakwaters and 
floating wood . Also dredged down to 25 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Pseiidochama Odhner] 191 7 

These are mirror images of the chamas . According to [PERSON Odhner] , the anat- 
omy and prodissoconchs differ in the two genera . 

Fseudocha77ia radia ? js Lamarck Atlantic Left-handed [PERSON Jewel Box] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 37c; figure 79c 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 3 inches in size . This is the only species of [PERSON Fsendochama] in eastern 
[LOCATION America] . It is not very colorful , and ranges from a dull-white to a dull 
purplish red . The interior is commonly stained with mahogany-brown . 
Crenulations are present on the inner edges of the valves . In shape , it is a 
mirror image of simwsa . [PERSON P. ferriiginea Reeve] is considered a synonym . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . 



[PERSON Pseudo] chama exogyra Conrad Pacific Left-handed [MISC Jewel Box] 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

Similar to [PERSON pellucida] , but attached by the right valve which , when viewed 
from the inside , is arched counterclockwise . The opaque whitish area inside 
is generally not bordered by tiny crenulations . A common intertidal species . 

[PERSON Pseudochavia] echinata Broderip in the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] is a popular 
shell which is characterized by a watermelon-red hinge and purple-stained 
interior . 

[PERSON Pseudochama] [PERSON grajiti Strong] ( [PERSON Grant] 's Chama ) , dredged off central Cali- 
fornia and [LOCATION Catalina Island] , is about i inch in size , with prickly spines on the 
underside of the attached , cup-formed valve . One end of the valve is tinted 
with rose inside and out . Not common . 



394 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Genus Echinochama] [PERSON P. Fischer] 1887 
[ORGANIZATION Echinochmna] cornuta [PERSON Conrad Florida] Spiny [PERSON Jewel Box] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 37g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

I to I % inches in length , quadrate in outHne and rather obese and heavy . 
[PERSON Lunule] distinct and broadly heart-shaped . With 7 to 9 rows of moderately 
long , stoutish spines , between which the [ORGANIZATION shell] is grossly pitted . Exterior 
creamy-white; interior white or flushed with bright pinkish mauve . Attached 
to a small pebble or broken shell by the right valve . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 3 to 
40 fathoms , and commonly washed ashore . 

[PERSON Echinochama] arcinella [PERSON Linne] ( True Spiny [PERSON Jewel Box] , pi . 37h ) from the 
[LOCATION West Indies] to [LOCATION Brazil] has 16 to 35 ( commonly 20 ) radial rows of slender 
spines . The shell is not as obese nor as heavy as cornuta . The subspecies 
calif orjiica [LOCATION Dall] ( pi . 37e ) is very similar , with slightly longer spines and with 
a more compressed shell . It ranges from the [LOCATION Gulf of CaHfornia] to [LOCATION Panama] 
in offshore water . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily LEPTONACEA] 
[ORGANIZATION Family LEPTONIDAE] 

A group of small , fragile , inflated , translucent clams which are parasitic 
or commensal on other marine creatures or are active crawlers like the gastro- 
pods . Most species brood their young inside the mantle cavity . The family 
is also named [PERSON Erycinidae] and [PERSON Kelliidae] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Kellia Turton] 1822 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] unsculptured , inflated and oval-oblong . Lateral teeth present . 
2 cardinal teeth in the right valve . 

[PERSON Kellia] laperousi [ORGANIZATION Deshayes La Perouse] 's [PERSON Lepton] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% to I inch in length , oval-oblong , rather obese and with small beaks 
near the center . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fairly strong , chalk-white , but commonly covered 
with a smooth , glossy , greenish to yellowish-brown periostracum which , 
however , is commonly worn away in the beak area . Very common . Found 
attached to wharf pilings among mussels and chama shells . 

Genus [PERSON Lasaea Brown] 1827 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] very small , beaks nearer one end . Teeth the same as in [LOCATION Kellia] . 



[ORGANIZATION LEPTONIDAE] 395 

[PERSON Lasaea] cistula [ORGANIZATION Keen Little Box Lepton] 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Peru] . 

Me of an inch in length ( one of the smallest of our [MISC American] clams ) , 
oval-oblong to quadrate , with one end slightly more rounded . Beaks slightly- 
nearer the posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Shell] very obese to moderately inflated . Color 
lis^ht-tan with dark carmine around the dorsal margin area , and commonly 
blushed on the sides with light-carmine . Coarse , concentric growth lines , 
especially in the adults . Periostracum thin and yellowish tan . Found nestled 
together in great numbers attached to seaweed holdfasts and among mussels . 

[LOCATION Lasaea] subviridis Dall ( [LOCATION British Columbia] and south ) is much more com- 
pressed , smoother , with smaller beaks , but otherwise similar to cistula . Com- 
mon . 

Genus Pseiidopyth 'ina [PERSON P. Fischer] 1884 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small and quadrangular . Lateral teeth absent; i cardinal tooth in 
each valve . 

[PERSON Fseudopythina] rugifera [PERSON Carpenter Wrinkled Lepton] 

Figure 80a 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to % inch in length , oval-oblong , moderately obese , fairly fragile , 
beaks close together and located about the middle of the shell . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white , 
but in live specimens covered with a thin , light-brown , semi-glossy periostra- 
cum which is feebly and concentrically wrinkled . The ventral edge of the 
valves is slightly indented in the middle in some specimens . May be found 
attached to crustaceans and the sea mouse , [PERSON Aphrodita] , or be free . 

[PERSON Vseiidopythwa] compressa [LOCATION Dall] ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Mexico] , the Compressed Lep- 
ton ) is similar in size and outline , but is considerably compressed ( thinner ) , 
smoothly polished in the beak area and with much less periostracum . Com- 
mon . 

Genus My sella [MISC Angas] 1877 

Two cardinal teeth in the right valve , none in the left . [PERSON Rochefortia] 
[PERSON Velain] is this genus but a later name by several months . 



My sella planulata [ORGANIZATION Stimpson Atlantic Flat Lepton] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , oval-oblong in side view , well-compressed , and fairly 



396 



[MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 



fragile . Beaks small , % the distance back from the anterior end . Dorsal mar- 
gin of valves pushed in , both in front and back of the beaks . There is no 
thickening of the hinge line directly below the beaks . Color white , with 
a thin , nut-brown , smoothish periostracum . Moderately common attached 
to buoys , eel-grass and wharf pilings . 




Figure 8o . [LOCATION Pacific Lepton Clams] , a , [PERSON Fsendopythhia] rugifera Cpr . , % inch , at- 
tached to the underside of a crawfish; b , [PERSON Mysella tmnida Cpr] . , % inch; c , animal 
of the clam , [LOCATION Bortiia] longipes [PERSON Stimpson] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Carolinas] ) . 



[PERSON Mysella] golischt [LOCATION Dall] 

[MISC Southern] third of [LOCATION California] . 



[PERSON Golisch] 's [PERSON Lepton] 



/4 inch in length , oval-oblong in side view , moderately compressed and 
rather fragile . Beaks small , % the distance back from the anterior end . The 
dorsal margin of the valve is pushed in slightly just anterior to the beak . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] white , semi-transparent , with its glossy exterior having irregular , con- 
centric wrinkles . In live specimens , there is a thin yellowish brown periostra- 
cum . These clams are found attached to the gills or legs of the large sand 
crab , [PERSON Blepharopoda] occidentalis . Common , [PERSON M. pedroaiia] [LOCATION Dall] , known from 



[ORGANIZATION CARDIIDAE] 397 

a single specimen , is much more oblique in shape , resembling the equally rare 
[LOCATION Erycina] jernmidina [LOCATION Dall] from off [LOCATION Florida] . 

My sella tu77tida [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Fat Pacific Lepton] 

[ORGANIZATION Figure Sob] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

[PERSON Vq] to %6 of an inch in length , moderately compressed , somewhat tri- 
angular in shape . The tiny beaks are almost at the very posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Shell] 
dull-white , but commonly covered with a light-brown , smoothish periostra- 
cum which is faintly marked with concentric , microscopic wrinkles . The 
hinge teeth are large in comparison to those in other species . [ORGANIZATION Common] from 
low water to 99 fathoms . [PERSON Has been] found in duck stomachs . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily CARDIACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family CARDIIDAE] 

Subfamily [LOCATION TRACHYCARDIINAE] 

Genus Trachycardium Morch 1853 

Trachycardium muricatum [ORGANIZATION Linne Yellow Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39P 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 inches in height , subcircular , with 30 to 40 moderately scaled , radiating 
ribs . Externally light-cream with irregular patches of brownish red or shades 
of yellow . [ORGANIZATION Interior] commonly white , rarely yellow-tinted especially in [LOCATION Flor-] 
ida . A very common , shallow-water species . Compare with eginontianum 
and magnum which are both more elongate . 

Trachycardium egmontianum Shuttle worth Prickly Cockle 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39-0 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 inches in height , with 27 to 31 strong , prickly , radial ribs . Externally 
whitish to tawny-gray with odd patches of weak yellow , brown or dull- 
purple . Interior glossy , commonly brightly hued with salmon , reddish and 
purple . Do not confuse with muricatum which is more oval , has more ribs 
which are not sharply scaled at the center of the shell and is commonly only 
yellowish inside . A common shallow-water species , especially on the [LOCATION Gulf] 
side of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Trachycardium isocardia [PERSON Linne] from the [LOCATION West Indies] has larger and 
slightly different scales , 32 to 37 ribs and has not been recorded from [LOCATION Florida] . 

Trachycardium magnum [ORGANIZATION Linne Magnum Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



398 [MISC American Seashells] 

2 to 3/4 inches in height , elongate , with 32 to 35 mostly smooth ribs . 
The ribs at the posterior end have small , tooth-like scales . [LOCATION Middle ribs] com- 
pletely smooth and squarish . Externally light-cream with irregular patches 
of reddish brown . Interior china-white with the deepest part flushed with 
orange-buff . As a rule , the posterior margin is pale-yellow , merging into 
pale-purple at the extreme edge . A [MISC West Indian] species which has been 
found on the most southerly keys . 

Tr achy car dium quadra genariurn [ORGANIZATION Conrad Giant Pacific Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31a 

[PERSON Santa Barbara] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3 to 6 inches in size , commonly slightly higher than long , inflated , and 
with 41 to 44 strong , closely set , squarish , radial ribs which bear small , up- 
right , strong , triangular spines , especially at the anterior , posterior and ventral 
portions of the shell . Ribs on beaks smoothish . Exterior whitish tan , but 
commonly covered with a thin , opaque-brown periostracum . Interior dull- 
white . Moderately common from shore to 75 fathoms . Known locally as 
the [PERSON Spiny Cockle] . 

[PERSON Genus Papyridea Swainson] 1840 
[PERSON Papyridea] soleniformis [PERSON Bruguiere] Spiny Paper Cockle 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39n 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length , fairly fragile , moderately compressed , and 
gaping posteriorly where the margin of the valve is strongly denticulated 
by the ends of the dozen radial , finely spinose ribs . Exterior tawny with 
rose flecks or mottlings . Interior glossy , mottled with violet and white , 
rarely a solid pastel-orange . Moderately common from low tide to several 
fathoms . The name hiatus Meuschen used for this species in ] olmsonia is 
not valid ( ruled non-binomial ) . 

A similar species , [PERSON P. semisulcata Sowerby] ( Frilled Paper Cockle , pi . 32c ) 
found from low water to 40 fathoms from southern [LOCATION Florida] to the [LOCATION West] 
[LOCATION Indies] , is less than y-> inch in length , white , twice as fat , and with longer 
denticulations at the end of the 12 to 15 radial ribs . [LOCATION Uncommon] , except off 
[LOCATION Miami] where it is commonly dredged . 

[ORGANIZATION Subjamily FRAGINAE] 
Genus Trig07iwcardia Dall 1900 

[LOCATION Trigojiiocardia] media Linnc [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Strawberry Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39m 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION CARDIIDAE] 399 

I to 2 inches in size , squarish in outline , thick , inflated , with 33 to 36 
strong radial ribs which are covered with close-set , chevron-shaped plates . 
External color whitish with mottlings of reddish brown . [ORGANIZATION Interior] usually 
white , or may be flushed with orange , rose-brown or purple . The posterior 
slope is pushed in somewhat and is slightly concave . A relatively common 
species found in shallow to moderately deep water . 

The [ORGANIZATION Western Strawberry Cockle] , [PERSON T. biangiilata Sowerby] , is the [MISC Cali-] 
fornian counterpart of the above species . It is iVi inches in length , with 
about 30 strong ribs; exterior yellowish white , interior reddish purple . 
Moderately common . 

Subjavnly [LOCATION PROTOCARDIINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Nemocardium Meek] 1876 

[PERSON Nemocardhnn] centifilomin [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Hundred-lined Cockle] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

% to % inch in length , almost circular; posterior third of shell with 
cancellate sculpturing and separated from the finely ribbed anterior two 
thirds of the shell by a single raised rib . Edge minutely serrate . Exterior 
with gray , greenish gray or brownish gray , thin , fuzzy periostracum . In- 
terior dull- white . Fairly common . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Microcardiwn Thiele] 1934 

[LOCATION Microcardiwn] peramabile Dall [ORGANIZATION Eastern Micro-cockle] 

[LOCATION Rhode Island] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length , thin , inflated , subquadrate , white , but may be 
mottled tan on the anterior slope . Sculpture prominent on the posterior 
third of the valve . It consists of about 90 closely packed , radial ribs ( spinose 
posteriorly ) which are crossed by minute concentric threads . The anterior 
two thirds is separated from the rest of the shell by a single , crested , spinose , 
radial rib . Very commonly dredged off eastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

Microcardium tinctu ? n [LOCATION Dall] , found with the above species , is % inch 
in length , stained with rose-red and has more than 150 minute , radial ribs . 
[ORGANIZATION Uncommon] . 

Siibjainily [ORGANIZATION LAEVICARDIINAE] 
[PERSON Genus Laevicardimn Swainson] 1840 

[PERSON Laevicardium] laevigatum [ORGANIZATION Linne Common Egg Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39k 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



400 [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he lis 

I to 2 inches in size , higher than long , poHshed smooth , inflated , fairly 
thin and obscurely ribbed . Exterior generally whitish , but may be rose-tinted , 
mottled with brown or flushed with purple , yellow or burnt-orange . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
similarly colored . With about 60 very fine , subdued radial ribs . A common 
shallow-water species . The name serratiim Linne has been erroneously ap- 
plied to our [LOCATION Atlantic] species by some workers . 

Laevicardium vtortoni [PERSON Conrad Morton] 's [ORGANIZATION Egg Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39I 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

% to I inch in size , ovate , glossy , similar to laevigatum , but commonly 
with brown , zigzag markings and with fine , concentric ridges which are 
minutely pimpled . [ORGANIZATION Common] in southern [LOCATION New England] from shallow water 
to 2 fathoms . A food of wild ducks . 

Laevicardium pictmn [ORGANIZATION Ravenel Ravenel] 's [ORGANIZATION Egg Cockle] 

[LOCATION South Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to I inch in height , obliquely triangular in shape , polished and only 
moderately inflated . Exterior white or cream with delicate shades or rose 
or brown and with a weak , iridescent sheen . A color form has strong , 
brown , zigzag streaks . Beaks very low and near the anterior end . Very 
faint radial and concentric lines present . Dredged from 75 to 85 fathoms . 
An uncommon and attractive species . 

Laevicardium sybariticum [LOCATION Dall] 1886 ( [LOCATION Dall] 's [PERSON Egg Cockle] , rare , same 
range ) , is more inflated , squarish in shape and with deep-pink breaks . 

Laevicardium substriatum [ORGANIZATION Conrad Common Pacific Egg Cockle] 

[LOCATION Ventura County] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

Less than i inch in size , obliquely ovate , smooth and slightly compressed . 
Color tan with closely set , narrow , radial bands of reddish brown . These 
lines are commonly interrupted . Interior cream with cobwebby mottlings 
of purplish brown . Very common in such localities as [ORGANIZATION Mission Bay] and New- 
port . 

Laevicardium elatum [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Giant Pacific Egg Cockle] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

3 to 7 inches in height , oval , inflated , slightly oblique , with numerous , 
shallow , radial grooves , but the posterior and anterior regions are smooth . 



[ORGANIZATION CARDIIDAE] 401 

Exterior orange-yellow; interior china-white . This is the largest species of 
recent cockles and is moderately common . 

Genus Dinocardium Dall 1900 
[PERSON Dinocardiu77t] robustum Solander Giant [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32a 

[LOCATION Virginia] to north [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Mexico] . 

3 to 4 inches in size , ovate , inflated , with 32 to 36 rounded , radial , 
smoothish ribs . Externally straw-yellow with its posterior slope mahogany- 
red shading toward purple near the edge . Interior rose , with brownish 
posteriorly and with a white anterior margin . This is the large , common 
cockle washed ashore along the [LOCATION Carolina] and [LOCATION Georgia] strands . It is not found 
in southwest [LOCATION Florida] . 

When the [LOCATION Florida Canal] project was begun in 1935, President [PERSON F. D.] 
[PERSON Roosevelt] was presented with a large silver platter on which was set a 
specimen of [LOCATION Di7iocardium] , encased in gold and containing a portion of the 
first earth excavated as a result of the blast set off by the President . The 
canal was never completed . 

Dinocardium robustwit [PERSON vanhyningi Clench] and [PERSON L. C. Smith] 

[PERSON Vanhyning] 's [PERSON Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 32b] 

[LOCATION Tampa Bay] to [LOCATION Cape Sable] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

3% to 5 inches in size , higher than long , with 32 to 36, smoothish , 
rounded , radial ribs . Externally straw-yellow with irregular patches and 
bands of mahogany-red to purplish brown . It is more elongate , glossier and 
more colorful than robustum , and is the common , large cockle on the west 
coast of [LOCATION Florida] . They are popular souvenirs , being used for ash trays , 
melted-butter dishes , baking dishes and for holding pincushions . 

[PERSON Genus Serripes Gould] 1841 

There is only one species of this peculiar genus of cockles in [LOCATION North] 
[MISC American] waters . The hinge is narrow , the cardinal teeth weak , and the 
ligament is large . The radial ribs are very weak . 

[MISC Serripes] groenlandiczis [ORGANIZATION Bruguiere Greenland Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32d 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound , Wash- 
ington . 

2 to 4 inches in length , moderately thin bur strong , inflated , almost 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 33 
LARGE SCALLOPS 



[PERSON a. Tryon] 's Scallop , Aequipecten glyptiis [PERSON Verrill] , 2% inches ( [LOCATION Massachusetts] 

to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] ) , p. 366. 

[PERSON b. Lion] 's Paw , [PERSON Lyropecten] nodosiis L. , 5 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 366. 

[PERSON c. Atlantic Deepsea Scallop] , [PERSON Flacopecten magellanicus Gmelin] , 8 inches ( Lab- 

rador to off [LOCATION North Carolina] ) , p. 366. 

[PERSON d. Zigzag Scallop] , [PERSON Pecten] ziczac [ORGANIZATION L. ,] 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 362. 

e. San Diego Scallop , [PERSON Pecten] diegensis [LOCATION Dall] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION California] ) , p. 361. 

[PERSON f. Laurentian] Scallop , [PERSON Pecten] laiirenti [PERSON Gmelin] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 362. 

[PERSON g. Ravenel] 's Scallop , [PERSON Pecten] raveneli [LOCATION Dall] , i % inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] 

and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 362. 

[PERSON h. Circular Pacific Scallop] , [PERSON Aeqidpecte] ? j circidaris Sby . , 2% inches ( [LOCATION Pacific] 
side of [LOCATION Central America] ) , not in text . 

i. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Bay Scallop] , [PERSON Aequipecten] irradians irradians [PERSON Lam] . , 3 inches ( At- 
[LOCATION lantic Coast] ) , p. 367. 

[PERSON j. Calico Scallop] , [MISC Aequipecten] gibbus [PERSON L.] , 1% inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 368. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 34 
[ORGANIZATION SMALL SCALLOPS] 



[PERSON a. Sentis Scallop] , Chlamys sentis [PERSON Reeve] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 363. 

[PERSON b. Ornate Scallop] , Chlamys ornata [PERSON Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] 

and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 363. 

[PERSON c. Mildred] 's Scallop , Chlamys mildredae [PERSON F. M. Bayer] , 1 inch . [PERSON Holotype] 

( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Bermuda] ) , p. 363. 

d. and [PERSON e. Rough Scallop] , [MISC Aequipecten] miiscosus [PERSON Wood] , e. is a large , 

worn specimen . 1 inch ( Southeastern [LOCATION United States] and the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] ) , p. 367. 

[PERSON f. Little] Knobby Scallop , Chlamys imbricata [PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch ( South- 

eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 364. 

[PERSON g. Antillean Scallop] , [PERSON Lyropecten] antillariim [PERSON Recluz] , Y2 inch ( South- 

eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 366. 

[PERSON h. Nucleus] Scallop , [MISC Aequipecten] nucleus Born , 1 inch ( [MISC Southeastern] 
[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 368. 

i. Kelp-weed Scallop , [MISC Leptopecten] latiauratus [PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch ( Califor- 
nia ) , p. 365. 

[PERSON j. Pacific Spear] Scallop , Chlamys hastata hastata Sby . , 2 inches ( Cali- 
fornia ) , p. 364, 

[PERSON k. Pacific Pink Scallop] , Chlamys hastata hericia [PERSON Gould] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] ) , p. 364. 

1. [PERSON Hind] 's Scallop , Chlamys hindsi [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , 
[LOCATION California] ) , p. 365. 



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[ORGANIZATION Plate] 35 
[PERSON PEARL OYSTERS] AND [ORGANIZATION MUSSELS] 



[PERSON a. Lister] 's Tree Oyster , [PERSON Isognomon] radiatus [PERSON Anton] , l ] /^ inches ( South- 

eastern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 358. 

b. Flat Tree Oyster , [PERSON Isognomon] alatiis [LOCATION Gmelin] , 2^^ inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 358. 

c. [LOCATION Atlantic Pearl Oyster] , [PERSON Pinctada] radiata [PERSON Leach] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 359. 

d. Atlantic Wing Oyster , [LOCATION Pteria] colymbns Roding , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 359. 

[PERSON e. Kitten] 's Paw , [PERSON Plicatula] gibbosa [PERSON Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Gulf] 

[LOCATION States] and south ) , p. 361. 
£ . [LOCATION Rough Lima] , [LOCATION Lima] scabra Born , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and the 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 370. 
[PERSON g. Spiny Lima] , [LOCATION Lima] lima [PERSON L.] , l}/^ inches ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and the 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 370. 
[PERSON h. Rough Lima] , [LOCATION Lima] scabra Born , smooth form tenera Sby . , 2 inches 

( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and [ORGANIZATION W^est Indies] ) , p. 371. 
i. Yellow Mussel , [PERSON Brack] idontes citrinus Roding , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 352. 
[PERSON j. Scorched] [PERSON Mussel] , Brachidontes exnstus [PERSON L.] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 352. 
[PERSON k. Common Jingle Shell] , [ORGANIZATION Anomia simplex Orbigny] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic] 

[ORGANIZATION Coast] ) , p. 372. 
1. [PERSON Tulip Mussel] , [PERSON Modiolus] americanus [PERSON Leach] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 351. 
[PERSON m. Blue Mussel] , [PERSON Mytilus] edulis [PERSON L.] , 2^^ inches ( [MISC Arctic] to [LOCATION South Carolina] ) , 

p. 354. 
n. Hooked Mussel , Brachidontes recurvus [PERSON Raf] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 353. 
o. Living Lima Clam , [LOCATION Lima] scabra Born , showing the delicate tentacles 

along the mantle edge which aid this clam in swimming ( South- 
eastern [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 370. 



I 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 36 
THORNY OYSTERS 



a. Pacific Thorny Oyster , [PERSON Spondylus] pictorum [PERSON Schreiber] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] 

of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 370. 

b. Atlantic Thorny Oyster , [PERSON Spondylus] amencanus [PERSON Hermann] 3 to 4 

inches . Comes in many colors . Specimen rom the [PERSON Leo burr] ) 
collection . ( [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 3b9. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 37 
[ORGANIZATION JEWEL BOXES] 



a. Clear [MISC Jewel Box] , [ORGANIZATION Chama pellucida Biod] . , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Oregon] to [PERSON Chili] ) , 

p. 393. 

b. Leafy [PERSON Jewel Box] , [PERSON Chama macerophylla Gmelin] , tYi inches ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 392. 

c. Atlantic Left-handed [PERSON Jewel Box] , [PERSON Pseudochama] radians [PERSON Lam] . , 3 inches 

( [LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 393. 

[PERSON d. Little] Corrugated [PERSON Jewel Box] , [LOCATION Chaina] congregata [PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 392. 

[LOCATION e. California] Spiny [PERSON Jewel Box] , [PERSON Echinochaiua] arcinella californica [LOCATION Dall] , 

[PERSON Holotype] . 2 inches ( off [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Panama] ) , p. 394. 

[PERSON f. Cherry Jewel Box] , [PERSON Chama florida Lam] . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 

not in text . 

[PERSON g. Florida] Spiny [PERSON Jewel Box] , [PERSON Echinochama] cornuta [PERSON Conrad] , I inch ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 394. 
[PERSON h. True] Spiny [PERSON Jewel Box] , [PERSON Echinochama] arcinella [PERSON L.] , [PERSON XYi] inches ( [LOCATION West] 
Indies to [LOCATION Brazil] ) , p. 394. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38 
[ORGANIZATION ATLANTIC OYSTERS] , LUCINAS AND VENUS CLAMS 



a. Honeycombed Oyster , [PERSON Pycnodonta] hyotis [PERSON L.] , ^Yj inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 374. 

[PERSON b. Atlantic False Jingle Shell] , [PERSON Pododesnnis] rudis Broderip , 2 inclies 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] , south ) , p. 372. 

c. Coon Oyster , [PERSON Ostrea] frous [PERSON L. ,] 2 inches a , b and c are from a sunken 

wreck off [LOCATION Miami] . Gift of [PERSON Ethel Townsend] ( [LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 373. 

[PERSON d. Tiger Lucina] , [PERSON Codakia] orbicularis [PERSON L.] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Gulf] coast and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 390. 

[PERSON e. Chalky Buttercup] , [LOCATION Anodontia] pJiilippiaiia [PERSON Reeve] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 389. 

[PERSON f. Buttercup Lucina] , [PERSON Anodontia alba Link] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 389. 

g. Thick [LOCATION Lucina] , [PERSON Phacoides] pectinatus [PERSON Gmelin] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 388. 
[PERSON h. Pennsylvania Lucina] , [LOCATION Lucina] pennsylvanica [PERSON L.] , I3/2 inches ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 385. 
i. [LOCATION Florida Lucina] , [PERSON Lucina] [PERSON floridana Conrad] , IJ/2 inches ( [ORGANIZATION Western Florida] 

to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 387. 
[PERSON j. Northeast Lucina] , [ORGANIZATION Phacoides] filosus [PERSON Stimpson] , 2 inches ( off entire east 

coast ) , p. 389. 
k. Amethyst Gem Clam , [PERSON Gemma gemma Totten] , Y inch ( east coast; for 

details see figure 84 ) , p. 418. 
1. [PERSON Empress Venus] , [LOCATION Antigona] strigillina [LOCATION Dall] , 1^/7 inches ( [MISC Southeastern] 

[LOCATION Florida] , south ) , p. 404. 
[PERSON m. Queen Venus] , [PERSON Antigona] rugatina [LOCATION Heilprin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 405. 
[PERSON n. Heart-shaped Venus] , [PERSON Pilar] cordala [PERSON Schwengel] , lYi inches ( [PERSON Gtdf] of 

[LOCATION Mexico] , offshore ) , p. 414. 
[PERSON o. Disk Dosinia] , [LOCATION Dosinia] discus [PERSON Reeve] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Gulf] of 

[LOCATION Mexico] and [LOCATION Bahamas] ) , p. 417. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39 
VENUS CLAMS AND [ORGANIZATION COCKLES] 



a. King Venus , [PERSON Chione] paphia [PERSON L.] , lYj inches ( [LOCATION Florida Keys] and [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 409. 

[PERSON b. SuNRAY Venus] , [PERSON Macrocallista] nimbosn [PERSON Solander] , 5 inches ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to the [LOCATION Gulf States] ) , p. 416. 

c. Imperial Venus , [PERSON Chione] latiUrata [PERSON Conrad] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION Gulf States] ) , p. 409. 

[PERSON d. Lighting Venus] , [PERSON Pilar] luhuinata [PERSON Menke] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 414. 

e. Calico Clam , [PERSON Macrocallista] macalata [PERSON L.] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 416. 

[PERSON f. Royal Comb Venus] , [PERSON Pilar] dione [PERSON L.] , [PERSON V/i] inches ( [LOCATION Texas] to the [LOCATION Caribbean] ) , 

p. 415. 

g. Lady-in- Waiting Venus , [PERSON Chione] intapurpnrea [PERSON Conrad] , l ) /^ inches 

( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Gulf] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 407. 
[PERSON h. Cross-barred] Venus , [PERSON Chione] cancellata [PERSON L.] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 407. 
i. Glory-of-the-Seas Venus , [PERSON Callista] eucymata [LOCATION Dall] , lYi inches ( [LOCATION North] 

[LOCATION Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 415. 

' ] . Pointed Venus , [LOCATION Anomalocardia] cuneimeris [PERSON Conrad] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] to 
[LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 409. 

[PERSON k. Common Egg Cockle] , [PERSON Laevicardiuni] laevigahim [PERSON Linne] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 399. 

1. [PERSON Morton] 's Egg Cockle , [PERSON Laevicardium mortoni Conrad] , 1 inch ( [MISC Massa-] 
chusetts to [LOCATION Texas] ) , p. 400. 

[PERSON m. Atlantic Strawberry Cockle] , [LOCATION Trigoniocardia] media [PERSON L.] , [PERSON V/j] inches 
( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 398. 

n. SiNY Paper Cockle , [PERSON Papyridea] soleniformis Brug . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 398. 

[PERSON o. Prickly Cockle] , [PERSON Trachycardiiun] [PERSON egmontiayuim Shuttle^vorth] , 2 inches 
( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Cuba] ) , p. 397. 

[PERSON p. Yellow Cockle] , Trachycardium jniiricatutn [PERSON L.] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 
[PERSON lina] to the [LOCATION Gulf States] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 397. 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40 
SEMELES AND [ORGANIZATION TELLINS] 



a. [PERSON Gaudy Asaphis] , [PERSON Asaphis deflorata L.] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Southeastern Florida] and 

[LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 439. 

[PERSON b. Purplish Semele] , [ORGANIZATION Semele] purpurascens [PERSON Gmelin] , 1 inch ( [LOCATION North Caro-] 

[PERSON lina] to [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 435. 

c. Large [PERSON Strigilla] , [PERSON Strigilla] carnaria [PERSON L.] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 428. 

d. [LOCATION Atlantic Sanguin] , [LOCATION Sanguinolaria] cruenta [PERSON Solander] , 1^ inches 

( [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 439. 

e. Sunrise Tellin , [PERSON Tellina] radiata [ORGANIZATION L. ,] 3 inches ( [LOCATION South Carolina] to the [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 421. 

f. and [PERSON g. White] [LOCATION Atlantic Semele] , [PERSON Semele] projicua [PERSON Pulteney] , 1 inch . £ is 

the rayed form , radiata Say ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , 

p. 434. 
[PERSON h. Rose Petal Tellin] , [PERSON Tellina] lineata [LOCATION Turton] , lYi inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 427. 
i. Great Tellin , [LOCATION Tellina] [PERSON magna Spengler] , 4 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 427. 
[PERSON j. Faust Tellin] , [ORGANIZATION Arcopagia] fausta [PERSON Pulteney] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] to 

the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 428. 
[PERSON k. Smooth Tellin] , [PERSON Tellina] laevigata [PERSON L.] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION tlie West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 422. 
1. [PERSON Speckled Tellin] , [PERSON Tellina interrupta Wood] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to the [LOCATION West Indies] ) , p. 422. 
[PERSON m. Candy Stick Tellin^] , [LOCATION Tellina] similis Sby . , 1 inch ( [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West] 

[MISC Indies] ) , p. 426. 
n. Alternate [PERSON Tellin] , [PERSON Tellina] alternata Say , 2^/2 inches ( [LOCATION North Carolina] 

to the [LOCATION Gulf States] ) , p. 427. 



CARD ] ID AE 403 

round and slightly gaping at the posterior end . Exterior brownish gray 
and may be with brown , concentric rings of growth . Interior dull-white . 
Beaks inflated and high . Ligament large and strong . No lunule or escutcheon . 
Weak radial ribs seen at both ends only . Concentric growth ridges promi- 
nent near the margins . Muscle scars and pallial line deeply impressed . Foot 
of animal large and suffused with heavy , red mottlings . Very commonly 
dredged in cold , northern waters . 

[PERSON Genus Clinocardium Keen] 1936 
[PERSON Clinocardhim] ciliatuvt Fabricius [ORGANIZATION Iceland Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 320 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Alaska] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

1/4 to 3 inches in size , a little longer than high , with 32 to 38 ridged 
radial ribs which are crossed by coarse concentric lines of growth . Exter- 
nally drab grayish yellow with weak , narrow , concentric bands of darker 
color . Interior ivory . Periostracum gray and conspicuous . Especially abun- 
dant from [LOCATION Maine] northward in offshore waters . 

Clinocardium nuttalli [PERSON Conrad Nuttall] 's [PERSON Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 31b] 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 6 inches in length; smaller ones being almost round , adults tending 
to be higher than long; moderately compressed; commonly with 33 to 37 
coarse radial ribs which are creased by half-moon-shaped riblets . Older 
specimens worn smoothish . Exterior drab-gray , with a brownish yellow , 
thin periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] offshore . Once called [PERSON C.] corbis [PERSON Martyn] . Known 
locally as the [ORGANIZATION Basket Cockle] . 

[PERSON Clinocardiimi] fucanum Dall [ORGANIZATION Fucan Cockle] 

[LOCATION Sitka] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION oif Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , longer than high , moderately inflated , and 
with 45 to 50 low , poorly developed , radial ribs which are crossed by mi- 
croscopic concentric lines . No wavy , radial furrow on the upper posterior 
edge of the shell . Color whitish with a grayish-brown periostracum . Com- 
mon in the [MISC Puget Sound] area . 

[PERSON Young C.] nuttalli are distinguished from this species by their 2 first ribs 
behind the ligament which are large , rounded and make a wavy edge to the 
shell . In small specimens of [PERSON C.] ciliatmn , the top edges of the ribs are sharp; 
in jucanuvi they are rounded . 



404 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cerastoderma Poli] 1795 
[LOCATION Cerastoderma] pinnulatwn [ORGANIZATION Conrad Northern Dwarf Cockle] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30c 

[ORGANIZATION Labrador] to off [LOCATION North CaroHna] . 

^ to /4 inch in length , thin , with 22 to 28 wide , flat ribs which have 
delicate , arched scales on the anterior slope of the shell . Scales missing on 
the central portion of the valve . Externally cream; interior glossy and white , 
rarely tinted with orange-brown . Commonly dredged from 7 to 100 fathoms . 

Super jamily [ORGANIZATION VENERACEA] 
Family VENERIDAE 

The classification of the family of Venus clams has been one of continual 
debate and rearranging for some years . Our presentation here is no better 
than has been suggested before , but at least it is in a form which is conserva- 
tive and most likely to be accepted by the majority . Rather than accept a 
separate family [PERSON Chionidae] or consider it a subfamily remotely related to the 
[LOCATION Venerinae] , we have allied it as an artificial group in the subfamily [ORGANIZATION Venerinae] . 
I suspect that an anatomical study of the soft parts will support this course . 

Siibfamily VENERINAE 

Sculpture usually both radial and concentric; anterior lateral present , 
especially in the left valve , but often extraordinarily vestigial . 

Genus [PERSON Antigona Schumacher] 1817 
[PERSON Subgenus Dosina Gray] 1835 

[LOCATION Antigona] listen [PERSON Gray Princess Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32m 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , oblong-oval , obese . Resembling [LOCATION Mercejiaria] 
campechiensis , but characterized by numerous , fine , radial riblets which cause 
the sharp , concentric ribs to be serrated or beaded . Each side of the lunule 
is bounded by a long , deep , narrow furrow . Posterior muscle scar usually 
stained brown . Moderately common in shallow water in sand . 

Subgenus Circojnphahis Morch 1853 
[LOCATION Antig07ia] strigillina Dall [ORGANIZATION Empress Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 81; figure 8 id 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[LOCATION VENERIDAE] 



405 



1% inches in length , externahy very much hke a small [LOCATION Mercenaria] 
campechiensis , but not as elongate and with more distinct , concentric riblets . 
Internally , it is distinguished easily by the extremely small , if not absent , 
pallial sinus , by the very thick margin of the shell , and in the left valve by 
the presence of a button-like anterior lateral " tooth . " Exterior whitish . 
Dredged occasionally from 40 to 70 fathoms . Considered a collector 's item . 




Figure 8 1 . Some venerid clams , a and b , [PERSON Co7npsomyax] subdiaphmia Cpr . , 2 inches 

( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; c , [PERSON Dosmia] discus [PERSON Reeve] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) ; d , [PERSON Aiitigo7ia] 

strigillina [LOCATION Dall] , i^ inches ( [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) ; e , left valve of [LOCATION Pitar] 

[PERSON monhuana Linsley] , 1% inches ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) . 

Ant 'igona rugatina [MISC Heilprin] [ORGANIZATION Queen Venus] 

[PERSON Plates] 38m; 3211 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to i^ inches in length , rather circular , inflated , and characterized by 
strong , raised , lamellate , concentric ribs between which are 5 or 6 smaller , 
raised concentric ridges . Lunule heart-shaped , well-impressed , bordered by 
a fine , deep line , and crossed by numerous raised threads . [ORGANIZATION Escutcheon] well- 
formed , smoothish . Color cream to whitish with light-mauve mottlings . 
Very uncommon . 

[PERSON Antigona rigida Dillwyn] from the [LOCATION West Indies] is very similar , but 
not nearly so obese , and its concentric ridges are stronger and smoother . 

[ORGANIZATION ^^Chiojiid " Group] 

[PERSON Ovate-trigonal] , inequilateral , sculpture usually cancellate; lunule im- 
pressed . Inner margins usually crenulate . Teeth strong , without the tiny , 
pimple-like anterior lateral . Pallial sinus short . This section or group is 



406 [ORGANIZATION Ainerican Seashells] 

considered by some to be of family or subfamily rank . See Frizzell and [PERSON Myra] 
[PERSON Keen] . 

Genus [PERSON Mercenaria Schumacher] 1817 

The Hard-shell Clams or Quahogs belong to this genus . The shell is 
large and thick; lunule large , heart-shaped and bounded by an incised line . 
Inner margin crenulate . 3 cardinals in each valve . Left middle cardinal 
split . Formerly placed in the genus Venus many years ago , but almost 
universally placed in a genus by itself by modern workers . 

[LOCATION Mercenaria] mercenaria [ORGANIZATION Linne Northern Quahog] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32h 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 
Introduced to [LOCATION Humboldt Bay] , [LOCATION California] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , ovate-trigonal , about % as high , heavy and quite 
thick . Moderately inflated . Sculpture of numerous , concentric lines of 
growth or small riblets . Near the beaks these lines are prominent and dis- 
tantly spaced . The exterior center of the valves has a characteristic smoothish 
or glossy area . Exterior dirty-gray to whitish; interior white , commonly 
with purple stainings . The entire lunule is % as wide as long . The form 
notata Say from the same region is externally marked with brown , [PERSON zie^ag] 
mottlings . This species is very common and is used commercially for 
chowders and as clams-on-the-half-shell or " cherrystones . " Also known as 
the Hard-shelled Clam . Do not confuse with [PERSON M. caTnpechiensis] . 

[LOCATION Mercenaria] mercenaria texana [LOCATION Dall] is a subspecies from the northern 
[LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Mexico] region . It is characterized by a glossy central area on the 
outside of the shell , but has large , irregular , coalescing , flat-topped , con- 
centric ribs . 

[LOCATION Mercenaria] campechiensis [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Southern Quahog] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32g 

[LOCATION Chesapeake Bay] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

3 to 6 inches in length , very similar to [LOCATION mercenaria] , but much more obese , 
a heavier shell , lacks the smooth central area on the outside of the valves , 
and the entire lunule is usually as wide as long . Always white internally . 
Rarely it has a purplish stain on the escutcheon and brown mottlings on the 
side . There have been a number of forms described . In the vicinity of [LOCATION St] 
[LOCATION Petersburg] , [LOCATION Florida] , there is a malformed race in which there is a sharp , 
elevated ridge passing from the [ORGANIZATION umbo] obliquely backward toward the pallial 
sinus on the inside of each valve . The Southern Quahog is common but 
has not been exploited commercially to any great extent . 



VENERIDAE 407 

[PERSON Genus Chione Miihlfeld] 1811 

Shells trigonal or ovate; thick; 3 cardinal teeth in each valve; no anterior 
laterals; pallial sinus small and triangular; inner margins crenulated; lunule 
bounded by an indented line; escutcheon smooth and bounded by a small 
ridge . 

[PERSON Subgenus Chione] s. str . 
[PERSON Chiojie] cancellata Linne Cross-barred Venus 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39h 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to I % inches in length , varying from ovate to subtriangular in shape , 
thick; with strong , raised , curved , leaf-like , concentric ribs and numerous 
coarse radial ribs . Escutcheon long , smooth and V-shaped , commonly with 
6 to 7 brown , zebra-stripes . Lunule heart-shaped , with minute vertical 
threads . Color externally is white to gray; internally glossy-white with a 
suffusion of purplish blue . A very common , shallow-water species in [LOCATION Florida] . 
[PERSON Beachworn] specimens have a cancellate sculpturing . The subspecies mazycki 
[LOCATION Dall] , off the [LOCATION Carolinas] , [LOCATION Georgia] and northeast [LOCATION Florida] has a beautiful rosy 
interior . 

[MISC Chione] intapurpurea [PERSON Conrad Lady-in-waiting Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 to I ^ inches both ways , thick , glossy-white to cream; interior white , 
commonly with a violet , radial band or splotch at the posterior third . Ex- 
terior with crowded , smooth , low , rounded , concentric ribs . The lower 
edge of these ribs bears many small bars which are Imed up one below the 
other to give the shell the impression that it has axial ribs . The concentric 
ribs become sharp and higher at the shell 's extreme ends . [PERSON Lunule] with 
raised lamellations; escutcheon with very fine , transverse lines . [PERSON Uncommon] . 
[PERSON Incorrectly] spelled interpurpurea . 

[PERSON Chione] califomiensis Broderip [ORGANIZATION Common Californian Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31 ) 

[LOCATION San Pedro] to northern [LOCATION South America] . 

2 to 2 % inches high , a little longer , subtrigonal , moderately compressed , 
with sharp , raised , concentric ribs whose edges turn upwards , and with low , 
rather wide , rounded , radial riblets . Lunule heart-shaped and striated; es- 
cutcheon V-shaped in cross-section , long and smooth . The dorsal posterior 
end of the right valve is not as smooth and overlaps the left valve . Exterior 



408 [MISC Avurican] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he Us 

creamy-white with faint mauve stripes on the escutcheon . Interior white , 
commonly with a purple splotch at the posterior end . This is a common 
shore species , formerly called [PERSON C.] succincta [LOCATION Val] . 

[MISC Chione] calif orniensis undatella [MISC Sowerby Frilled Californian] Venus 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3ii 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to northern [LOCATION South America] . 

[PERSON Differing] from calif orniensis in being more inflated , usually with more 
numerous and more closely spaced , thinner concentric ribs , and retaining 
mauve-brown color splotches in the adults . Very common . [MISC Aiany] workers 
consider this a full species , and apparently additional field study is necessary . 

[PERSON Chione] fluctifraga [ORGANIZATION Sowerby Smooth Pacific Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31k 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

lYo inches in height , slightly longer , moderately compressed , subtrigonal; 
radial grooves or ribs strong at the posterior third and at the anterior quarter 
of the shell; central area with stronger , low , rather wide , concentric ribs which 
may have coarse , half-moon-shaped beads . Lunule not well-defined; escutch- 
eon not well seen and not sunken nor smooth as in calif orniensis . Exterior 
creamy-white , semi-glossy , rarely stained with blue-gray . Interior white 
with purple splotches near the muscle scars or on the teeth . Not uncommon 
along the sandy shores in southern localities . 

Section [PERSON Timoclea Brown] 1827 
[PERSON Chione] griis [PERSON Holmes Gray Pygmy Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32 ! 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Key West] to [LOCATION Louisiana] . 

/4 to % inch in length , oblong , with 30 to 40 fine , radial ribs which are 
crossed by very fine , concentric threads . The posterior dozen ribs are cut 
along their length by a very fine groove . [PERSON Dorsal] margin of right valve fim- 
briated and overlapping the left valve . Lunule narrow , heart-shaped , colored 
brown . [ORGANIZATION Escutcheon] very narrow and sunken . Exterior colored a dull-gray , 
but some [LOCATION Florida] specimens tend to be whitish , pinkish or even orange . In- 
terior glossy-white with purplish brown area at the posterior end . Pnrple 
color on hinge at both ends . Commonly dredged in shallow water . 

[PERSON Chione] pygnmea [ORGANIZATION Lamarck White Pygmy Venus] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Iiidies] . 



VENERIDAE 409 

% to % inch in length , similar to grns , but with prominent scales , 4 to 5 
brown , zebra stripes on the escutcheon , with a white lunule , and the teeth 
purple only on the posterior half of the hinge . Beaks commonly pink . In- 
terior all white . Fairly common in shallow water . 

Subgenus Lirophora Conrad 1863 
[PERSON Chione] paphia [ORGANIZATION Linne King Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39a 

[ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1% inches in length , similar to latilirata , but not so heavy , with 10 to 12 
smaller , concentric ribs which are thin at their ends . From a side view , the 
dorsal margin of the lunule is very concave . Not very common in the [ORGANIZATION United] 
[LOCATION States] . 

Chione latilirata [PERSON Conrad Imperial Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

I inch in length , very thick and solid , with 5 to 7 large , bulbous , con- 
centric ribs , usually rounded , but may also be sharply shelved on top . The 
ribs are not thin and flattened at their ends . Lunule heart-shaped , and , from 
a side view , its dorsal margin is almost straight . Surface of shell glossy , cream 
with rose and brown mottlings . Rather uncommon offshore in about 20 
fathoms . 

[PERSON Genus Aiiovralocardia Schumacher] 18 17 
[LOCATION Anomalocardia] cuneimeris Conrad Pointed Venus 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39 ) 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to % inch in length , about % to ^ as high , pointed into a sharp , 
wedge-like rostrum at the posterior end . [LOCATION Lunule oval] to slightly heart-shaped 
and faintly impressed . [MISC Wide ,] shallow escutcheon bordered by a weak ridge . 
Beaks tiny and inrolled . Sculpture of small , but distinct , rounded , concentric 
ribs which are more prominent near the beaks . Color variable : glossy-cream , 
white or tan with brown or purple rays of fine specklings . Interior white , 
purple or brown . [MISC Brackish] water specimens are dwarfed . A common sandy 
shore species . 

[PERSON A. brasiliana Gmelin] ( [MISC West Indian] Pointed Venus ) which is twice as 
large , less elongate , and with the concentric ribs extending over into the 
escutcheon area , has been erroneously reported from the [LOCATION United States] . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in the [LOCATION West Indies] and south to [LOCATION Brazil] . 



410 [PERSON Aviericmi] [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Protothaca] Dall 1902 

[PERSON Frotothaca] tenerrima [MISC Carpenter Thin-shelled] [ORGANIZATION Littlcneck] 

[LOCATION Vancouver] , [LOCATION B.C.] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

About 4 inches in length and 2 % inches high , very compressed , relatively 
thin , with a chalky texture , with a few raised concentric lines and numer- 
ous very small radial threads . [PERSON Lunule] fairly defined . Exterior light gray- 
brown . Interior chalky-white . A fairly common species , commonly washed 
ashore on [MISC Californian] beaches . 

[ORGANIZATION Frotothaca] staininea [ORGANIZATION Conrad Common] [LOCATION Pacific Littleneck] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31m , n 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1 /4 to 2 inches in length , subovate , beaks nearer the anterior end; sculp- 
ture of concentric and radial ribs which form beads as they cross each other 
at the anterior end of the shell . Radial ribs strongrer on the middle of the 
valves . Beaks almost smooth . Exterior rusty-brown with a purplish cast . A 
very abundant , wide-spread species with a number of varieties . Sometimes 
with a mottled color pattern . 

[ORGANIZATION Variety] or form : laciniata [PERSON Carpenter] reaches 3 inches in length , is 
coarsely cancellatc and beaded , its color rusty-brown to grayish . 

[ORGANIZATION Variety] or form : [PERSON ruderata Deshayes] ( typically a northern form ) is 
chalky-white to gray , with concentric ribs large and coarse , commonly 
lamellate ( see pi . 31-0 ) . 

Compare with Tapes philippinarwn , the [MISC Japanese Littleneck] . 

[PERSON Genus Humilaria Grant] and [PERSON Gale] 1931 
1 1 nil lil aria kcnnerleyi [PERSON Reeve Kennerley] 's [PERSON Venus] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Carmel Bay] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 [ORGANIZATION M] : to 4 inches in length , ovate-oblong , with the beaks near the anterior 
end . With sharp , concentric ribs whose edges are bent upwards . Spaces 
between ribs . Color and texture like gray [LOCATION Portland] cement . Interior white . 
[ORGANIZATION Margin of shell] finely crenulate , a feature that will distinguish it from worn 
specimens of [LOCATION Saxidomus] . Dredged on mud bottoms from 3 to 20 fathoms . 
A collector 's item , although reasonably common . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Tapes Aiiihlfeld] 181 1 
[PERSON Subgenus Rudhapes Chiamenti] 1900 
Tapes philippinarwn [PERSON Adams] and [PERSON Reeve Japanese Littleneck] 

Puijct Sound southward . 



[LOCATION VENERIDAE] 



411 



1% to 2 inches in length , extremely close to Protothaca sta ? mnea and 
grata Sowerby ( the latter 's range is from the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] to [LOCATION Panama] ) , 
but differing from both in being much more elongate and more compressed . 
Its lunule and small escutcheon are more distinct and quite smooth as com- 
pared to those of stavnnea . The hinges are extremely similar . P. grata differs 
in having tiny , distinct crenulations on the inside of the anterior [ORGANIZATION dorsal] 
margin . [PERSON T. seviideciissata Reeve] appears to be the same as this introduced 
species . Its colors are variable and commonly variegated . Alias T. bifurcata 
[PERSON Quayle] 1938. 



Genus Compsomyax [PERSON R. Stewart] 1930 
Co7npso7nyax [PERSON subdiaphana Carpenter] 
[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[ORGANIZATION Milky Pacific Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 if; figure 8ia , [ORGANIZATION b] 



1/4 to 2/4 inches in length , elongate-ovate , moderately inflated; beaks 
anterior and pointing forward . Sculpture of fine , irregular , concentric lines 
of growth , otherwise rather smoothish . [PERSON Lunule] poorly defined . 3 cardinal 
teeth in each valve , the most posterior one in the right valve deeply split . 
Color usually chalky-white , but younger specimens are yellowish white 
and semi-glossy . Interior white . Dredged in soft mud from 5 to 25 fathoms . 
Abundant in some [MISC Californian] localities . Formerly placed in the genus 
[ORGANIZATION CI] 677 jentia . 




Figure 82. [PERSON Psephidia] of the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] , a-b , [PERSON P. lordi Baird;] c , [PERSON P. nvctUs] [LOCATION Dall] . 

Both % inch . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Psephidia] Dall 1902 
[LOCATION Psephidia] lordi [PERSON Baird Lord] 's [PERSON Dwarf Venus] 

Figure 82a 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , ovate , compressed or slightly fattened; beaks small; 
sculpture of microscopic , concentric growth lines . 3 cardinals in hinge of 
each valve . No laterals . On the dorsal margin there is a microscopic groove 
parallel to the edge . Color whitish to greenish white , commonly with darker , 
concentric color bands . Tiny young shells may be found inside the adult 
clams in the summer and spring months . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 



412 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Irus Oken] 1815 
[PERSON Irus] lamellifera [PERSON Conrad Californlan] Irus Venus 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3ir 

[LOCATION Monterey] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

I to I % inches in length , usually oblong , although some specimens may 
be almost round . Characterized by about a dozen , strongly raised , concentric 
lamellae or thin ridges . [ORGANIZATION Shell] whitish and with a chalky texture . Moderately 
common . Found burrowing in gray shale from low water to several fathoms . 

[PERSON Subfamily] [ORGANIZATION MERETRICINAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Tivela Link] 1807 

[PERSON Tivela] floridana Rehder [ORGANIZATION Florida Tivela] 

[LOCATION Palm Beach County] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

% inch in length , subquadrate , beaks in the center , highly polished and 
with microscopic growth lines near the margins . Exterior glossy , tan or 
purplish . Interior mottled with purplish brown . This is the only [ORGANIZATION Tivela] 
recorded from eastern [LOCATION United States] . Uncommon offshore . 



Subgenus Pachydesma Conrad 1854 
[PERSON Tivela] stultorum [ORGANIZATION Mawe Pismo Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3ih; figure iSd 

[LOCATION San Mateo County] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3 to 6 inches in length , ovate , heavy , moderately inflated , glossy-smooth , 
except for weak lines of growth . Ligament large and strong . Color brownish 
cream with wide , mauve , radial bands . Bands may be absent . Posterior end 
marked off by a single , sharp thread . [PERSON Lunule] lanceolate and with vertical 
scratches . Periostracum thin and varnish-like . A common and edible species . 
This is the only [LOCATION West Coast Tivela] , but it has received a number of un- 
necessary names , [PERSON T. crassatelloides Stearns] being one of many . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Transennella] Dall 1883 

Left anterior lateral fitting into a socket in the right valve . [ORGANIZATION Internal] 
margins arc obliquely grooved with numerous , microscopic lines . These 
are parallel to the growth lines at the ventral margin of the valves . 

[PERSON Transennella] stimpsoni Dall [PERSON Stimpson] 's [PERSON Transennella] 

Figure 83a , [ORGANIZATION b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 



[LOCATION VENERIDAE] 



413 



^ to % inch in length , glossy , rounded trigonal in shape , smooth except 
for fine growth lines . [MISC Inner] margins of valves creased with microscopic 
oblique threads . Exterior cream with 2 or 3 wide , radial bands of weak 
brown . Interior commonly flushed with purple . Pallial sinus long . Fairly 
common in shallow water . 




Figure 83. [LOCATION Atlantic Transennella Clams] , a and b , Trfl725e72wd/a jfimp^cwi , % inch; 

c , [PERSON T. conradina] [LOCATION Dall] , % inch . 



[PERSON Transennella] conradina [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 



[PERSON Conrad] 's [PERSON Transennella] 

Figure 83c 



[ORGANIZATION Shell] very similar to that of stimpsoni , but differing in being pointed 
posteriorly , hence more elongate , and more variable in color . [PERSON Zigzag brown] 
lines present in some , others are solid cream or solid brownish . Exterior 
with fine , raised , concentric lines . Pallial sinus short . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow 



water . 



[PERSON Transennella] tantilla [PERSON Gould] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



[PERSON Tantilla Transennella] 



% inch in length , ovate , angle at beaks about 90 degrees , smooth except 
for weak , concentric lines of growth . Immediately recognized under the 
hand lens by the tiny grooves running on the inside of the shell margins . 
Exterior cream with the posterior end stained bluish . Interior white with a 
wide , radial band of purple-brown at the posterior end . Dredged in large 
numbers off [LOCATION California] and at times found washed ashore . 

" [ORGANIZATION Pitarid ' ' Group] 

Beaks generally nearer the anterior end; cardinal teeth not tending to 
radiate; anterior laterals well-developed . 



414 [ORGANIZATION American SeasheUs] 

[PERSON Genus Pitar Romer] 1857 

[PERSON Anterior] left lateral fitting into a well-developed socket in the right 
valve . [LOCATION Middle] left cardinal large; posterior right cardinal split . 

[PERSON Subgenus Pitar] s. str . 
[PERSON Pitar] juhiiinata [ORGANIZATION Menke Lightning Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39d 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , plump , umbones large and full; lunule very- 
large and outlined by an impressed line . Anterior end broader than the pos- 
terior end . Sculpture of crowded , rather heavy lines of growth . Exterior 
whitish with spots and/or zigzag markings of yellowish brown . Moderately 
common in shallow water , %-inch young are commonly dredged off [LOCATION Miami] . 

[PERSON Pitar] albida Gmelin of the [LOCATION West Indies] is very similar , but all white 
in color , more quadrate in shape , has a narrower and more elongate lunule , 
and is usually more compressed . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Pitar] morrhtiana [PERSON Linsley Morrhua Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32I; figure 8ie 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , oval-elongate , moderately plump , with the 
lunule large and elongate . With numerous , heavy lines of growth . Color 
dull grayish to brownish red . [PERSON P. fuhrmjata] is similar , but is found only to the 
south of [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , is not so elongate ( compare figures ) , and is marked 
with brown . Fairly commonly dredged off [LOCATION New England] . 

[LOCATION Pitar] simpsoni Dall [PERSON Simpson] 's [PERSON Venus] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , plump , with fine , irregular , concentric threads; the 
large , ovate lunule is polished smooth . Color white to purplish white , com- 
monly with zigzag , yellow-brown markings . [PERSON Escutcheon] absent . [ORGANIZATION Nearest] 
in shape to inorrhiiana . Uncommon at low tide to 26 fathoms . 

Subgenus Pitarenus Rehder and [PERSON Abbott] 1951 
[PERSON Pitar] cordata [ORGANIZATION Schwengel Schwengel] 's [PERSON Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3811 

Off the [LOCATION Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

1V2 inches in length , very similar to [LOCATION morrhuana] , but much fatter , with 



VENERIDAE 415 

more distinct concentric threads on the outside , and with fine crenulations 
along the inside of the ventral margins of the valves . Interior white , com- 
monly with a pinkish blush . Dredged from 30 to 50 fathoms and brought 
in by shrimp fishermen . [LOCATION Uncommon] . 

Subgenus Hysteroconcha [PERSON P. Fischer] 1887 
Pitar dione [ORGANIZATION Linne Royal Comb Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 39f] 

[LOCATION Texas] to [LOCATION Panama] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1% inches in length , characterized by its violet and purple-white 
colors and 2 radial rows of long spines at the posterior end of the valve . A 
common species washed ashore in [LOCATION Texas] . The closely resembling species , 
[PERSON Fitar] lupanaria Lesson , occurs in the [LOCATION Pacific] from [LOCATION Lower California] to [LOCATION Peru] . 

Genus Gouldia C. [PERSON B. Adams] 1845 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] less than V2 inch in length; beaks minute; lunule long , bounded 
by an impressed line; no escutcheon . With concentric or reticulate sculpture . 
Anterior lateral teeth present . This genus is put in the separate subfamily 
[LOCATION Circinae] by some workers . 

[LOCATION Goiddia] cerina [PERSON C. B. Adams] Serene [PERSON Gould Clam] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , solid , trigonal in shape , beaks in the center , high and 
very small; lunule long , bounded by an impressed line; no escutcheon . 
Sculpture reticulate in which the fine , concentric ribs predominate . The 
radial ribs are stronger anteriorly . Color white , uncommonly with purplish 
or brownish flecks . A common species from shallow water to 95 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Callista Poll] 1791 
[PERSON Subgenus Costacallista Palmer] 1927 

[LOCATION Callista] ezicymata Dall Glory-of-the-Seas Venus 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 39i 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to 1 34 inches in length , fairly thin , oval , with about 50 slightly flat- 
tened , concentric ribs which have a short dorsal and long ventral slope , 
and separated by a narrow , sharp groove . Color glossy-white to waxy pale- 
brown , with clouds and zigzag markings of reddish brown . No escutcheon . 
Margins rounded . A beautiful and rare species dredged from 25 to no 
fathoms . 



416 [MISC American Seashelh] 

[PERSON Genus Macrocallista Meek] 1876 
[PERSON Macrocallista] nimbosa [ORGANIZATION Solander Sunray Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 39b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , elongate , compressed , glossy-smooth with a thin 
varnish-like periostracum . Exterior dull salmon to dull mauve with broken , 
radial bands of darker color . Interior dull white with a blush of reddish over 
the central area . Moderately common in shallow , sandy areas and not un- 
commonly washed ashore after storms . 

[PERSON Macrocallista] maculata [ORGANIZATION Linne Calico Clam] 

Plates lb; 396 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I /4 to 2 34 inches in length , ovate , glossy-smooth with a thin varnish-like 
periostracum . Exterior cream with checkerboard markings of brownish red . 
Rarely albino or all dark-brown . Moderately common in shallow , sandy areas 
in certain localities . A popular collector 's item . Also known as the Checker- 
board or [MISC Spotted Clam] . 

[PERSON Genus Callocardia] [PERSON A. Adams] 1864 
Subgenus Agriopoma Dall 1902 

[LOCATION Callocardia] texasiana Dall [ORGANIZATION Texas Venus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32k; figure aSe 

[LOCATION Northwest Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

1/4 to 3 inches in length , % as high . Externally resembling [ORGANIZATION Fitar] mor- 
rhuana , but much more elongate , having the beaks rolled in under themselves , 
and with a more elongate , faint lunule . The posterior cardinal is S-shaped 
in the right valve . [PERSON Uncommon] , if not rare . Found on the beaches , but its 
biology and habits are unknown . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Amiantis Carpenter] 1863 
Amiantis callosa Conrad Pacific [PERSON White Venus] 

[LOCATION Santa Monica] , [LOCATION California] , to south [LOCATION Mexico] . 

3 to 4% inches in length , longer than high , beaks pointing anteriorly , 
shell hard , heavy , glossy and with neat concentric ribs . Lunule small , heart- 
shaped and pressed in slightly under the beaks . Anterior end round . Color 
solid ivory . A very attractive , fairly common species living just below tide 
line on sandy bottoms in the open surf . Commonly washed ashore alive after 



VENERIDAE 417 

storms between [ORGANIZATION Seal Beach] and [LOCATION Huntington Beach] . Once known as [PERSON C.] 
nobilis [PERSON Reeve] . 

Genus Saxidomus Conrad 1837 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] large , slightly gaping posteriorly , hinge with 4 or 5 cardinal teeth 
in the right valve , 4 in the left . Pallial sinus long and fairly narrow . 

Saxidojims nuttalli [ORGANIZATION Conrad Common Washington Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31I 

[LOCATION Humboldt Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , oblong , with the beaks nearer the anterior end; 
heavy , with coarse , crowded , concentric ribs . Color a dull , dirty , reddish 
brown to gray with rust stains . Interior glossy-white , commonly with a 
flush of purple at the posterior margins . No lunule . Ligament large . [PERSON Valves] 
slightly gaping posteriorly . Young specimens less than 2 inches are thin- 
shelled , somewhat glossy and with pretty , mauve , radial streaks on the dorsal 
edge , both in front and behind the beaks . A very common species which is 
edible . Also called the Butter Clam . 

[PERSON Saxidomus] gigantea [ORGANIZATION Deshayes Smooth Washington Clam] 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

Possibly this is only an ecologic variation or an example of a geographical 
gradient within a species . It is similar to typical [PERSON 7JUttalIi] , but generally lacks 
the rust-stain color and rarely , if ever , develops the prominent concentric 
ridges . This is the commonest and best food clam in [LOCATION Alaska] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subfamily DOSINIINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Dosinia Scopoh] 1777 

[PERSON Subgenus Dosinidia] Dall 1902 

[LOCATION Dosinia] elegajis [PERSON Conrad Elegant Dosinia] 

[LOCATION West Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and south . 

2 to 3 inches in length , circular , compressed , glossy , straw-yellow with 
numerous even , concentric ridges ( 20 to 25 per inch in adults ) . Moderately 
common . Do not confuse with [PERSON D.] discus . 

[LOCATION Dosinia] discus [PERSON Reeve Disk Dosinia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38-0; figure 81 c 

[LOCATION Virginia] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 



418 



[MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] be Us 



2 to 3 inches in length , similar to elegans , but having more and finer 
concentric ridges ( about 50 per inch in adults ) , and not so circular . Com- 
monly washed ashore in perfect condition after storms along the [LOCATION Carolina] 
coasts and middle western [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Subjamily EMMINAE] 

Very small shells , with marginal grooves and denticles simulating lateral 
teeth . [MISC Inner] ventral margins crenulate . 




Figure 84. [ORGANIZATION Amethyst Gem Clam] , a and b , [PERSON Gejnma] [PERSON gevnna Totten] , % inch; c to 
e , the form purpurea [PERSON Lea] , % inch . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Geimna Deshayes] 1853 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] the size and shape of a split-pea; lunule large , faintly impressed; no 
escutcheon; 2 large teeth in the left valve with a large , median socket between 
the two . A very thin ridge which might be termed a tooth occurs posteriorly 
beneath the ligament . 3 teeth in right valve . Pallial sinus small and triangular . 
The shells of the brooded young may be found inside some females . 

[PERSON Gemma gemma Totten] Amethyst [MISC Gem Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 38k; figure 84 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . Puget Sound , Wash- 
ington ( introduced ) . 
% inch in length , subtrigonal , moderately inflated and rather thin-shelled . 
Exterior polished and with numerous , fine , concentric furrows or riblets . 



[ORGANIZATION PETRICOLIDAE] 



419 



Color whitish to tan with purpUsh over the beak and posterior areas . PaUial 
sinus commonly , but not always , about the length of the posterior muscle 
scar . It points upward . This is a very common shallow-water species . A 
number of subspecies or forms have been described , but their vahdity needs 
clarification : purpurea [PERSON Lea] ( fig . 84c to e ) , ? nanhattensis Prime and fretensis 
Rehder . 



Genus Parastarte Conrad 1862 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] the size of a split-pea , very similar to [LOCATION Geimna] . In [LOCATION Parastarte] , the 
ligament is high and situated beneath the beak , occupying a very high and 
broad area . In [PERSON Gemma] , the ligament is very narrow and elongated , and ex- 
tending posterior to the beaks . PaUial sinus much smaller in [LOCATION Parastarte] . 






Figure 85. [PERSON Brown Gem Clam] , [PERSON Parastarte] triquetra [PERSON Conrad] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] ) . 



[ORGANIZATION Brown Gem Clam] 

Figure 85 



[PERSON Parastarte] triquetra [PERSON Conrad] 

Both sides of [LOCATION Florida] ( to [LOCATION Texas] ? ) . 

% inch in size , very similar to [PERSON Gemma geTfmta] , but much higher than 
long , with the beaks larger and elevated . Exterior highly polished and 
smoothish . Color usually tan to brown , but may be flushed with pink in 
beachworn specimens . The pallial sinus is almost absent . Moderately com- 
mon on sand bars and obtained by screening the sand . 



Family [ORGANIZATION PETRICOLIDAE] 

Subfamily [ORGANIZATION PETRICOLINAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Petricola Lamarck] 1801 

[PERSON Subgenus Naranio Gray] 1853 

[ORGANIZATION Petricola] lapicida [PERSON Gmelin] 



[ORGANIZATION Boring Petricola] 



[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



H inch in length ( up to 1% inches in the [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] ) , ovate , in- 
flated , chalk-white , with criss-cross , threaded sculpturing . Beaks swollen and 



420 [MISC American Seashells] 

close together . [PERSON Posterior] end with wavy ribs consisting of fine mud particles 
laid down over the shell by the animal . There is an enclosed , elongate fur- 
row between the beaks and the hinge . Color yellowish white . Found in 
burrow holes in coral rocks . Not uncommon . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Fetricolaria Stoliczka] 1870 
[ORGANIZATION Fetricola] pholadiformis [ORGANIZATION Lamarck False Angel Wing] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32Z; figure 94b 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and south , 

2 inches in length , elongate , rather fragile and chalky-white . With 
numerous radial ribs . The anterior 10 or so are larger and bear prominent 
scales . Ligament external , located just posterior to the beaks . Cardinal teeth 
quite long and pointed . The siphons are translucent-gray , large , tubular and 
separated from each other almost to their bases . A very common clay and 
peat-moss borrower . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Rupellaria Fleuriau] 1802 
[PERSON Rupellaria] typica [PERSON Jonas Atlantic Rupellaria] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 306 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

About I inch in length , oblong , flattened anteriorly; compressed , usually 
attenuated and gaping posteriorly . Beaks point anteriorly . Exterior gray or 
whitish and with numerous , irregularly spaced , coarse radial ribs . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
uneven and brownish gray . This coral borer is variable in shape and uneven 
in texture . It may also be truncate at the posterior end . Moderately common . 

[LOCATION Rupellaria] tellimyalis [ORGANIZATION Carpenter West Coast Rupellaria] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 It 

[LOCATION Santa Monica] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Mazatlan] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I to I % inches in length . Oblong-elongate , variable in shape and out- 
line due to crowding in the rock burrow . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fairly thick , white , except 
for purplish blotches commonly behind the hinge and at the posterior end . 
Radial threads are coarser at the anterior end . Growth lines are irregular 
and coarse . Pallial sinus broadly rounded at its anterior end . Early or nep- 
ionic shell is shaped somewhat like a [PERSON Donax] , smooth , translucent purplish 
brown and rarely found attached at this early stage to rocks and kelp stalks . 
R. calif orniensis Pilsbry and [PERSON Lowe] is identical . 

[LOCATION Rupellaria] dejiticulata [PERSON Sowerby] known only from [LOCATION Peru] has a similar 
nepionic shell ( contrary to other reports ) , has a narrower , triangular pallial 
sinus , and ( contrary to reports ) is a more fragile shell . Its anterior end is 



[ORGANIZATION TELLINIDAE] 421 

pointed and slightly uplifted . Interior blushed with mottlings of chestnut 
to purplish brown . 

[LOCATION Rupellaria] carditoides [PERSON Conrad Hearty Rupellaria] 

[LOCATION Vancouver] , [LOCATION B.C.] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

1 to 2 inches in length . Very variable in shape , usually oblong; in some , 
squat and almost orbicular . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white to grayish white and very chalky in 
texture . Concentric growth lines quite coarse and irregular . Radial sculpture 
of pecuhar , fine , scratched lines crowded together , but worn away in some 
specimens . Fairly common . Found boring into hard rock . Nepionic shell 
usually oblong . [PERSON R. californica Conrad] is the same . 

Subfamily COOPERELLINAE 
[PERSON Genus Cooperella Carpenter] 1864 

[ORGANIZATION Hinge] plate narrow , with 2 right and 3 left short , divaricating cardinals 
under the beaks . The left central cardinal is always , and the others com- 
monly , split or bifid . No laterals . Muscle scars small and oval . Pallial line 
narrow , the sinus long . 

[PERSON Cooperella] subdiaphana [PERSON Carpenter Shiny Cooper] 's Clam 

[LOCATION Southern California] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

About % inch in length , oval-oblong , opaque-white with a brilliant gloss 
and slight opalescence . Fragile . Outer surface with slightly wavy concentric 
growth lines . Ligament tiny , short , set just behind the beaks and visible ex- 
ternally . Moderately common offshore to 40 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily TELLINACEA] 

Family [ORGANIZATION TELLINIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Tellina] Linne 1758 

Subgenus Tellina s. str . 

[PERSON Tellina] radiata [ORGANIZATION Linne Sunrise Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4oe 

[LOCATION South Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , elongate , moderately inflated . Characterized by 
its oily smooth , glistening surface and rich display of colors — either creamy- 
white or rayed with pale-red or yellow . Interior flushed with yellow . The 
beaks are usually tipped with bright-red . [PERSON Uncommon] in [LOCATION Florida] but abundant 
in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



422 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Tellina] laevigata [PERSON Linne Smooth Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40k 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , oval to slightly elongate , moderately compressed , 
strong , with a smooth , glossy surface except for microscopic , radial scratches . 
Exterior color either whitish or usually faintly rayed , or banded at the ven- 
tral margins with soft , creamy-orange . Inside polished white to yellowish . 
Rare in [LOCATION Florida] , fairly common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Tellinella] Morch 1853 
[PERSON Tellina] interrupta [PERSON Wood Speckled Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40I 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2/4 to 3% inches in length , well elongated , moderately inflated , twisted 
at the posterior end where at the dorsal margin on the right valve there are 
2 rough ridges . Concentric threads numerous , evenly spaced . Color whitish 
with numerous small , prominent , zigzag specklings of purplish brown . Inte- 
rior yellowish . Not uncommon in southeast [LOCATION Florida] , but abundant in some 
shallow [MISC West Indian] bays . 

[LOCATION Tellina] idae Dall [PERSON Ida] 's [PERSON Tellin] 

Figures 87a , b; 28h 

[LOCATION Santa Monica] to [LOCATION Newport Bay] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 2 34 inches in length , elongate , compressed . With strong , rather 
evenly spaced , concentric , lamellate threads . Posterior end narrow , slightly 
twisted and with a rounded , radial ridge near the dorsal margin ( in right 
valve ) or a ridge at the dorsal margin and a furrow below it ( left valve ) . 
Ligament elongate and sunk deeply into the long , deep dorsal-margin furrow . 
Color grayish white . Moderately common . 

[PERSON Subgenus Angulus Miihlfeld] 181 1 

[LOCATION Tellina] agilis [ORGANIZATION Stimpson Northern Dwarf Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30X; figure 86f 
[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION North Carolina] . 

Vs to Yz inch in length , moderately elongate , compressed , fairly fragile; 
glossy-white externally with an opalescent sheen . Interior white . Ligament 
external and prominent . With a large rounded pallial sinus almost extending 
to the anterior muscle scar . External sculpture of faint , microscopic , con- 
centric , impressed lines . [PERSON Commonly] found washed on shore from [LOCATION Maryland] 
north . Formerly known as [LOCATION Tellina] tenera Say and [PERSON Angiiliis] tener Say ( not 



[LOCATION TELLINIDAE] 



423 



[ORGANIZATION Schrank] 1803 nor [PERSON Leach] 18 18 ) . In 1858, [PERSON W. Stimpson] gave this species a 
new name ( Amer . Journ . Sci . , vol . 25, p. 125 ) . [PERSON T. elucens] [PERSON Mighels] might be 
this species , although it is very doubtful . 

[PERSON Tellina] texana [LOCATION Dall] replaces this species in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . It has 
more distinct , crowded concentric lines , is more inflated and has very small , 
microscopic striae in most specimens . Compare with [PERSON T. versicolor] . 




Figure 86. Interior views of southeast coast [ORGANIZATION Tellins] , showing outline shapes and 
pallial sinus scars , a , [PERSON Tellifia] lineata [PERSON Turton] , i [PERSON y.i] inches; [ORGANIZATION b] , [PERSON T.] tmnpaejisis [PERSON Conrad] , 
y. , inch; c , [PERSON T.] mera Say and projnera [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; d , [PERSON T. sybaritica] [LOCATION Dall] , % inch; 
e , [PERSON T. similis Sowerby] , i inch; f , [PERSON T. agilis Stimpson] and sayi [LOCATION Dall] , [PERSON ^] inch; g , 
Qjtadrajjs lintea [PERSON Conrad] , % inch; h , [PERSON Fhylloda sqiiajnijera Deshayes] , % inch . 

[PERSON Tellina] versicolor [PERSON DeKay DeKay] 's Dwarf Tellin 

[LOCATION New York] to the south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , very similar to [PERSON T. agilis] , but more elongate , colored 
white , red , pink or rayed , is more inflated , and has a nearly straight instead 
of curved ventral margin . The exterior of [ORGANIZATION versicolor] has a brighter irides- 
cence . The pallial sinus is much closer to the anterior muscle scar . 



[PERSON Tellina] mera Say 

[LOCATION Eastern Florida] and the [LOCATION Bahamas] . 



[PERSON Mera Tellin] 

Figure 86c 



/4 to % inch in length , roughly elliptical , moderately inflated , pure 
opaque-white in color . Fairly thin but strong . Beaks fairly large for a [PERSON Tellin] , 
touching and pointing toward each other and located nearer the posterior 
than the center of the shell . The valves show hardly any posterior bend or 
twist . Exterior smoothish with fine , irregular , concentric lines of growth 
more evident near the margins . Moderately common in shallow water be- 
tween tides . Compare with promera and tampaensis . 



424 [LOCATION America] ? ! Se ash ells 

[PERSON Tellina] promera Dall [ORGANIZATION Promera Tellin] 

Figure 86c 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , very similar to 77iera , but larger , more inflated , thicker- 
shelled , more oval and with the umbones a little closer to the center of the 
shell . This may be only a subspecies of mera . Quite common on both sides 
of [LOCATION Florida] . 

Tellina tampaensis [PERSON Conrad Tampa Tellin] 

[MISC Figure 86b] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

/4 to % inch in length , similar to mera , but more pointed posteriorly , 
whitish with a faint pinkish blush , and with very numerous , microscopic , 
concentric lines of growth . The pallial sinus line in this species runs forward 
nearly to the anterior muscle scar and then drops almost vertically toward 
the ventral margin of the shell before continuing posteriorly . In 77tera and 
promera , the pallial sinus line toward the anterior muscle scar , makes a 
U-shaped turn , and then runs posteriorly but does not join the lower pallial 
line until about the middle of the ventral region of the valve . [ORGANIZATION Common] in 
shallow water . 

[PERSON Tellina] texana Dall Say 's [PERSON Tellin] 

[LOCATION New Jersey] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

% inch in length , white with a faint opalescent sheen . Extremely close 
to agilis , but distinguished by the heavy , enamel-white finish on the inside 
of the shell and i or i fairly distinct radial grooves running from the poste- 
rior muscle scar to the ventral margin of the valve . The faint pallial sinus 
just touches the anterior muscle scar . Fairly common . [PERSON T. sayi] [LOCATION Dall] ( Dec . 
1900 ) is a synonym of [PERSON T. texana Dall] ( Nov . 1900 ) . T. poUta Say ( not 
[PERSON Spengler] ) is also this species . 

[LOCATION Tellina] sybaritic a [LOCATION Dall] [LOCATION Dall] 's [PERSON Dwarf Tellin] 

Figure 86d 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

y4 to Vs inch in length , very elongate , shiny , with quite strong , nu- 
merous concentric threads or cut lines . Color varying from translucent-white , 
yellowish , pinkish to bright watermelon-red . Our smallest and most colorful 
[PERSON Tellin] , and plentiful from i to 60 fathoms . It somewhat resembles young 
alternata , but the latter are smoother and have a short instead of long poste- 
rior lateral tooth in the left valve , and has no lateral lamina in the left valve . 



[LOCATION TELLINIDAE] 

Section [PERSON Oudardia Monterosato] 1885 



[LOCATION Tellina] modesta [PERSON Carpenter] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 



425 



[PERSON Modest Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31U 



% to I inch in length , elongate , moderately pointed at the posterior 
lower corner . Surface white with iridescent sheen and with fine concentric 
threads or grooves . These fade out at the posterior fourth of the shell , but 
reappear more coarsely on the very posterior slope . There is a well-formed , 
radial rib inside just behind the anterior muscle scar . [ORGANIZATION Common] in certain 
sandy localities from shore to 25 fathoms . It appears that [PERSON T. buttoni] [LOCATION Dall] is 
the same species . 




Figure 87. [ORGANIZATION Pacific Coast Tellins] . a and b , [PERSON Tellina] idae [LOCATION Dall] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION California] ) ; 
c and d , [LOCATION Tellina] hitea [PERSON Wood] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] ) . 



Section Peronidia Dall 1900 
[PERSON Tellina] lutea [PERSON Wood] 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [PERSON Cook] 's [LOCATION Inlet] , [LOCATION Alaska] . [LOCATION Japan] . 



[ORGANIZATION Great Alaskan Tellin] 

Figure 87c , d 



3 to 4 inches in length , elongate , quite compressed , and with a posterior 
twist to the right . Worn shells chalky-white , commonly with a pink flush . 
[PERSON Periostracum] in young is greenish yellow and glossy; in adults dark-brown . 
Ligament prominent . [PERSON Commonly] found from beach to 2 3 fathoms . T. venu- 
losa Schrenck 1861 is an ecologic form with brownish cracks in the shell . 



426 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Subgenus Moerella Fischer] 1887 
[PERSON Tellina] saluionea [PERSON Carpenter Salmon Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3iy 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] . 

/4 inch in length , [PERSON ovalish] , with a short , blunt posterior end . Ligament 
behind the beaks prominent . Dorsal margin in front of beaks almost straight . 
Color chalky-white , commonly with a pinkish cast . Periostracum smooth , 
thin , yellowish tan . Characterized by about 4 to 7 prominent , concentric , 
former growth-stop lines which are usually stained dark-brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
from low tide to 34 fathoms in sand . Do not confuse with meropsis . 

[PERSON Tellina] 7neropsis Dall [ORGANIZATION Meropsis Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30U 

[LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf of Cahfornia] . 

% inch in length , [PERSON ovalish] , pure white , smoothish , with exceedingly 
fine growth lines . Surface silky , but rarely with an iridescent sheen . [PERSON Beaks] 
slightly toward the posterior end . Ligament not prominent and light-brown . 
Without growth stoppage lines . See [PERSON T. sahnonea] . Common from shore to 
15 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Tellina] carpenteri Dall [PERSON Carpenter] 's [PERSON Tellin] 

[LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

Vs inch in length , moderately elongate , with a rounded anterior end 
and rather truncate posterior end . Ligament short . Color cream , whitish 
and commonly blushed with watermelon-pink inside and out . It also has 
a faint iridescent sheen . Found very abundantly in many localities in mud 
and sand from shore to 369 fathoms . 

[PERSON Subgenus Scissula] Dall 1900 
[LOCATION Tellina] similis Sowerby [PERSON Candy Stick Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40m; figure 86e 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and western [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

I inch in length , moderately elongate , moderately compressed , thin 
but fairly strong . Color opaque-white with a yellowish blush and with 6 
to 1 2 short radial rays of red . Interior yellowish with red rays or solid pink 
or yellow . A red splotch commonly occurs on the hinge in front of the 
cardinal teeth . Sculpture of concentric growth lines and numerous fine 
concentric threads njohich cross the shell a-t an oblique angle . [ORGANIZATION Common] on 
sand fiats . T. decora Say is the same species . 



[ORGANIZATION TELLINIDAE] 427 

[LOCATION Tellina] iris Say [PERSON Iris Tellin] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and [LOCATION Bermuda] . 

Yo inch in length , very similar to similis , and often as colorful , but very 
thin-shelled , translucent and more elongate . On the interior of the valves , 
the wavy oblique lines are evident , and there are 2 radial thickenings or 
weak , white , internal ribs at the posterior end . Common from intertidal 
flats to 20 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Tellina] candeana [PERSON Orbigny] from the [ORGANIZATION Lower Florida Keys] and the [LOCATION West] 
[MISC Indies] commonly yellowish white and is more wedge-shaped ( blunter at the 
anterior end ) and , of course , has the peculiar sculpture of this subgenus . 

[PERSON Subgenus Scrobiculina] Dall 1900 
[LOCATION Tellina] magna [PERSON Spengler Great Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40 ! 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

3 to 4/4 inches in length , half as high , quite compressed and glossy- 
smooth . Posterior dorsal region dull , bordered by a weak , radial ridge . Left 
valve glossy white , rarely faintly yellowish; right valve glossy orange to 
pinkish and microscopically cut with concentric scratches . An uncommon 
and very lovely species much sought after by collectors . Found just below 
low tide in sand . 

[PERSON Subgenus Eury] tellina [PERSON P. Fischer] 1887 
[LOCATION Tellina] lineata [ORGANIZATION Turton Rose Petal Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4oh 

All of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 34 inches in length , moderately elongate , slightly inflated , solid and 
with a fairly strong twist to the right at the posterior end . [PERSON Smoothish] and 
glossy , but under a lens fine , concentric , crowded grooves may be seen . 
The outer surface has a slight opalescent sheen . Color pure-white or strongly 
flushed with watermelon-red . Pallial sinus just touches the anterior muscle 
scar , while in the similar but more elongate T. alternata it does not . Com- 
mon in shallow water . 

[LOCATION Tellina] alternata Say Alternate [PERSON Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4on 

[LOCATION North Carolina] , [LOCATION Florida] , and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , elongate and compressed , solid , and with a 
moderately pointed and slightly twisted posterior end . Sculpture of numer- 



428 [MISC American Seashells] 

ous evenly spaced , fine , concentric grooves . Area near umbones smooth . 
Color glossy and variable : whitish , yellowish or flushed with pink . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
glossy-yellow or pinkish . A common shallow-water species which should 
always be compared with lineata . 

The similar [LOCATION Tellina] angulosa [PERSON Gmelin] from the Keys and [LOCATION West Indies] 
is not so elongate , has finer grooves and a more highly glossed surface which 
is commonly covered with a greenish-yellow , thin periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
in sand . 

T. piinicea Born ( which [LOCATION Dall] called [PERSON angulosa Gmelin] ) from the Keys 
( rare ) and [LOCATION West Indies] ( common ) is similar , but is always bright water- 
melon-red internally and purplish red exteriorly . The pallial sinus just 
touches the anterior muscle scar , which it does not in alternata or angulosa . 

[PERSON Genus Arcopagia Brown] 1827 
[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Cyclotellina Cossmann] 1886 

[ORGANIZATION Arcopagia] fatista Pulteney 1799 [PERSON Faust Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40 ) 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , oval , moderately inflated , fairly heavy , and 
smoothish , except for small , rough , concentric lines of growth . Hinge strong , 
the posterior lateral in the right valve being long and strong . Color outside 
a semi-glossy-white; inside highly glossed and enamel-white with a yellowish 
flush . Do not confuse with [PERSON T. laevigata] which is glossy outside and has 
orange-tinted margins . Moderately common in the [LOCATION West Indies] . [PERSON Donovan] 
gave this species the same name in 1 80 1 . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Strigilla Turton] 1822 

Tellin-like shells , usually oval in shape and with inconspicuous growth 
lines crossed by fine , oblique , cut lines . There are only four species in the 
western [LOCATION Atlantic] . 



[PERSON Strigilla] carnaria Linne Large [PERSON Strigilla] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40c 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and western [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

% to I inch in length , oval , slightly oblique , moderately compressed , 
fairly thin but strong . Outer surface finely sculptured by cut lines which 
are obliquely radial in the central and posterior regions of the valve . At the 
anterior third of the valve , there are wavy , oblique threads running in the 
opposite direction . Exterior pinkish white with former , concentric growth 
stages a deeper pink . Interior bright watermelon-red . The upper line of 



I 



[ORGANIZATION TELLINIDAE] 429 

the pallial sinus runs directly posterior to the anterior muscle scar . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
in shallow water in sand and commonly washed ashore . 

[MISC West Indian] collectors should not confuse this species with [PERSON Strigilla] 
[PERSON rombergi Morch] ( southeast [LOCATION Florida] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] to [LOCATION Lesser Antilles] ) which 
is very similar , except that the upper line of the pallial sinus does not reach 
the anterior muscle scar . The radial cut lines are more numerous and more 
curved in rombergi . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Strigilla] [PERSON viirabilis Philippi] [PERSON White Strigilla] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [ORGANIZATION A\^est Indies] . 

[PERSON Vz] inch in length , oval , inflated , shiny , all white in color and with the 
peculiar Strigillid sculpturing which is very similar to that in 5. pisiforinis 
( the radial cut lines meet the ventral margin of the valves at an angle of 
about 45 degrees ) . The pallial line runs forward from the posterior muscle 
scar but does not reach the anterior muscle scar as it does in pisiforutis . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] . Do not confuse with the larger [PERSON Divaricella qiiadrisulcata] ( page 
391 ) which has fine denticulations on the inner margins of the valves . 
5. flexuosa Say 1822 is preoccupied by [PERSON Montagu] 1803 and [PERSON Turton] 1807, 
and must take the name [PERSON viirabilis Philippi] 1841. 

[PERSON Strigilla] pisijorviis [PERSON Linne Pea Strigilla] 

[LOCATION Florida Keys] , the [LOCATION Bahamas] and the [ORGANIZATION AVest Indies] . 

% inch in length , similar to 5. [PERSON carnaria] , but always much smaller and 
more inflated . The pink color inside is concentrated in the deepest part of 
the valve , and the margins are usually white . The radial , oblique cut lines 
meet the ventral margin of the valve at about 45 degrees angle , while in 
carnaria the Hnes are almost vertical . This is a very abundant species , es- 
pecially in the [LOCATION Bahamas] where they are gathered in great numbers and 
brought to [LOCATION Florida] for use in the shellcraft business . 

Genus [PERSON Phylloda Schumacher] 18 17 
[PERSON Subgenus Phyllodina] Dall 1900 

[PERSON Phylloda] sqiiamijera [PERSON Deshayes Crenulate Tellin] 

Figure 86h 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the south half of [LOCATION Florida] . 

/4 to I inch in length , elongate , concentrically and finely ridged . Char- 
acterized by the strong crenulations on the posterior dorsal margin and by 
the hghtly hooked-down posterior ventral margin . Color whitish with a 
yellow or orangish tint . Moderately common from low water to 60 fathoms . 



430 [MISC American Seashells] 

Compare with lintea which lacks the dorsal crenulations . Formerly placed 
in the genus Tellina . 

[PERSON Genus Quadrans Bertin] 1878 
Quadrans lintea [PERSON Conrad Lintea Tellin] 

Figure 86g 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , moderately oval , slightly inflated , quite strong 
and all white in color . Posterior dorsal slope with 2 radial ridges in the 
right valve , i in the left . Concentric lamellae numerous , sharp and minutely 
raised . Left valve with 2 extremely weak , long laterals , but these are well- 
developed in the right valve . Dorsal line of the palhal sinus meets the pallial 
line not far from the anterior muscle scar . Posterior twist to the right is 
fairly pronounced . Commonly dredged off the [LOCATION Carolinas] ( 9 to 16 fathoms ) , 
uncommonly found in a few feet of water on the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] , 
Formerly placed in [LOCATION Tellina] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Tellidora] H. and [PERSON A. Adams] 1856 
Tellidora cristata [ORGANIZATION Recluz White Crested Tellin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30-0 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to west [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

I to 1/4 inches in length , roughly ovate , compressed and all white . 
The left valve is very flat , the right valve slightly inflated . Dorsal margins 
of valves with large , saw-tooth crenulations . A bizarre clam found un- 
commonly in shallow water . 

Genus [PERSON Macoma Leach] 18 19 

The Macomas are modified tellins which may be distinguished by ( i ) 
no lateral teeth; ( 2 ) usually dingy-white in color and of a chalky consistency; 
( 3 ) there is a strong posterior twist; ( 4 ) the pallial sinus is larger in one valve 
than the other . 

[PERSON Macoma] calcarea [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Chalky Aiacoma] 

[MISC Figure 88f] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Long Island] , [LOCATION New York] . [LOCATION Bering Sea] to off [LOCATION Monterey] , 
[LOCATION California] . 

1% to 2 inches in length . Oval-elongate , moderately compressed , but 
somewhat inflated at the larger , anterior half . Beaks % the way toward 
the narrowed , slightly twisted posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Shell] dull , chalky-white . Con- 



i 



[LOCATION TELLINIDAE] 



4^1 



centric sculpture of fine , irregular threads . Periostracum remaining on the 
margins is gray . Pallial sinus in left valve runs from the posterior muscle 
scar anteriorly toward the anterior muscle scar , but does not meet the 
latter , and then descends posteriorly to meet the pallial line about the middle 
of the lower margin of the shell . A common cold-water species , distinguished 
from balthica by its larger size , more elongate shape and pattern of the pallial 
sinus scar ( see fig , 88g ) . 




Figure 88. [ORGANIZATION American Macomas] , showing interior scars , a , [PERSON Macoiua] brota [LOCATION Dall] , 
3 inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Washington] ) ; b , [PERSON M.] incongnm [PERSON von Martens] , i inches ( [LOCATION Alaska] 
to [LOCATION Washington] ) ; c , [PERSON M.] secta [PERSON Conrad] , 3 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; d , [PERSON M. nasuta Conrad] , 
2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; e , [PERSON M.] inis [PERSON Hanley] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Pacific Coast] ) ; f , [PERSON M. calcarea] 
[PERSON Gmelin] , 2 inches ( [LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Pacific Coasts] ) ; g , [PERSON M.] balthica [PERSON Linne] , i inch 
( [LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Pacific Coasts] ) ; h , [PERSON M. planhisciila Grant] and [PERSON Gale] , i inch ( [LOCATION Alaska] 

to [LOCATION Washington] ) . 

[PERSON Macoma] balthica [ORGANIZATION Linne Balthic Macoma] 

Figure 88g 
[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION Georgia] . [LOCATION Bering Sea] to off [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to 1/4 inches in length , oval , moderately compressed . Color dull 
whitish , in some with a flush of pink , and with a thin , grayish periostracum 
which readily flakes off . The shape is somewhat variable . A common inter- 
tidal and deep-water species . Compare muscle scars with those of calcarea . 

[PERSON Macoma] tenta Say [PERSON Tenta Macoma] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



432 [ORGANIZATION Afnerican Seashelh] 

/4 to % inch in length , fragile , elongate , white in color with a delicate 
iridescence on the smooth exterior . [PERSON Posterior] and narrower end slightly 
twisted to the left . This small , tellin-like species is very common in shallow 
water in sand . [PERSON M. soiileyetiana Recluz] is the same . 

[PERSON Macoma] limiila [LOCATION Dall] is very similar in size and shape , although somewhat 
more elongate , and is distinguished by the finely granular external surface 
of the valves . Commonly dredged from [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] . 

[PERSON Macoma] constrict a [ORGANIZATION Bruguiere Constricted] [PERSON Macoma] 

[LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1 to 2/4 inches in length , moderately elongate . The posterior end is 
twisted to the right and is narrowed to a blunt point . Color all white with 
concentric growth lines stained by the gray periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] just off- 
shore . 

[PERSON Macoma] nasuta [PERSON Conrad Bent-nose Macoma] 

Figure 88d 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 3% inches in length , elongate , rather compressed and strongly 
twisted to the right at its posterior end . Beaks slightly nearer the anterior 
end . Can be distinguished from other [LOCATION Pacific Coast] species by the paUial 
sinus in the Jejt valve which reaches the anterior muscle scar . One of the 
commonest species on the west coast and lives about 6 inches below the 
surface of the mud in quiet waters from shore to 25 fathoms . 

[PERSON Macoma] secta [PERSON Conrad White Sand Macoma] 

Figure 88c 

[LOCATION Vancouver Island] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 4 inches in length . This is the largest Macoma in [LOCATION America] and is 
characterized by the almost flat left valve , rather well-inflated right valve , 
and by the wide and relatively short ligament which is sunk partially into 
the shell . There is a large , oblique , rib-like extension just behind the hinge 
inside each valve . Color cream to white . Common in bays and beaches from 
shore to 25 fathoms . A small form occurs in protected waters in bays in its 
more southerly range . 

Students of the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] fauna consider [PERSON M. indentata Carpenter] 
( same range ) as a distinct species in which the [ORGANIZATION shell] is 1% inches in length , 
a little more elongate , with a more pointed posterior end , and with a slight 
indentation on the posterior ventral margin . It may possibly be a form of 
young secta . [PERSON M. teniiirostris] [LOCATION Dall] is even more elongate and may also be a 
form . 



1 



[ORGANIZATION TELLINIDAE] 43 3 

[PERSON Macoma] [PERSON yoldijormis Carpenter] Yoldia-shaped [PERSON Macoma] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% to %. inch in length , elongate , moderately rounded at each end and 
with a small , but distinct , twist to the right at the posterior end . Color a 
uniform , glossy , porcellaneous white . Rarely translucent with an opalescent 
sheen . Common from shore to 25 fathoms . 

Macoma carlottensis Whiteaves Queen [PERSON Charlotte Macoma] 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

About I inch in length , extremely fragile , inflated and with a very short , 
inconspicuous ligament . Color translucent-white with a thin , greenish , glossy 
periostracum . This species was named inflatula [LOCATION Dall] at a later date . 

[PERSON Macoma] brota Dall [ORGANIZATION Brota Macoma] 

Figure 88a 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

3 inches in length , moderately elongate , moderately inflated and rather 
thick-shelled . [PERSON Beaks] % toward the posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Resembles] calcarea whose 
pallial sinus in the left valve , however , is more elongate , not as high and 
generally reaches nearer the anterior muscle scar . [PERSON M. brota] is larger and 
more truncate posteriorly than that species . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[PERSON Macoma] planhisciila [PERSON Grant] and [PERSON Gale Grant] and [PERSON Gale Macoma] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30t; figure 88h 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

About I inch in length . Extremely similar to calcarea , but porcellaneous , 
with a glossy , yellowish periostracum and more oval in shape . This species 
was thought by [LOCATION Dall] and others to be ' ' ' 'carlottejisis Whiteaves . " 

Genus [PERSON Gastrana Schumacher] 1817 
[PERSON Subgenus Meter] omacovia Habe 1952 

[PERSON Gastrana] irus [PERSON Hanley Irus Macoma] 

Figure 88e 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION Los Angeles] , [LOCATION California] . [LOCATION Japan] . 

[ORGANIZATION Commonly] 1% inches in length ( rarely 3 ) ; oval-elongate , moderately 
inflated , very sHghtly twisted , if at all , at the posterior end . Pallial sinus in 
left valve almost reaches the bottom of the anterior muscle scar . Beaks 
slightly anterior . Common in [LOCATION Washington] and [LOCATION Oregon] . Formerly known 
as inqiiinata Deshayes . 



434 [ORGANIZATION Anicriatn Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Aiacoma] incongnm [PERSON von Martens] ( fig . [PERSON 88b )] ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Washington] ) is 
similar , but more oval , with a more pointed slope at the beaks , a straighter 
posterior dorsal edge . Its upper pallial sinus line , after nearly reaching the 
anterior muscle scar , turns downward and then runs anteriorly before con- 
necting with the paUial sinus . [ORGANIZATION Common] in [LOCATION Alaska] . 

Genus Apoly metis [PERSON Salisbury] 1929 
[PERSON Apolymetis] intastriata Say [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Grooved Macoma] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32y 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , elliptical , fairly thin but strong and all white in 
color . The shell is strongly twisted . At the posterior end , the right valve 
bears a strong , radial rib , while on the left valve there is a fairly strong , radial 
groove . Pallial sinus very large . Living specimens are not commonly col- 
lected , although shells are commonly washed ashore . 

Apolymetis biajigiilata [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Pacific Grooved Macoma] 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Ensenada] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

2 to 3 V2 inches in length , oval , moderately compressed , strong , and dull 
grayish white in color . Interior glossy-white with the central portion blushed 
with pastel-peach . Left valve with a shallow , radial groove near the posterior 
end . Right valve with a corresponding ridge at the end of which the margin 
of the [ORGANIZATION shell] is shallowly notched . Alias A. alta [PERSON Conrad] . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[ORGANIZATION Family SEMELIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Semele Schumacher] 18 17 

Resilium supported in a horizontal , chondrophore-like depression which 
is internal and parallel with the hinge line . 2 cardinal teeth in each valve . 
Right valve with 2 distinct lateral teeth , but practically absent in the left 
valve . The ligament is external . 

[PERSON Semele] proficua [PERSON Pulteney White] [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Semele] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40g 
[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to 1/4 inches in length , almost round , beaks almost central . [PERSON Lunule] 
small and pushed in . Fine concentric lines and microscopic radial striations . 
Externally whitish to yellowish white . Interior glossy , commonly yellowish , 
rarely speckled a little with purple or pink . Moderately common in shallow 
water . The color form radiata Say , has a few indistinct radial rays of pink 
( pl . 400. 



SEMELIDAE 435 

[PERSON Semele] pwpiirascens [PERSON Gmelin Purplish Semele] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 40b] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I to i^ inches in length , oblong , thin-shelled , smooth except for very 
fine concentric growth threads over which run another set of fine , micro- 
scopic concentric lines at an oblique angle . External color variable : com- 
monly gray or cream with purple or orangish mottlings . Interior glossy and 
suffused with purple , brownish or orange . A fairly common , shallow-water 
species . 

[PERSON Semele] bellastriata [PERSON Conrad Cancellate Semele] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30 ) 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 to % inch in length , similar in shape to piirpurascens , but a much 
smaller species with numerous radial and concentric riblets which cross to 
give a cancellate appearance . Some specimens well-beaded , others have the 
radial ribs more prominent . External color yellowish white with reddish 
flecks or a solid , purplish gray . Interior white , cream or suffused with mauve 
or violet , 5. [PERSON cancellata Orbigny] is this species . Fairly common just offshore . 

[PERSON Semele] nibropicta Dall [ORGANIZATION Rose Petal Semele] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29\v 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I to 1% inches in length; beaks % toward the posterior end; rather 
thick-shelled , especially in the south . Concentric sculpture of small , irreg- 
ular growth lines . Radial incised lines numerous . Periostracum thin , smooth 
and yellowish brown . Exterior of shell dull grayish or tannish white with 
faint , radial rays of light-mauve . Imterior glossy-white , with a small splotch 
of mauve at both ends of the hinge line . [PERSON Uncommon] from 20 to 50 fathoms . 

Se77iele rupicola Dall [ORGANIZATION Rock-dwelling Semele] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [ORGANIZATION 29t] 

[LOCATION Santa Cruz] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

I to 1% inches in length . [PERSON Irregular] in shape : ovalish , oval-elongate or 
obliquely oval . Exterior yellowish cream with numerous , concentric crinkles 
and a few ^eak radial threads . Interior glossy , white at the center , bright 
purplish red at the margins and hinge . [PERSON John] Q. [PERSON Burch] finds this species com- 
mon in [LOCATION Chama] and Mytilus beds and in rocks and crevices . 

[PERSON Semele] decisa [PERSON Conrad Bark Semele] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29Z 
[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



436 A ? rierican [ORGANIZATION Seas] hells 

2 to 3 inches in length , equally high . Characterized by its heavy shell , 
by the coarse , wide , irregular , concentric folds on the outside ( resembling 
rotting bark or wood ) . Exterior yellowish gray; interior glossy-white , with 
a purple tinge , especially prominent on the hinge and margins . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
found in rocky rubble in shallow water . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Ciimingia Sowerby] 1833 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] delicate , with concentric lamellae; slightly gaping behind . Resilium 
internal and supported by a spoon-shaped chondrophore . One cardinal and 
2 elongate lateral teeth in each valve . 

[LOCATION Cumingia] telUnoides [PERSON Conrad Tellin-like Cumingia] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION St Augustine] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

% to % inch in length , oblong and fairly thin . Slightly pointed at the 
posterior end . Exterior chalky-white , with tiny , sharp , concentric lines . This 
is a moderately common mud-digger which externally resembles a [LOCATION Tellina] . 

The subspecies va ? ihy ? jhigi Rehder 1939 replaces the typical species in 
southern [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . It is not so high , is more elongate and more 
drawn out posteriorly . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow water . [PERSON C.] coarctata [PERSON Sowerby] 
( [LOCATION Lower Keys] and [LOCATION West Indies] ) has stronger , more widely separated con- 
centric ridges . 

[ORGANIZATION Cumingia] calijornica [PERSON Conrad Californian Cumingia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31 V 

[LOCATION Crescent City] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Chile] . 

I to 1% inches in length , elongate-oval , moderately compressed . In 
front of the beaks there is a small , elongate depression . Just posterior to and 
partially covered by the inroUed beaks is a small , short ligament , posterior to 
which is a wide , flaring furrow . Concentric sculpture of numerous wavy , 
rather sharp , fairly large threads . Color grayish white . Pallial sinus very 
long . Abundant in rock crevices and wharf pilings . Also dredged down to 
25 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Abra Lamarck] 18 18 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small ( /4 inch ) , fragile , [PERSON ovalish] , smooth , moderately compressed . 
Translucent-white in color . Resilium internal and supported by a linear 
chondrophore . Right valve with 2 cardinals and generally with 2 lamellar 
laterals . 



DON ACID AE 437 

A bra aequalis Say [ORGANIZATION Common Atlantic Abra] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30V 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

1/4 inch in size , orbicular , smooth , glossy and rather inflated . Surface 
may show a slight iridescence . Periostracum very thin and clear yellowish . 
Anterior margin of right valve grooved . A very abundant and very simple- 
looking bivalve . Compare with lioica . 

[PERSON Abra] lioica [LOCATION Dall] [LOCATION Dall] 's [LOCATION Little Abra] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3o\v 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

M inch in size , similar to aequalis , but the beaks are nearer the anterior 
end , the [ORGANIZATION shell] is thinner , and more elongate . Anterior margin of right valve 
not grooved . The prodissoconch at the beaks is large , tan and more trigonal 
in shape than the adult . Common from 6 to 200 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Family DONACIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Donax Linne] 1758 

The posterior end is the shortest and the fattest . 2 cardinal and an ante- 
rior and a posterior lateral in each valve . Pallial sinus deep . 

[PERSON Donax] variabilis Say [ORGANIZATION Coquina Shell] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3or 

[LOCATION Virginia] to south [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

V2 to % inch in length . Ventral margin of the valves straight and almost 
parallel with the dorsal margin . The thinner , anterior end is commonly 
smooth , but may be microscopically scratched with radial [ORGANIZATION Unes] . From the 
middle of the valve to the blunt posterior end , small radial threads appear 
which become increasingly larger posteriorly . Internal margin of valves 
minutely denticulate . Color variable and commonly very bright , especially 
inside : white , yellow , pink , purple , bluish , mauve and commonly with rays 
of darker shades . 

The subspecies [PERSON roemeri Philippi] ( pi . 3oq ) is very common along the 
[LOCATION Texas] shores . The posterior end is blunter , the whole shell not so elongate , 
and the ventral margin sags down . 

[PERSON Donax] fossor [PERSON Say Fossor] Donax 

[LOCATION Long Island] , [LOCATION New York] , to [LOCATION Cape] iVIay , [LOCATION New Jersey] . 

Never exceeds [PERSON Vo] inch in length , very similar to variabilis , but almost 



438 [ORGANIZATION Avierican Seashells] 

smooth , even at the blunt , posterior end . Only 2 color phases : yellowish 
white or with weak purplish rays . Subsequent biological studies may show 
that this common beach species is a subspecies or cold-water form of varia- 
[PERSON bilis] . Young specimens of variabilis from several southern states look suspi- 
ciously like this so-called species . 

[PERSON Donax] [PERSON tu7indus Philippi] Fat [LOCATION Gulf Donax] 

[MISC Northern] shores of the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

% to /4 inch in length , very obese , somewhat trigonal in shape , with its 
beaks swollen and posterior end strongly truncate . Threads on the blunt 
posterior end are heavily beaded , sometimes giving a cancellate appearance . 
[PERSON Narrow] anterior end commonly with distinct , microscopic , distantly spaced , 
incised , concentric lines . Color whitish with bluish , yellowish or pinkish 
undertones . Rarely , if ever , rayed . Uncommon . Found in 2 to 3 feet of 
water . 

[PERSON Donax denticulatus Linne] ( pi . 3 op ) from the southwest [LOCATION Caribbean] has 
been erroneously recorded from our shores . It is i inch in length and char- 
acterized by 2 curved , low ridges on the posterior slope of each valve and 
by microscopic pin-points on the sides of the valves , 

[LOCATION Donax] striates [PERSON Linne] also a lower [MISC West Indian] species is as large , but 
characterized by a flat to slightly concave posterior slope which bears numer- 
ous fine radial threads . 

[PERSON Donax] gouldi Dall [PERSON Gould] 's [PERSON Donax] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3iq 
[LOCATION San Luis Obispo] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Common jorm : % inch in length , fairly obese , truncate at the posterior 
end where the beaks are located . [ORGANIZATION Shell] glossy , smooth , except for numerous , 
microscopic , axial threads at the anterior end . Exterior cream to white with 
variable color rays of light-tan . Margins of valves commonly flushed with 
purple . Interior stained with purple or bluish brown . [ORGANIZATION Common] on beaches , 
especially in the north . Kno\\^n locally as the [PERSON Bean Clam] . 

Small jorm : Yi inch in length , slightly more obese , without the color 
rays in most cases . [ORGANIZATION Common] , especially in the south . 

[LOCATION Donax] califorjiicus [LOCATION Conrad California] Donax 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3ip 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

Up to I inch in length , narrowly pointed at both ends . [ORGANIZATION Shell] glossy or 
oily-smooth with a tan to greenish-tan periostracum . Interior white or with 



[ORGANIZATION SANGUINOLARIIDAE] 439 

a purple flush , and with a strong splotch of purple at each end of the dorsal 
margin . [ORGANIZATION Common] in shallow waters of bays along the shore . 

Genus [PERSON Iphigenia Schumacher] 1817 
[ORGANIZATION Iphigenia brasiliensis Lamarck] Giant False Donax 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32U 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 2/4 inches in length , rather heavy , elongate , roughly diamond- 
shaped in side view and moderately inflated . Posterior dorsal slope flattish . 
Exterior smoothish , cream with a purple-stained beak area . [PERSON Commonly] en- 
tirely covered with a thin , glossy , brown periostracum . Moderately common 
in shallow water in sand . 



Family [LOCATION SANGUINOLARIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Sangiiinolaria Lamarck] 1799 

[LOCATION Sangiiinolaria] cruenta Solander [LOCATION Atlantic Sanguin] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 4od 

[LOCATION South Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I % to 2 inches in length , moderately compressed , the left valve slightly 
flatter than the right . With a slight posterior gape . Exterior glossy , smooth , 
except for minute concentric scratches . Pallial sinus with a U-shaped hump 
at the top . Color white with the beaks and area below a bright-red which 
fades ventrally into white . [PERSON Uncommon] in the [LOCATION West Indies] , rare in [LOCATION Florida] . 
5. [PERSON sanguinolenta Gmelin] is a later name for this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Nuttallia] Dall 1898 
[LOCATION Sanguinolaria] mittalli [PERSON Conrad Nuttall] 's [ORGANIZATION Mahogany Clam] 

Plate 29X 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2% to 3% inches in length . A handsome species characterized by its 
smooth , oval form , glossy nut-brown color , with its right valve almost flat 
and its left valve inflated . External ligament like a brown leather button . 
Interior whitish , commonly with rosy or purplish blush . [ORGANIZATION Common] near estu- 
aries in 6 to 8 inches of mud . 



Genus Asaphis Modeer 1793 
[PERSON Asaphis] deflorata [PERSON Linne Gaudy Asaphis] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 40a 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



440 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

2 inches in length , moderately inflated . Sculpture of numerous , coarse , 
irregularly sized , radial threads . Color variable and brighter on the inside : 
whitish , yellow , or stained with red , rose or purple . Beaks inflated and rolled 
in under themselves a little . A moderately common , intertidal species , also 
known from the [MISC Indo-Pacific] . 

[PERSON Genus Tagelus Gray] 1847 
Tagelns plebehis [ORGANIZATION Solander Stout Tagelus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3od 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

2 to 3^4 inches in length , oblong , subcylindrical , rather inflated , rounded 
posteriorly , obliquely truncate anteriorly . Beaks indistinct , close together and 
nearer the posterior end of the shell . [PERSON Hinge] with 2 small , projecting cardinal 
teeth , with a large bulbous callus just behind them . Exterior smoothish , with 
tiny , irregular , concentric scratches . [PERSON Periostracum] moderately thick , shiny , 
olive-green to brownish yellow . Moderately common in shallow water in 
mud-sand intertidal areas . [PERSON T. gibbiis Spengler] is a later name for this species . 

Tagelus calijornianus [MISC Conrad Californian] Tagelus 



[ORGANIZATION M] 



onterey , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 



[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29U 



2 to 4 inches in length . Pallial sinus does not extend past a line vertical 
to the beaks . External color yellowish white under a dark-brown periostra- 
cum which is radially striated . Interior white . Common on muddy sand flats 
near marshes . Lives 8 to 10 inches below the surface of the sand . 

[PERSON Tagelus] affinis [PERSON C. B. Adams] [PERSON Affinis Tagelus] 

[LOCATION Southern California] to [LOCATION Panama] . 

1/4 to 2% inches in length . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thin . [ORGANIZATION PalHal] sinus extends to a line 
shghtly beyond tlie beaks , that is , about 53 to 60 percent of the total length 
of the shell . Dredged from 3 to 40 fathoms in mud-sand , but commonly 
washed ashore . 

Subgenus Mesopleura Conrad 1867 
[PERSON Tagelus] divisus [PERSON Spengler Purplish Tagelus] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30g 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION south Florida] , the [LOCATION Gulf States] and the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , elongate , subcylindrical , fragile and smooth . 
The valves are reinforced internally by a very weak , radial rib ( commonly 



[ORGANIZATION SANGUINOLARllDAE] 441 

obscure ) running across the center of the valve just anterior to the 2 small , 
projecting cardinal teeth . Color of shell whitish purple , covered externally 
with a very thin , chestnut-brown , glossy periostracum . A common shallow- 
water species . 

Tagehis subteres [PERSON Conrad Purplish] [LOCATION Pacific Tagelus] 

Plate 29s 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , subcylindrical , slightly arcuate with the dorsal 
margins sloping down from the beaks . Color pale purple inside and out . 
Periostracum yellowish brown and finely wrinkled . Moderately common in 
shallow water in sandy mud . 

Tagehis politiis [PERSON Carpenter] from [LOCATION Central America] does not slope down 
from the beaks so strongly , is a thinner shell and much more darkly colored 
with violet . 

[PERSON Genus Meter] odonax Morch 1853 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] less than i inch in length , resembling a strong , [LOCATION oval Tellina] . Two 
cardinals and two lateral teeth in each valve , the laterals usually not very 
distinct . Pallial sinus extends % the length of the shell . 

[PERSON Heterodonax] bimaculatus Linne Small False Donax 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3oh 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [ORGANIZATION Southern Cahfornia] to 
[LOCATION Panama] . 

% to I inch in length , oval , with a truncate anterior end and moderately 
inflated . Exterior smoothish , with numerous fine growth lines . 2 cardinals 
in each valve . Anterior to the beaks ( which point forward ) , the hinge is 
thick for a short distance , then followed by a thinner , concave portion . Color 
variable : white with 2 oblong crimson spots inside; violet with radial streaks; 
pink , yellow or mauve; some are speckled with black or brown . This is a 
common species found with [PERSON Donax] on the slopes of sandy beaches . [PERSON H.] pa- 
cificiis [PERSON Conrad] is a synonym . 

[PERSON Genus Gari Schumacher] 18 17 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] fairly large , elongate-oval , beaks near the center; hinge thick and 
with 2 small , bifid teeth just under the beak . Alias Psainmobia [PERSON Lam] . 18 18. 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Fsamvtocola Blainville] 1824 
[PERSON Gari] calif ornica [MISC Conrad Californian] [ORGANIZATION Sunset Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2911 

[MISC Aleutians] to off [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . [LOCATION Japan] . 



442 



Av ] [PERSON eric] an [ORGANIZATION Seas] bells 



2 to 4 inches in length , elongate-oval , fairly strong; the low beaks are 
nearer the anterior end . Sculpture of strong , irregular , concentric growth 
lines . Periostracum brownish gray , fairly thin and irregularly wrinkled . 
Exterior shell dirty-white or cream , and may have faint , narrow , radial rays 
of purple . [ORGANIZATION Common] offshore to 25 fathoms . Commonly washed ashore after 
storms , especially between [LOCATION Sea Beach] and [LOCATION Huntington Beach] , [LOCATION Cahfornia] . 
The subgenus [PERSON Gobraeus Leach] 1852 is a later name for [ORGANIZATION Fsammocola] . 



[ORGANIZATION Suborder ADAPEDONTA] 
[MISC Superjaviily SOLE N ACE A] 

Family [ORGANIZATION SOLENIDAE] 
Genus Siliqua Miihlfeld i 



1 1 



[ORGANIZATION Shell] commonly 6 inches in length , oval , compressed laterally; with a 
rather strais^ht , raised , internal rib ventrally directed . Hinq-e like [PERSON Ensis] . 



[PERSON Siliqiia] costata [ORGANIZATION Sav Atlantic Razor Clam] 

Plare ^of 
[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION New Jersey] . 

2 to 2/4 inches in length , ovate-elongate , compressed , fragile , smooth 
and with a shiny , green periostracum . Interior glossy , purplish white , with 
a strong , white , raised rib running down from the hinge to the middle of the 
anterior end . Very common on shallow-water sand-flats along the New 
[LOCATION England] coast . 

[LOCATION Siliqiia] squama [LOCATION Blainville] found offshore from [LOCATION Newfoundland] to [LOCATION Cape] 
Cod is larger , thicker , white internally , and its internal , supporting rib slant- 
ing posteriorly instead of anteriorly as in costata . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] . 



[PERSON Siliqua] hicida [PERSON Conrad] 



[ORGANIZATION Transparent Razor Clam] 



[LOCATION Bolinas Bay] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I H inches in length . Very thin , fragile and translucent . A4oder- 
ately elongate . [ORGANIZATION Shell] whitish tan , with broad , indistinct , radial rays of darker 
tan or rosy purplish . Periostracum thin , ohve-green and varnish-like . Mod- 
erately common in sand at low tide to 25 fathoms . This species can be 
distinguished from the young of [LOCATION S. patula] by its narrower and higher internal 
rib which crosses the shell at right-angles , and in being more arcuate on its 
ventral margin . 



[PERSON Siliqua] patula [PERSON Dixon] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 



[ORGANIZATION Pacific Razor Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29y 



[ORGANIZATION SOLENIDAE] 443 

5 to 6 inches in length , oval-oblong in shape , laterally compressed and 
moderately thin . Periostracum varnish-like and olive-green . Interior glossy 
and whitish with a purplish flush . Internal rib under teeth descending ob- 
liquely toward the anterior end . Animal without dark coloration . The 
variety nuttalli [PERSON Conrad] is a synonym . Do not confuse with 5. [PERSON alta] . An abun- 
dant , edible species found in mud and sand on ocean beaches . 

[LOCATION Siliqua] alta Dall [LOCATION Dall] 's [ORGANIZATION Razor Clam] 

[LOCATION Arctic Ocean] to [PERSON Cook] 's [LOCATION Inlet] , [LOCATION Alaska] . [LOCATION Russia] . 

4 to 5 inches in length , similar to panda , but chalky-white inside , more 
truncate at both ends , a heavier shell , and with a stronger , narrower and 
vertical ( not oblique ) rib on the inside . 5. viedia [PERSON Sowerby] from the same 
region may possibly be the young of this species , although it is blushed with 
purple inside . 5. [LOCATION alta] is common and edible . 

[PERSON Genus Ensis Schumacher] 1817 

The [MISC Jackknife Clams] closely resemble [PERSON Solen] , but the left valve has 2 
vertical , cardinal teeth , and each valve has a long , low posterior tooth . 

Eiisis directus [ORGANIZATION Conrad Atlantic Jackknife Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 30k 

[ORGANIZATION Labrador] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . [LOCATION Florida] ? 

Up to 10 inches in length , 6 times as long as high , moderately curved 
and with sharp edges . [ORGANIZATION Shell] white , covered with a thin , varnish-like , brown- 
ish-green periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] on sand-flats in [LOCATION New England] . Edible . 

Ensis minor [LOCATION Dall] from both sides of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] rarely exceeds 3 
inches in length , is more fragile , relatively longer , and is more pointed at 
the free end ( not the end with the teeth ) . Internally it has purplish stains . 
Moderately common between tide marks . Some workers consider this a sub- 
species of directus . E. megistus Pilsbry and [PERSON McGinty] are probably 5 -inch- 
long specimens of minor . 

[PERSON Ejjsis] myrae [PERSON S. S. Berry] Calif ornlan [ORGANIZATION Jackknife Clam] 

[LOCATION Southern California] . 

2 inches in length , with much the same characters as In directus . This is 
the only Ensis in [LOCATION California] and It is not very common . It has been errone- 
ously called calif or7iic7is [LOCATION Dall] which , however . Is a more southerly species . 
For a new name for the [ORGANIZATION Californian Ensis] , consult future works by [LOCATION Pacific] 
Coast students ( probably [PERSON S. S. Berr] ) ' ) . ^ 

^ Since appeared Aug . 1953 ^^ Trans . [LOCATION San Diego Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 11, p. 398. 



444 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Solen Linne] 1758 
Similar to Ensis , but with only a single tooth at the end of each valve . 

[PERSON Solen] sicarius [ORGANIZATION Gould Blunt Jackknife Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29V 

[LOCATION British Columbia] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , 4 times as long as wide . Exterior with a varnish- 
like , olive to greenish periostracum . Moderately common in certain local- 
ities , especially sandy mud flats . Also dredged in 25 fathoms . 

[PERSON Solen] viridis Say [ORGANIZATION Green Jackknife Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3011 

[LOCATION Rhode Island] to northern [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf States] . 

About 2 inches in length , about 4 times as long as wide; dorsal edge 
straight , ventral edge curved . [PERSON Hinge] with a single projecting tooth at the 
very end of the valve . Color white; periostracum thin , varnish-like , light 
greenish or brownish . Moderately common in shallow-water sand flats . 

[PERSON Solen] rosaceiis [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Rosy Jackknife Clam] 

[LOCATION Santa Barbara] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION A4azatlan] , [LOCATION A^exico] . 

I to 3 inches in length , almost 5 times as long as wide . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fragile , with 
a thin , glossy , olive periostracum . Beachworm specimens are whitish with 
rosy stains inside and out . It is more cylindrical , the anterior extremity is 
more rounded and narrower than in sicarius . An abundant species along the 
sandy shores of bays . Also to 25 fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Solecurtus Blainville] 1825 

Quadrate to rectangular in shape; gaping at both ends . With weak , 
" clapboard " sculpturing . Ligament prominent , external and posterior to the 
small beaks . Right valve with 2 strong , horizontally jutting cardinal teeth 
just under the centrally located beaks . Left valve with i cardinal . Fsavt- 
mosolen [PERSON Risso] 1826 is a synonym . 

[PERSON Solecurtus] cutningianus [ORGANIZATION Dunker Corrugated Razor Clam] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

I to 2 inches in length with characters of the genus . Color all white , 
with a dull , yellowish-gray periostracum . Outer surface sculptured with 



MACTRIDAE 445 

coarse , concentric , irregular lines and with sharp , small , oblique , wavy 
threads . Uncommon offshore . 

[PERSON Solecurtus] sanctaemarthae [ORGANIZATION Orbigny St Martha] 's [ORGANIZATION Razor Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3oi 

[LOCATION North CaroHna] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , differing from cinningiamis in being twice as long as 
high ( instead of iV-j . times ) and in having stronger sculpturing . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] 
from shallow water to 2 5 fathoms . 

Super fa77nly [ORGANIZATION MACTRACEA] 
[ORGANIZATION Family MACTRIDAE] 

Key to Some Genera of [PERSON Mactridae] 

a. Ligament entirely internal [LOCATION Mulinia] 

aa . Ligament partially external 

[PERSON b. Chondrophore] set off from ligament by a thin shelly plate : 

c. Posterior rostrate; shell thin and fragile . . . . La bios a 
cc . Both ends rounded; shell thick [PERSON Mactra] 

bb . [PERSON Chondrophore] not set off by a plate [MISC Spisula] 





Figure 89. [PERSON Hinge] of the [LOCATION Atlantic Fragile Mactra] , [PERSON Mactra] fragilis [PERSON Gmelin] , 2 inches . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Mactra Linne] 1767 
[PERSON Mactra] fragilis Gmelin Fragile [LOCATION Atlantic Mactra] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32s; figure 89 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 2 ^ inches in length , oval , moderately thin , but strong , and smooth- 
ish . Posterior slope with 2 radial , small ridges , one of which is very close to 
the dorsal margin of the valve . With a fairly large posterior gape . Color 
cream-white , with a thin , silky , grayish periostracum . A4oderately common 
in shallow water . Rarely reaches 4 inches in length . 

[PERSON Mactra] calijornica [MISC Conrad Californian] [PERSON Mactra] 

Figure 9od 

[LOCATION Neeah Bay] , [LOCATION W^ashington] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 



446 [MISC American Seashells] 

Up to I % inches in length , moderately fragile , moderately elongate and 
with the beaks central . Characterized by pecuhar , concentric undulations on 
the beaks . This small species of Mactra is common in lagoons and bays of 
southern [LOCATION California] . It lives 3 to 6 inches below the surface of the sand . 



[PERSON Mactra] nasuta [PERSON Gould Gould] 's [LOCATION Pacific Mactra] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Mazatlan] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

Up to 3/4 inches in length , similar to calif ornica , but more oval at the 
ventral margin , without concentric undulations on the beaks , and with 2 very 
distinct , raised , radial ridges on the posterior dorsal margin . The whitish 
shell is glossy and the periostracum is shiny and yellowish tan . Not very 
common . 

Genus [PERSON Spisula Gray] 1837 

[LOCATION Spisiila] soUdissima [ORGANIZATION Dillwyn Atlantic Surf Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32P 
[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . 

Up to 7 inches in length ( usually about 4 or 5 inches ) , strong , oval and 
smoothish , except for small , irregular growth lines . The lateral teeth bear 
very tiny , saw-tooth ridges . Color yellowish white with a thin yellowish 
brown periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] below low-water mark on ocean beaches . 
After violent winter storms , these clams are cast ashore in incredible num- 
bers , some estimates giving an approximate count of 50 million clams along 
a ten-mile stretch . 

The subspecies shnilis Say ( [LOCATION Cape Cod] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and to 
[LOCATION Texas] ) is more elongate , its anterior slope flatter , and its pallial sinus longer 
and not sloping slightly upward . In the left valve , the tiny double tooth , 
just anterior to the spoon-shaped chondrophore , is usually much larger and 
stronger . Moderately common , and commonly existing with the typical spe- 
cies in the northern part of its range . Compare with polynyma which has a 
larger pallial sinus . 



[PERSON Spisula] polynyma [PERSON Stimpson Stimpson] 's [ORGANIZATION Surf Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31W; figure 26k 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Rhode Island] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to Puget Sound . [LOCATION Also Japan] . 
3 to 5 inches in length , beaks very near the middle of the valve . Anterior 



[ORGANIZATION MACTRIDAE] 



447 



end smaller than the elliptical posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky , dirty-white and 
with a coarse , varnish-like , yellowish brown periostracum . Worn shells have 
coarse , concentric , wide growth lines . The pallial sinus is larger in this spe- 
cies than in solidissima . Moderately common from low-tide line to 60 fath- 
oms . The form alaskana [LOCATION Dall] is probably a synonym . The fossil , 5. [PERSON voyi] 
Gabb 1868 from the [LOCATION Miocene] or [LOCATION Pliocene] is possibly only a subspecies . 



[PERSON Spisula] falcata [ORGANIZATION Gould Hooked Surf Clam] 

Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] , to [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , rather elongate at the narrower anterior end . 
Exterior chalky with a partially worn-off , light-brown , shiny periostracum . 
Anterior upper margin of shell slightly concave . Moderately common in 
sand below low-water line . 




Figure 90. [LOCATION Pacific Surf Clams] , a , [LOCATION Spisnla] dolabriformis [PERSON Conrad] , [ORGANIZATION 3] inches; [ORGANIZATION b] , [PERSON S.] 

hemphilli [LOCATION Dall] , [ORGANIZATION 6] inches; e , [LOCATION Spistda] catiUiformis [PERSON Conrad] , [ORGANIZATION 4] inches; [PERSON d] , [PERSON Mactra] 

calif omica [PERSON Conrad] , i ^ inches; e , S. pla ? mlata [PERSON Conrad] , 2 inches . 



448 [MISC American] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he Us 

[PERSON Spisula] planulata [ORGANIZATION Conrad Flattish Surf Clam] 

Figure 906 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , % as high . Beaks almost at the middle . Anterior 
upper margin of the shell sharp-edged and straight . Exterior smooth , yellow- 
[PERSON ish] , shiny with the edges commonly stained with rusty-brown . Not very 
common . Found from low-water line to 36 fathoms . 



[PERSON Spisula] catillijormis [ORGANIZATION Conrad Catilliform Surf Clam] 

Figure 90c 

[LOCATION Washington State] to [LOCATION Ensenada] , [LOCATION California] . 

4 to 5 inches in . length , almost as high as long . An oval shell with the 
beaks slightly nearer the anterior end . Moderately obese . Dull-ivory , com- 
monly stained with reddish brown . With numerous , irregularly sized and 
spaced growth lines . Periostracum glossy , thin and usually worn off . [PERSON Pallial] 
sinus deep , running anteriorly as far back as the middle of the shell . Rather 
uncommonly washed ashore . Live specimens rare . 



[LOCATION Spisula] dolabriformis [ORGANIZATION Conrad Hatchet Surf Clam] 

Figure 90a 

[LOCATION Lobitas] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Mexico] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , rather elongate , compressed and smooth . Poste- 
rior end shorter , but more expansive than the rather drawn-out anterior end . 
Right valve with the posterior lateral tooth separated into 2 teeth lengthwise 
by a long , deep channel . Color a smooth , ivory white , with a dull , light-tan , 
thin periostracum . Small gape at the posterior end . Do not confuse with 
[PERSON Mactra] nasuta which dips down at the ventral margin , has a shiny periostra- 
cum and a wide posterior gape , nor with [PERSON Spisula] falcata which is similar in 
shape , but chalky and with very convex ventral margin to the hinge just 
below the chondrophore . Moderately common . 



[LOCATION Spisula] beinphilli Dall [PERSON Hemphill] 's [ORGANIZATION Surf Clam] 

[MISC Figure 90b] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Central America] . 

Up to 6 inches in length , about % as high . Rather obese . Posterior end 
more obese and shorter than the downwardly swept , compressed anterior end . 
Periostracum grayish brown , dull , coarsely and concentrically wrinkled . The 
pallial sinus is moderately deep and inclined upward . Fairly common along 
the southern beaches of [LOCATION California] . 



MACTRIDAE 449 

[PERSON Genus Miilinia Gray] 1837 
[LOCATION Miilinia] lateralis Say [MISC Dwarf Surf Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32-0 

[LOCATION Maine] to north [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to V2 inch in length , resembling a young [LOCATION Spisula] or [PERSON Mactra] , moder- 
ately obese , beaks quite prominent and near the center of the shell and point- 
ing to\A 'ard each other . Exterior whitish to cream and smoothish , except for 
a fairly distinct , radial ridge near the posterior end . Concentric lines plainly 
seen in the thin , yellowish periostracum . Distinguished from young [LOCATION Spisula] 
solidissima which have a proportionately much larger chondrophore in the 
hinge and which have tiny , saw-tooth denticles on the lower anterior and 
lateral hinge-teeth . A very abundant species in warm , shallow water in sand . 



[PERSON Genus Labiosa] iMoller 1832 

[PERSON Posterior] slightly gaping . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fragile . [PERSON Hinge] with a prominent chon- 
drophore . Cardinal teeth small and close to the chondrophore . Ligament 
submerged , except at the anterior end , and separated from the chondrophore 
by a [PERSON shelly] plate . [PERSON Raeta Gray] 1853 is the same . This is also [PERSON Anatina] Schu- 
macher 181 7, not [ORGANIZATION Bosc] 18 16. 



[PERSON Labiosa] plicatella [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Channeled Duck Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32q 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , Y : , as high , egg-shell thin , but moderately strong . 
Concentric sculpture of smoothish , distinct ribs which on the inside of the 
valves show as grooves . Radial sculpture of very fine , crinkly threads . Color 
pure white . Formerly known as [PERSON Raeta] canaliciilata Say . [PERSON R. cainpechejisis] 
[PERSON Gray] is also a synonym . Commonly washed ashore , especially along the 
strands of the [LOCATION Carolinas] , but rarely seen alive . 



[PERSON Labiosa] lineata [ORGANIZATION Say Smooth Duck Clam] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the north % of [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , % as high , fairly thin but strong . [PERSON White] to tan 
in color . Moderately smooth , except for irregular growth lines and tiny , but 
distinct , concentric ribs near the beaks . Posterior end with a distinct radial 
rib behind which the shell gapes with flaring edges . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] in most 
areas of its range . 



450 [MISC American Seashells] 

Genus Schizothaerus Conrad 1853 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] large with a roundish posterior gape . [PERSON Hinge] with small cardinal 
teeth; lateral teeth very small and close to the cardinals . Ligament external 
and separated from the cartilage pit by a [PERSON shelly] plate . 

[PERSON Schizothaerus] nuttalli nuttalli [PERSON Conrad Pacific Gaper] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 31Z 

[LOCATION Washington] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Up to 8 inches in length . An oblongish to oval , strong , smoothish shell 
with a prominent gape at the posterior end . The neat , well-formed beaks 
are located M to % from the anterior end . The pallial sinus is very large 
and deep . Periostracum grayish . Common . Compare with the northern sub- 
species capax [PERSON Conrad] . 

[PERSON Schizothaerus nuttalli] capax [PERSON Gould Alaskan Gaper] 

[LOCATION Kodiak Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] , to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

Up to 10 inches in length , differing from the typical nuttalli in being 
much more oval , more obese , and dipping downward into a well-rounded , 
ventral margin . This species is very common on most sandy and mud beaches 
in Puget Sound . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Rangia Desmoulins] 1832 
[LOCATION Rangia] cuneata [PERSON Gray Common Rangia] 

Figure 91a , [ORGANIZATION b] 
[LOCATION Northwest Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . 

I to 2% inches in length , obliquely ovate , very thick and heavy . The 
beaks which are near the oval , anterior end are high , inrolled and pointing 
downward and anteriorly . Exterior whitish , but covered with a strong , 
smoothish , gray-brown periostracum . Interior glossy , white and with a blue- 
gray tinge . Pallial sinus small , but moderately deep and distinct . A common 
fresh-water to brackish-water species found in coastal areas . R. iiasuta [LOCATION Dall] 
is probably only a rostrate form of this species . Compare with [PERSON R. flexuosa] . 

Subgenus Rangianella Conrad 1867 
[LOCATION Rangia] flexuosa [PERSON Conrad Brown Rangia] 

Figure 91c , d 

[LOCATION Louisiana] to [LOCATION Texas] and [PERSON Vera Cruz] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

I to 1% inches in length , rescmbUng an elongate cuneata , but with no 



[ORGANIZATION MESODESMATIDAE] 



451 







Figure 91. [PERSON Rangia Marsh Clams] of the [LOCATION Atlantic Gulf States] , a and [LOCATION b] , [PERSON Rangia] 
[PERSON cnneata Gray] , [ORGANIZATION 2] inches; c and d , [PERSON R.] flexiiosa [PERSON Conrad] , i % inches . 

distinct pallial sinus , with much shorter laterals , with a faintly impressed , 
large lunule , and colored light-brown inside . A rare and elusive species from 
marsh areas . [PERSON R. rostrata Petit] is a synonym . 



Family MESODESMATIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Mesodesma Deshayes] 1830 

Like a large [LOCATION Donax] with a prominent chondrophore . 
fine denticles . 



[PERSON Laterals] with 



[PERSON Mesodesma] arctatimt [PERSON Conrad] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Chesapeake Bay] . 



[ORGANIZATION Arctic Wedge Clam] 
Plate 32r 



About I 'V2 inches in length , somewhat shaped like a [LOCATION Donax] , fairly thick 
and compressed . [LOCATION Chondrophore] fairly large and spoon-shaped . Left valve 
with a long anterior and posterior lateral tooth , both of which have fine , 
comb-like teeth on each side . Pallial sinus small and U-shaped . Interior tan 
to cream . Exterior with a thin , yellowish , smooth periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
from low water to 50 fathoms . 



452 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Ervilia Turton] 1822 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , concentrically striate , and sometimes brightly hued . Liga- 
ment absent; resihum small and internal . Laterals small . Left cardinal large 
and bifid or split . 

[LOCATION Ervilia] concentrica [PERSON Gould Concentric] [LOCATION Ervilia] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

%6 of an inch in length , % as high , elliptical in outline , moderately com- 
pressed , although some are somewhat inflated . Each end is rounded to the 
same degree , and the beaks are central . There is a pinpoint depression just 
behind the glossy , inroUed beaks . Sculpture of fine , numerous concentric 
ridges . Radial threads may be present to form tiny beads . Color white , 
yellow or commonly with a pink blush . Common just offshore to 50 fathoms . 
[PERSON E. rostratula Rehder] from [LOCATION Lake Worth] , [LOCATION Florida] , is similar , but the posterior 
end is slightly more pointed . 

[ORGANIZATION Family HIATELLIDAE] 
Genus [PERSON Hiatella Daudin] 1801 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] irregular due to nestling and burrowing habits . Texture chalky . 
No definite teeth in the thickened hinge of the adults . Pallial line discon- 
tinuous; siphons naked and slightly separated at the tips . [PERSON Saxicava Fleuriau] 
1802 is the same . 

[PERSON Hiatella] arctica [ORGANIZATION Linne Arctic Saxicave] 

Figure 92a 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to deep water in the [LOCATION West Indies] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to deep water 
off [LOCATION Panama] . 



[ORGANIZATION PKODISSOCONCH] 




Figure 92. The young shells of [ORGANIZATION Hiatella] reared under the same artificial conditions . 
a , [PERSON Hiatella] arctica Linne; b , [PERSON H.] striata [PERSON Fleuriau] . ( After [PERSON M. Lebour] 1938. ) 

Generally i inch in length , but rarely 2 to 3 inches . A very variable 
species in its shape . The young are rather evenly oblong , but the adults 
become oblong , oval or twisted and misshapen . The shell is elongate with 



[ORGANIZATION HIATELLIDAE] 45 3 

the dorsal and ventral margins usually parallel to each other . A posterior 
gape may be present . Beaks close together , about % back from the anterior 
end . Just behind them is a conspicuous , bean-shaped , external ligament . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky , white and with coarse , irregular growth lines . Periostracum 
gray , thin and usually flakes oif in dried specimens . With a weak or fairly 
strong radial rib at the posterior end . The rib may be scaled . [ORGANIZATION Common] in 
cold water . This is [PERSON H. rugosa] [PERSON Linne] and pholadis [PERSON Linne] . 

■ [PERSON Hiatella] striata [PERSON Fleuriau] {H . galUcana [PERSON Lamarck] and rugosa of some 
authors ) is almost indistinguishable in the adult form from arctic a. The 
young , however , in striata do not have the two radial spinose ribs . This 
species breeds in winter , while arctica breeds in summer . The eggs are pinkish 
cream , while those of arctica are red . It nearly always bores into stone . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cyrtodaria Daudin] 1799 
[LOCATION Cyrtodaria] siliqiia [ORGANIZATION Spengler Northern Propeller Clam] 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Rhode Island] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , about H as high . [PERSON Gapes] at both ends , but more 
so posteriorly where the large siphonal snout projects out about an inch . 
[PERSON Beaks] hardly noticeable , placed slightly toward the anterior end . The 
strong , wide ligament is external at the very anterior end of the dorsal mar- 
gin . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky , white with a bluish tint . The valves are thick-shelled , with 
a coarse callus inside . The valves are slightly twisted in propeller fashion . 
[PERSON Hinge] a simple bar with a fairly large bulbous swelling under the ligament . 
In life , the periostracum is light-brown , glossy , smooth and covers the en- 
tire exterior . Dried valves soon lose the flaky , blackened periostracum . 
Moderately common offshore down to 90 fathoms . On occasion , found in 
fish stomachs . 

A similar species , [LOCATION Cyrtodaria] [PERSON kurriana Dunker] , is found in arctic waters 
along the shores at low tide . It is 3 times as long as high , hardly twisted 
and rarely exceeds 1% inches in length . [PERSON Uncommon] in collections . 

[PERSON Genus Fanomya Gray] 1857 
[PERSON Panomya] arctica [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Arctic Rough Mya] 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Chesapeake Bay] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , about Y2 as high , squarish in outline . Looks 
somewhat hke a misshapen [PERSON Alya] , but lacks teeth and a chondrophore in the 
hinge , and has a coarse , flaky , light-brown periostracum . Characterized by 
oblong or oval , sunk-in muscle and pallial line scars . There are 2 poorly de- 



454 [MISC American Seashells] 

fined radial ridges near the center of the valves . [ORGANIZATION Common] in mud in cold 
waters offshore . 



[PERSON Vanomya] ampla Dall Ample [PERSON Rough Mya] 

[LOCATION Aleutian Islands] to Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] . 

2 to 3 inches in length . A peculiarly distorted , heavy shell which is 
much gaping at both ends . Anterior end crudely pointed; posterior broadly 
truncate . With 3 to 6 depressed scars on the white interior . Exterior con- 
centrically roughened , ash-white in color , with a border of thick , irregular , 
black periostracum . Hinge without definite teeth . [ORGANIZATION Uncommon] offshore in 
cold water . 

[PERSON Genus Panope Menard] 1807 

[PERSON Panope] generosa [PERSON Gould Geoduck] 

( [MISC Goo-ee-duck] ) 
[LOCATION Alaska] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

7 to 9 inches in length . Inflated , sHghtly elongate and rather thick- 
shelled . Gaping at both ends . Coarse , concentric , wavy sculpture present , 
especially noticeable near the small , central , depressed beaks . Periostracum 
thin and yellowish . Exterior of shell dirty-white to cream; interior semi- 
glossy and white . [PERSON Hinge] with a single , large , horizontal thickening . The 
2 long , united siphons of the animal are half the weight of the entire clam . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in mud 2 or 3 feet deep in the northwestern states . Edible but 
tough . Freaks have been named soJida [LOCATION Dall] , globosa [LOCATION Dall] and taeiiiata [LOCATION Dall] . 
For an interesting and well-illustrated account of this species , see Natural 
History Magazine ( [LOCATION N.Y.] ) , April , 1948, on " We Go Gooeyducking " by the 
[PERSON Milnes] . 

[PERSON Panope] bitriincata [PERSON Conrad] from [LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] is 5 to 6 
inches in length and resembles the [LOCATION Pacific geoduck] . Dead valves are rarely 
found , and I have never seen a live specimen . Possibly extinct . 

Super jamily MY ACE A 

[ORGANIZATION Family MY ACID] AE 

[PERSON Genus Mya Linne] 1758 

These are the soft-shell or " steamer " clams which are so popular in [LOCATION New] 
[LOCATION England] . The valves are slightly unequal in size and have a large posterior 
gape . Resilium internal , placed posterior to the beaks and attached in the 
left valve to a horizontally projecting chondrophore . 



MY ACID AE 455 

My a arenaria [ORGANIZATION Linne Soft-shell Clam] 

Plate 32X 

[PERSON Labrador] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . Introduced to western [LOCATION United States] . 

I to 6 inches in length . [ORGANIZATION PalHal] sinus somewhat V-shaped in [LOCATION contrast] 
to U-shaped in truncata . [ORGANIZATION Shell] eHiptical . Periostracum very thin and light- 
gray to straw . [LOCATION Chondrophore] in left valve long , spoon-shaped and shallow . 
[PERSON M. japonica] [PERSON Jay] of the Pacific coast is probably this speices . This common , 
delectable clam , also known as the long-necked clam , steamer and nanny 
nose , is harvested from the readily accessible mud flats of [LOCATION New England] in 
great numbers . In 1935, nearly 12 million pounds , valued at $704,000, were 
taken from our eastern shores . A hundred pounds of clams furnishes 35 
pounds of meat , while the equivalent weight of oysters would give only 13 
pounds . 

My a truncata [ORGANIZATION Linne Truncate Soft-shell Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32V 

[MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Nahant] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] . [LOCATION Europe] . [MISC Arctic] [ORGANIZATION Seas] to [LOCATION Port] 
[PERSON Orchard] , [LOCATION Washington] . [LOCATION Japan] . 

I to 3 inches in length , similar to arenaria , but widely gaping at its 
abruptly truncate , posterior end . The pallial sinus is U-shaped . In [LOCATION Green-] 
land and [LOCATION Iceland] this species is fairly common and is considered a delicacy . 
It is also a food for the walrus , king eider duck , arctic fox and the codfish . 
It is uncommon in [MISC American] collections . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Spheuia Turton] 1822 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small and fragile; surface with concentric ridges; hinge-teeth ab- 
sent . The elongate , flattened chondrophore in the left valve juts obliquely 
under the hinge margin of the right valve . These clams are nestlers , and are 
consequently irregular in shape in many instances . 

[LOCATION Sphenia] fragilis [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Fragile Sphenia] 

[LOCATION Oregon] to [LOCATION Mazatlan] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

[PERSON Yi] inch in length , quite elongate , with a long , narrow , compressed , 
posterior snout . Anterior half obese and rotund . Beaks fat and close to- 
gether . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fragile , chalky , white and with fine , concentric threads , Peri- 
ostracum yellowish gray , dull and usually worn off the beak area . Chon- 
drophore in left valve large and with 2 lobes . Socket in right valve large 
and round . The posterior snout is commonly twisted . Low tide to 46 
fathoms in mud . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 



456 [MISC American Seashells] 

[LOCATION Sphenia] [PERSON ovoidea Carpenter] ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Panama] ) is half as large , smoother , 
and more ovoid in outline without the prominent snout . [PERSON Uncommon] . 

Genus [PERSON Cryptomya Conrad] 1849 

Somewhat like a small , fragile My a , but more fragile , and the right 
valve is larger and more obese than the left . Large chondrophore in the 
left valve is thin , flat-topped with an anterior ridge . Posterior gape and pallial 
sinus almost absent . Siphons very short . 

[PERSON Crypt077jya] calijormca [MISC Conrad Californian] [PERSON Glass Mya] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to central [LOCATION Mexico] . 

1 to I /4 inches in length , oval , fragile , moderately obese . Right valve 
fatter . Right beak crowds slightly over the left beak . Posterior gape very 
small . [LOCATION Chondrophore] in left valve large , tucks against a small , concave shelf 
under the right beak . Exterior chalky and with small growth lines . Peri- 
ostracum dull-gray , faintly and radially striped at the posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Interior] 
slightly nacreous in fresh specimens . [ORGANIZATION Common] in sand where it may live as 
deep as 20 inches . The short siphons enter the burrows of other marine 
animals . 

Genus Flatyodon Conrad 1837 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] somewhat resembling a very fat [PERSON Mya] , with a fairly thick shell , 
rugose sculpturing and fairly small chondrophore . 

Platyodon cancel ! atiis [PERSON Conrad Chubby Mya] 

[LOCATION Queen Charlotte Island] , [LOCATION B.C.] , to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , rounded rectangular and obese . Gaping widely 
posteriorly . [ORGANIZATION Shell] strong , rather thick and with fine , clapboard-like , concen- 
tric growth lines . Rarely with very weak radial grooves . [PERSON Chondrophore] 
in left valve quite thick and arched . Beak of right valve crowds under beak 
of left valve . [ORGANIZATION Shell] chalky and white; periostracum thin , yellowish brown 
to rusty , and rugose posteriorly . Moderately common near beds of pholads . 
Lives in sand . 

Family [ORGANIZATION CORBULIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Varicorbida Grant] and [ORGANIZATION Ciale] 193 1 

[PERSON Varicorlnda] [PERSON operculata Philippi] 1848 [ORGANIZATION Oval Corbula] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



[ORGANIZATION CORBULIDAE] 457 

% of an inch in length , % as high , moderately thin-shelled and glossy . 
Beaks high , curled under and pointing anteriorly . Right valve subtrigonal 
in shape , very obese and with strong , concentric ridges . Left valve more 
elongate , smaller , less obese and with numerous but weaker ridges . Color 
white , but some may be tinted with rose near the margins . [PERSON Uncommonly] 
dredged from 12 to 250 fathoms . Live specimens very rare . This is [PERSON C.] dis- 
parilis of authors . 

Genus [PERSON Corbula Bruguiere] 1792 

Small , thick shells characterized by one valve ( commonly the right ) 
being larger than the other . Posterior end commonly rostrate . Resilium 
and ligament internal . The genus Aloidis Aliihlfeld was in current use until 
recently . 

[ORGANIZATION Corhila] contracta Say Contracted [PERSON Corbula] 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

^4 inch in length , oblong , moderately to strongly obese . Both valves 
about the same size , except that the posterior , ventral margin of the right 
valve overlaps that of the left . The numerous , poorly defined , concentric 
ridges on the outside of the valves extend over the posterior , radial ridge on 
to the posterior slope . The left valve has a V-shaped notch in the hinge 
just anterior to the beak . Color dirty-gray . A common shallow-water 
species . 

[ORGANIZATION Corbula] dietziana [PERSON C. B. Adams Dietz] 's [PERSON Corbula] 

[LOCATION North Carohna] to southeast [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to ^ inch in length , like contracta , but larger , thicker-shelled and 
pinkish inside . The ventral margins are blushed or rayed with carmine-rose . 
Microscopic threads numerous between the few coarse , concentric ridges . 
Compare with the smaller and more comprecsed [PERSON barrattiana] . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
dredged offshore in the [LOCATION Miami] region . 

[PERSON Corbula] nasuta Say Snub-nose [ORGANIZATION Corbula] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

%6 to % inch in length , oblong , obese and strongly rostrate at the pos- 
terior end . The posterior end looks as if it had been severely pinched . Right 
valve considerably larger than the left . Margins of valves with a thick border 



458 



[ORGANIZATION Ajnerican Seashells] 



of dark-brown periostracum . Concentric sculpture of distinct ridges . Color 
yellowish to brownish white . [LOCATION Uncommon] in shallow water . 



[PERSON Corbula] barrattiajia [PERSON C. B. Adams] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] 



[PERSON Barratt] 's [PERSON Corbula] 

Figure 93a 



^ inch in length , moderately compressed , rostrate at the posterior end , 
with poorly developed or without concentric ridges in the beak area . Right 
valve slightly larger than the left . The posterior end of the rostrum in the 
right valve projects far beyond that of the left valve . Color variable : white , 
pink , mauve , yellow , orange or reddish . Uncommon in shallow water to 
50 fathoms . 








Figure 93. [PERSON Corbula] clams , a , [ORGANIZATION Corbula] barrattiana [PERSON C. B. Adams] , Y^ inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic] 
[ORGANIZATION Coast] ) ; b , [PERSON Corbula] swijtiana [PERSON C. B. Adams] , ^ inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) . Three views 

of each 



[PERSON Swift] 's [PERSON Corbula] 

[MISC Figure 93b] 



[ORGANIZATION Corbula] sioipiana [PERSON C. B. Adams] 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to east [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

/4 inch in length , oblong , moderately obese; right valve larger , more 
obese and overlapping the left valve at the ventral posterior region . [PERSON Posterior] 
slope in the right valve bounded by 2 radial ridges , one of which is close 
to the margin of the valve . The left valve has only i ridge . [ORGANIZATION Shell] thick , with 
the posterior muscle scar on a slightly raised platform . External sculpture 
the same on each valve , consisting of irregular , concentric ridges . Color 



GASTROCHAENIDAE 459 

dull white with a thin yellowish periostracum . A4oderately common from 
6 to I GO fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Corbiila] luteola [ORGANIZATION Carpenter Common Western Corbula] 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

% inch in length , slightly obese , with the right valve more obese and 
overlapping the left valve on the ventral margin . Anterior end elliptical 
in outhne; posterior end coming to a blunt point . Beaks strong , close to- 
gether and slightly nearer the posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Shell] porcellaneous , whitish 
gray and may be flushed with pinkish or purplish . Interior whitish , but 
commonly yellowish with purple-red staining . Sculpture of weak , concen- 
tric crrowth lines which are less noticeable toward the smoothish beaks . 
[ORGANIZATION Common] in some localities in sand and rocky , rubbly beaches to 25 fathoms . 
[PERSON C.] rosea [PERSON Williamson] is merely a pink color phase of this species . 

[PERSON Corbula] porcella Dall [ORGANIZATION Ribbed Western Corbula] 

[LOCATION Santa Rosa Island] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

V4 to Ys inch in length , similar to [LOCATION luteola] , but much fatter , chalky , gray , 
and with much stronger concentric riblets . The right valve overlaps the left 
valve very prominently on the ventral margin . Moderately common from 
shallow water to 53 fathoms . 

Fa7nily [ORGANIZATION GASTROCHAENIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus ROCELLARIA Blainville] 1828 

Both valves fairly thin , somewhat chalky in substance , and equal in size 
and shape . The anterior [PERSON gape] is very large . Beaks very near the anterior end . 
Hinge-teeth obscure . These clams form flask-shaped excavations in the rocks 
which they line with calcareous material . When not protected by a burrow , 
they form a [PERSON shelly] tube to which debris is attached . [PERSON Gastrochaena Spengler] 
is another genus from the [MISC Indo-Pacific] area ( formerly [PERSON Fistula7ia Brug] . , not 
[LOCATION Miiller] ) . 

[LOCATION Rocellaria] hians [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Atlantic Rocellaria] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length; valves rather spathate , with low , indistinct , fine , 
concentric ridges . Posterior end large and rounded . The entire anterior- 
ventral end is widely open to accommodate the foot . Color white . [ORGANIZATION Common] 



460 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

in soft coral rocks . Erroneously called c7meifor77iis [PERSON Spengler] which is an 
[MISC Indo-Pacific] species ( see [PERSON E. Lamy] , 1924 ) . 

[PERSON Rocellaria ovata Sowerby] ( [LOCATION Bermuda] and the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] , rare ) is 
very similar , but the beaks are at the very end of the valve , and the [ORGANIZATION shell] is 
more elongate . In hians , there is a very small , wing-like projection of the 
valve in front of the beak . 



[PERSON Genus Spengleria Tryon] 1861 

Similar to [LOCATION Rocellaria] , but truncate at the posterior end where there are 
strong , concentric ribs . Beaks at the anterior third of the shell . 

[LOCATION Spengleria] [PERSON rostrata Spengler] [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Spengler Clam] 

[LOCATION Southeast Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

I inch in length; valve truncate at the posterior end . There is a very 
characteristic , elevated , triangular area which radiates from the beaks to the 
large , posterior end . This area is crossed by strong , transverse lamellations 
resembling a washboard . [PERSON Commonly] found boring in soft coral rock . Un- 
common in [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Superfamily ADESMACEA] 
Family [ORGANIZATION PHOLADIDAE] 

Pending publication of the extensive researches on this group by Dr 
[PERSON Ruth D] , [PERSON Turner] at [ORGANIZATION Harvard University] , we are dividing the groups in this 
family and treating the species in the conventional manner . 

[PERSON Genus Cyrtopleiira Tryon] 1862 
[PERSON Barnea] costata [ORGANIZATION Linne Angel Wing] 

Figure 94a 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

4 to 8 inches in length , moderately fragile; pure white in color , but in 
life covered by a thin , gray periostracum . With about 30 well-developed , 
beaded radial ribs which are scale-like at the anterior end of the valve . In 
fresh material , there is a shelly accessory plate over the hinge area . It is 
somewhat triangular and with complicated furrows . The internal brace 
under the beaks is spoon-shaped and with a narrow , strongly hooked at- 
tached end . [ORGANIZATION Common] in sticky mud about a foot under the surface ( con- 
sult " [PERSON Diggin] ' 'Em Out " by [PERSON B. R. Bales] , The [MISC Nautilus] , vol . 59, pp . 13 to 17 ) . 
Some colonies have shells which have pink , concentric stains on the inside of 



[LOCATION PHOLADIDAE] 



461 



the valves . No scientific study has been made of this variant , but it may be 
due to environmental or dietetic conditions . 



tnw " -S-y j.rJ g t ' S.V sJ 














Figure 94. [PERSON Mud] , peat and rock borers of the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] , a , [PERSON Angel Wing] , 

[PERSON Barnea] costata Linne; b , [PERSON Petricola] pholadifonnis [PERSON Lamarck] , [ORGANIZATION False Angel Wing] 

( p. 420 ) ; c , [LOCATION Northern Piddock] , [PERSON Zirfaea] crispata [PERSON Linne] . All slightly reduced . 

( From [PERSON Gould] and [PERSON Binney] 1870. ) 

[PERSON Barnea] truncata Say [PERSON Fallen Angel Wing] 

[LOCATION Massachusetts Bay] to [LOCATION south Florida] . 

2 to 2/4 inches in length , somewhat resembling the [PERSON Angel Wing] , [PERSON B.] 
costata , but widely gaping at both ends , truncate at the posterior end , 
smoothish at the posterior half , and with an elongate , narrow accessory 
plate over the beak area . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fragile , white to grayish white . The internal 
condyle is long and about the thickness of a toothpick . The siphons are 
encased in a large , rough , gray , tubular sheath which may be extended 2 to 
3 times the length of the shell . [PERSON Bores] into clay , soft rock or wood . [ORGANIZATION Common] 
in intertidal zones . Do not confuse with [ORGANIZATION Zirfaea] crispata which is much 
more squat and has a radial , indented line dividing each valve into 2 areas . 

[PERSON Barnea] siibtnmcata Sowcrby 1834 [ORGANIZATION Pacific Mud Piddock] 

[LOCATION San Francisco] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 



462 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

2 to 2^4 inches in length , very elongate , moderately gaping at the bluntly 
rounded , posterior end , and widely gaping at the foot end . Top margin 
of shell folded back on itself at , and just anterior to , the beaks . No distinct 
radial groove on the sides of the valves . Sculpture at anterior end is of prickly , 
concentric lamellae which fade out toward the smoothish posterior third . 
[PERSON Siphon] covered with a heavy , brown periostracum . May be dug out of 
very soft shale at very low tides in a few localities . Moderately common . 
[PERSON Miss Turner] advises me that this species must take the earlier name of Barnea 
spathidata Deshayes . It was formerly known as [PERSON B. pacifica Stearns] . 

[PERSON Genus Zirfaea Gray] 1842 
[PERSON Zirfaea] crispata [ORGANIZATION Linne Great Piddock] 

Figure 94c 

[LOCATION Newfoundland] to [LOCATION New Jersey] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

1 to 2 inches in length , about half as high . Gaping at both ends . Charac- 
terized by the radial , indented line which divides the valves into 2 areas : the 
posterior section which has coarse , irregular growth lines , and the anterior 
section which has fimbriated or scaled growth lines and a serrated edge . 
A4oderately common in cold water where it burrows into soft r^ck . This is 
the only member of the genus on the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] . 

[ORGANIZATION Zirfaea] pilsbryi [ORGANIZATION Lowe Pacific Rough Piddock] 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 4 inches in length , gaping at both ends . Purportedly there are no 
accessory plates present , except for a small mesoplax . The folded-back dorsal 
margin at , and in front of , the beaks is covered with a thin , periostracal 
membrane in fresh material . The yellowish periostracum at the posterior 
end ( siphonal end ) is thin , but is not leaf-like as in [LOCATION Parapholas] . No eggshell- 
like material over the anterior foot gape . This species appears in old books 
as [PERSON gabbi Tryon] . Dead specimens are commonly washed ashore . [PERSON Siphon] 
studded with tiny , rounded flecks of chitinous material . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Pholas Linne] 1758 
[PERSON Pholas] ca77ipechiensis [ORGANIZATION Gmelin Campeche Angel AVing] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] [ORGANIZATION 32t] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Gulf States] and [LOCATION Central America] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , [PERSON Mj] as high , fragile , purc-\\iiite and closely re- 
sembling the False Angel Wing , [ORGANIZATION Petricola] pholadijonms , but lacking a 
toothed hinge and ligament , and having a glossy plate rolled over the beaks 



[ORGANIZATION PHOLADIDAE] 463 

which is supported by about a dozen , vertical , [PERSON shelly] plates . Not very com- 
mon . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Xylophaga Turton] 1822 
[PERSON Xylophaga] ivashingtona [PERSON Bartsch Washington Wood-eater] 

[LOCATION Washington] and [LOCATION Oregon] . 

% inch in length , globular and fragile . The large anterior [PERSON gape] has % 
of its area covered by a triangular callum in each upper and outer corner . 
[LOCATION Middle] of inside of each valve reinforced by a small , strong , radial cord vi^hich 
is welded to the valve . Color yellowish white . [PERSON Bores] into pieces of water- 
logged wood . [PERSON Uncommonly] collected in dredging hauls . 

The [LOCATION Atlantic] species X. dorsalis [LOCATION Turton] has much the same characters 
as the above species . It occurs from loo to 300 fathoms from the [MISC Arctic] 
[ORGANIZATION Seas] to off [LOCATION Cape Cod] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Fenitella] [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes] 1846 
[ORGANIZATION PeJiitella] penita [PERSON Conrad Flap-tipped Piddock] 

[LOCATION Bering Sea] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

1 % to 3 inches in length , elongate to moderately short , rotund anteriorly , 
becoming compressed and narrow posteriorly where there is a leathery pro- 
longation protecting the siphons . Anterior gape commonly closed by an 
eggshell-like , globose , callus plate which continues up on to the beak region 
in the form of a pair of rather large plates . Just in back of these there is a 
short , triangular plate or protoplax set on top of the middle of the dorsal 
region . Otherwise somewhat resembling the large [LOCATION Farapholas californica] . 
[PERSON Commonly] found boring in rocks and shale . The form sagitta " [MISC Stearns] " 
[LOCATION Dall] lacks the calcareous covering over the foot gape . It is found with the 
typical form . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Fholadidea Turton] 18 19 
[PERSON Pholadidea] ovoidea [PERSON Gould Wart-necked Piddock] 

[LOCATION Bering^ Sea] to the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION California] . 

2 to 3 inches in length , very similar to pilsbryi , but oval in side view . 
About half of the anterior foot gape is covered by eggshell-like , smoothish 
calcareous material . It is not impossible that pilsbryi is an ecological form 
of this species . More studies in their natural history are needed . Moderately 



464 [ORGANIZATION Ay/ierican Seasbelh] 

common . [PERSON John] Q. [PERSON Burch] reports that the siphons have characteristic tubercles 
on their surface . Siphon cream , covered with a brownish periostracum at 
the base , the remainder studded with small bars of chitinous material , thus 
giving a warty appearance . 

Genus [PERSON Nettastoviella Carpenter] 1865 
[PERSON Nettastomella] rostrata [ORGANIZATION Valenciennes Rostrate Piddock] 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

% inch in length , with a very large , oval gape posteriorly , and anteriorly 
with a long , pointed , smooth rostrum or snout which bends downward . 
[ORGANIZATION Shell] proper with widely spaced , delicate , high , concentric lamellae . With- 
out accessory plates and apophyses . Found by breaking stones apart . Mod- 
erately common . 

Genus Parapholas Conrad 1849 
[PERSON Farapholas] californica [PERSON Conrad Scale-sided Piddock] 

[LOCATION Southern California] . 

3 to 5 inches in length , oval-oblong , rotund , especially anteriorly . Pos- 
terior round in cross-section and gaping . Dorsal margin with 2 long , com- 
plicated , accessory plates . Ventral edge covered by one elongate plate . 
Anterior gape closed over by 2 thin , eggshell-like extensions . Sides of snout 
with foliated periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Shell] proper with a long , radial groove pushing 
in at the middle . Color grayish white . Interior with 2 long , descending , 
shelly rods under the middle of the hinge . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

Genus Nave a [PERSON Gray] 1851 
[LOCATION Navea] subglobosa [PERSON Gray Abalone Borer] 

[LOCATION San Pedro] to [LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] . 

/4 to % inch in size . Very obese and subglobular . Anterior end widely 
gaping with the thick edge of the valves coarsely denticulate . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] 
found boring in abalone shells ( [PERSON Haliotis] ) . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Martesia Blainvillc] 1824 
[PERSON Martesia] striata [ORGANIZATION Linne Striate Martesia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 32W] 

[LOCATION West Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



TEREDINIDAE 465 

% to I ^ inches in length , elongate , moderately fragile , gaping at the 
posterior end and whitish in color . There is a faint radial groove from beak to 
ventral margin in each valve . Posterior to this groove , the [ORGANIZATION shell] is weakly 
sculptured with concentric growth lines . Anterior to the groove , there 
are crowded , finely denticulated riblets . Dorsal margins of valve joined by 
a long , narrow , fragile plate . Over the umbones there is a broadly rounded , 
somewhat heart-shaped , thick , calcareous plate . Anterior gape closed over 
by an egg-shell callus . [PERSON Commonly] found boring in wood . 

Martesia cuneijormis Say Wedge-shaped Martesia 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to % inch in length , similar to striata , but smaller , chubbier , and 
with a somewhat triangular or lanceolate accessory plate which commonly 
has a crease running down the center . There is no free flange extending over 
the beak . Very commonly found burrowing in wood . 

Martesia smithi [PERSON Tryon Smith] 's [PERSON Martesia] 

[LOCATION New York] to north half of [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to ^ inch in length . [PERSON Bores] into rocks and old shells . Very chubby , 
with a narrow , pointed posterior end . The [PERSON shelly] plate over the beaks is 
somewhat diamond-shaped , with a pointed anterior end and with no crease 
on the upper surface . [PERSON Posterior] half of the valves with fine , silken , concentric 
threads of periostracum . Fairly common in old oyster shells . 

Family TEREDINIDAE 
Genus [PERSON Bankia Gray] 1842 

This is a genus of shipworms which is very common in warm [MISC American] 
waters and which is of great economic importance . The two highly spe- 
cialized valves of the clam are very similar to those in [LOCATION Teredo] , and cannot 
be used as reliable identification characters . The two plume-like pallets at 
the posterior end of the worm-like animal which can close off the end of the 
burrow are used to distinguish species . In adult specimens , the shell at the 
anterior end which scrapes away the moist wood in the tunnel is about 
/4o the total length of the animal . The mantel secretes a thin , smooth cal- 
careous lining for the burrow as an added protection to the soft body . A 
much fuller and technical account of this group is given by [PERSON Clench] and 
[PERSON Turner] in [LOCATION Johnsonia] ( 1946 ) . The life history is explained in detail by 
[PERSON Sigerfoos] ( 1908 ) . We have included all three known species in eastern 
[MISC American] waters , although five others are found in the [LOCATION West Indies] . 



466 



[LOCATION Aviencan] [ORGANIZATION Seas] he Us 



[PERSON Pallets] and shells are generally preserved in one part glycerin to tour 
parts alcohol ( 70% grain ) to permit later study of the delicate cones in the 
pallets . Permanent slides can be made by soaking the pallets in 90% alcohol 
for 1 2 hours , then placing on a slide , covering with a few drops of diaphane 
or euparol , and adding a long slip-cover . 

[PERSON Subgenus Bankiella Bartsch] 192 1 
[LOCATION Bankia] gouldi [PERSON Bartsch Gould] 's Shipworm 

Figures i6; 95d 

[LOCATION New Jersey] to [LOCATION Florida] , [LOCATION Texas] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

[PERSON Pallets] about ^ inch in length . Cones deep-cupped , with smooth , drawn- 
out edges . Cones not very crowded at the distal end . Do not confuse with 
[PERSON B.] caribbea . [PERSON Gould] 's Shipworm is the most widespread and abundant species 
in this genus on the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] , and hence is the most destructive . It 
has been found on the [LOCATION Pacific] side of the [LOCATION Panama Canal] . It is believed that 
[PERSON B. inexicana Bartsch] is the same species . 




Figure 95. [ORGANIZATION Atlantic Bankia Shipworms] . a , entire animal; b , a pallet; c , interior 
view of one of the shell valves; d , [LOCATION Bankia] goiildi Bartsch; e , [PERSON B.] caribbea Clench and 
Turner; f , [PERSON Bankia fimbriatida Moll] and [PERSON Roch] . ( From [PERSON Clench] and [PERSON Turner] 1946 

in [LOCATION Johnsonia] . ) 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Bankiopsis Clench] and [PERSON Turner] 1946 
[ORGANIZATION Bankia] caribbea Clench and [ORGANIZATION Turner Caribbean Shipworm] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to the [LOCATION Caribbean] . 



Figure 95e 



TEREDINIDAE 467 

[PERSON Pallets] about Vs inch in length . Cones shallow-cupped , with smooth , 
not drawn-out edges . Cones very crowded at the distal end . Do not con- 
fuse with [PERSON B. goiildi] which is more abundant and a larger species . [PERSON Uncommon] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Fhimidella Clench] and [PERSON Turner] 1946 
[LOCATION Bankia] fimbriatula [PERSON Moll] and [PERSON Roch Fimbriated Shipworm] 

[MISC Figure 95f] 

[LOCATION South] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [ORGANIZATION AVest Indies] . 

[PERSON Pallets] ! 4 to I inch in length . Cones deeply cupped , with beautiful , 
comb-like serrations on the edges . It has been found on the [LOCATION Pacific] side of 
the [LOCATION Panama Canal] , and those specimens were named Bankia canalis [PERSON Bartsch] . 



[PERSON Genus Teredo] Linne 1758 

Similar to [LOCATION Bcmkia] , but the pallet is made up of a single , paddle-shaped 
piece . 

[PERSON Teredo] navalis [ORGANIZATION Linne Common Shipworm] 

Both coasts of the [LOCATION United States] . [LOCATION Europe] and [LOCATION Africa] . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] like that in [LOCATION Bankia] and subject to many minute variations . Each 
of the 2 calcareous pallets is spathate and compressed , but typically sym- 
metrical . The leathery blade is urn-shaped , widening regularly from a stalk 
of medium length , then tapering somewhat toward the tip , which is decidedly 
excavated . The base of the blade is calcareous , but approximately the distal 
third is normally covered by a yellowish or brownish chitinous epidermis . 
A very common and destructive species found boring in wood . 

[PERSON Teredo] bartscbi [PERSON Clapp Bartsch] 's Shipworm 

[LOCATION South Carolina] to north half of [LOCATION Florida] to [LOCATION Texas] . Introduced to [LOCATION San] 
[LOCATION Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] close to [PERSON T. navalis] , but with the auricle typically semi-circular 
rather than sub-triangular in outline . Pallets : stalk long; blade short and 
deeply excavated at the top . Only the distal half of the blade is invested 
with periostracum , which is light horn-colored and semi-transparent , per- 
mitting the calcareous portion to be seen within as an irregular , hourglass- 
shaped structure with a deep sinus on either side . A common species . 

Teredo diege ? isis [ORGANIZATION Bartsch San Diego Shipworm] 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION California] . And south ? 



468 [ORGANIZATION Afiierican Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] similar to that of [PERSON T. navalis] , but smaller , more finely sculptured and 
transparent , and with numerous , closely set ridges . [PERSON Pallets] : blade with an 
oval , calcareous base , surmounted by a horny cap , amber to black in color . 
The horny portion is commonly deeply excavated at the tip , but may be 
cut off bluntly . The two elements of the blade come apart very easily . 
[PERSON T. toivnsendi Bartsch] is the same according to [PERSON Kofoid] and others . 

[ORGANIZATION Suborder ANOMALODESMACEA] 
Siiperjamily [ORGANIZATION PANDORACEA] 

[ORGANIZATION Family LYONSIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Lyonsia Turton] 1822 

[LOCATION Lyonsia] hyalina [PERSON Conrad Glassy Lyonsia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28U 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION South Carolina] . 

% to % inch in length; very thin and fragile . [MISC Semi-translucent] and 
whitish to tan . [ORGANIZATION Shell] elongate , with the anterior end somewhat obese and 
the posterior end tapering and laterally compressed . Without teeth in the 
weak hinge , but with a small , free , elongate , calcareous ossicle inside just 
under the small , inflated , anteriorly pointing beaks . Periostracum very thin , 
with numerous raised radial lines . [ORGANIZATION Commonly] has tiny sand grains attached . 
Common from low water to 34 fathoms . 

[LOCATION LyoJisia] hyalina [PERSON floridana Conrad] , known from the west coast of [LOCATION Florida] 
to [LOCATION Texas] , is very similar , differing only in being % as high as long ( instead 
of /4 ) and in having a narrower , more rostrate posterior end . [ORGANIZATION Common] . 

[LOCATION Lyonsia] arenosa [PERSON Moller Sanded Lyonsia] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION Maine] . [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Vancouver] . 

^ to % inch in length , resembling hyalina , but much less obese , with a 
heavier , greenish-yellow periostracum , and with its posterior end more oval 
and higher than the anterior end . The dorsal margin of the right valve 
behind the beak overlaps that of the left valve considerably . There is no 
posterior gape as in [LOCATION hyalina] . Like other species in the genus , it glues sand 
grains to itself . Moderately common from low water to 60 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Lyonsia] calif ornica [LOCATION Conrad California] Lyonsia 

Puget Sound to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I inch in length , very thin , fragile and almost transparent . Quite elongate 
and moderately obese . Beak area swollen . Posterior end tapering and later- 



[ORGANIZATION PANDORIDAE] 469 

ally compressed . Outer surface whitish ( opalescent when worn ) , commonly 
with numerous , weak , radial , dark lines of periostracum . Interior glossy and 
with an opalescent sheen . Ossicle inside , under hinge , is opaque-white . Very 
similar to our figure of the [LOCATION Atlantic hyalijja] . [ORGANIZATION Common] in sandy mud bot- 
toms of many [LOCATION California] sloughs and bays down to 40 fathoms . 

Genus [PERSON Entodesma Philippi] 1845 
[PERSON Subgenus Agriodesma] Dall 1909 

[ORGANIZATION EntodesTfia] saxicola [ORGANIZATION Baird Northwest Ugly Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29m 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Pedro] , [LOCATION Cahfornia] . 

2 to 5 inches in length . A very peculiar , ugly and misshapen clam found 
along the shore burrowing into rocks . Generally oblong in shape , with the 
posterior end flaring and gaping . Covered with a thick , rough , brown peri- 
ostracum which partially flakes oflF when dry . Interior brownish tan to 
whitish with a slight opalescence . [PERSON Hinge] \\ 'ithout teeth , but with a rather 
large , oblong , whitish ossicle lying under the internally placed ligament . 
Moderately common from [LOCATION Washington] to southwest [LOCATION Alaska] . 

Genus Mytilimeria Conrad 1837 

A peculiar , bladder-shaped , very thin shell found embedded in compound 
ascidians or sea squirts . 

[ORGANIZATION Mytilhjieria Jiuttalli Conrad Nuttall] 's Bladder Clam 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 29q 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 2 inches in length , obliquely oval , inflated , very fragile , opaque 
with a thin , brownish periostracum . Beaks small and spiral . No teeth in the 
weak hinge , but a small , calcareous ossicle is present . Color white with 
underlayers of slightly pearly material . Common under rocks at low tide to 
10 fathoms , always embedded in compound ascidians or sea squirts . 

Fa7 ? nly [LOCATION PANDORIDAE] 
Genus Pandora Chemnitz 1795 ( Opinion 184 ) 

[PERSON Pandora] trilineata Say Say 's [LOCATION Pandora] 

[MISC Figure 96b] 

[LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION N®rth Carolina] , to [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to I inch in length , almost half as high; half-moon-shaped in outline , 
and with a strong , squarish ridge along the hinge margin which extends pos- 
teriorly into a fairly long rostrum . Valves very flat , the entire shell very 



470 



American Se ash ells 



compressed . Beaks tiny , quite near the rounded anterior end . Right valve 
smoothish and transkicent cream . Left valve more prominently divided into 
2 portions by a slight radial groove , anterior to which the [ORGANIZATION shell] is dull cream , 
and posterior to which the [ORGANIZATION shell] is more glossy but with microscopic con- 
centric growth lines . Sometimes slightly iridescent . Interior pearly . Mod- 
erately common in sand below low water to 60 fathoms . 

[LOCATION Pandora] arenas a [PERSON Conrad] , the [ORGANIZATION Sand Pandora ,] ( [LOCATION Carolinas] to southeast 
[LOCATION Florida] ) is commonly dredged by amateurs . It is very much like trilineata , 
but never over /^ inch in length , completely lacking the rostrum and with 
a quite convex left valve which has an external radial rib below the hinge 
margin ridge . Common . [PERSON P. carolinensis Bush] is this species . 





Figure 96. [LOCATION Atlantic Pandoras] , a , [LOCATION Pandora] bushiana [LOCATION Dall] , 1^ inch ( [LOCATION Florida] ) ; b , 
[PERSON P.] trilineata Say , % inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) ; c , [PERSON P. gouldiana] [LOCATION Dall] , i inch ( northern 

[LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) . 



[PERSON Gould] 's [LOCATION Pandora] 

Figure 96c 



[LOCATION Pandora] gouldiana [LOCATION Dall] 

[LOCATION Gulf] of [ORGANIZATION St Lawrence] to [LOCATION Cape May] , [LOCATION New Jersey] . 

% to I % inches in length , similar to trilineata , but less elongate with the 
height slightly more than half the length . The posterior rostrum on the hinge 
line is very short , stubby and turned up . The shell is opaque , chalky and 
commonly worn away , showing the pearly underlayers . [ORGANIZATION Margin of valves] 
bordered with [PERSON blackish] brown periostracum . [ORGANIZATION Common] from intertidal areas 
to 20 fathoms . 



Subgenus . [PERSON Kennerlia Carpenter] 1864 
[LOCATION Pandora] filosa [PERSON Carpenter Western Pandora] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Ensenada] , [LOCATION Lower California] . 



THRACIIDAE 471 

I inch in length , thin but not too fragile , opalescent-white with a 
brownish border of periostracum . Interior opalescent . [PERSON Valve] semi-circular 
in outline . Right valve almost flat and with a single , fairly large tooth 
which juts laterally . Left valve moderately convex . The posterior dorsal 
margin is almost straight , the posterior end somewhat drawn out into a 
rostrum . Moderately common from lo to 75 fathoms . 

[PERSON Pandora bilirata Conrad] ( [LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . Dredged ) is 
half as large , not rostrate posteriorly , and with 2 strong radial ribs on the 
posterior dorsal margin of the left valve . 

[PERSON Pafidora] grantilata Dall ( [PERSON Santa Barbara] south to [LOCATION La Paz] , [LOCATION Mexico] ) is 
much like bilirata , but half its size , more elongate , and the 2 radial ribs are 
granulated . 



[ORGANIZATION Family THRACIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Thracia Blainville] 1824 

Shells up to 4 inches in size , thin , chalky in texture , beaks so close that 
the right one becomes punctured by the left beak; ligament external; shell 
commonly moderately rostrate at the posterior end; right valve fatter than 
the left . 



[PERSON Thracia] conradi Couthouy Conrad 's [PERSON Thracia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 2 8y 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Long Island Sound] , [LOCATION New York] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , about % as high . Valves obese and chalky-white . 
[PERSON Hinge] without teeth , only thickened considerably behind the beak and be- 
low the large , wide , external ligament . Right beak always punctured by the 
beak in the left valve . Pallial sinus U-shaped but not very deep . [PERSON Posterior] 
end of valves shghtly rostrate and with a weak radial ridge . Rarely washed 
ashore . Not uncommon offshore and down to 150 fathoms . 



[PERSON Thracia] trapezoides [ORGANIZATION Conrad Common Pacific Thracia] 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Redondo Beach] , [LOCATION California] . 

2 inches in length and not quite so high; thin , chalky , and with the 
posterior end broadly rostrate . The beak of the right valve has a hole punc- 
tured in it by the beak of the left valve . The posterior rostrated part of the 
valve is set off by a broad , radial , depressed furrow which is bordered by a 
low , rounded , radial ridge . Color drab , grayish white . Commonly dredged 
off the west coast . Compare with [PERSON T. curta Conrad] . 



472 [MISC American Seashells] 

[PERSON Thracia] curta [PERSON Conrad Short] Western Thracia 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to 1% inches in length , very similar to trapezoides , but suboval and 
lacking the prominence of rostration . It is very close in shape to our illus- 
tration of the Atlantic T. comadi . A moderately common species . [PERSON John] 
Q. [PERSON Burch] reports that it is relatively abundant at [LOCATION San Onofre] , [LOCATION California] , 
in the rubbly reef at extreme low tides . It has also been taken from wharf 
pilings , and it is commonly dredged in over 20 fathoms on shale bottoms . 

Genus [PERSON Cyathodonta Conrad] 

Similar to [LOCATION Thracia] , but the right beak is without a round hole , and the 
ligament is internal on a definite chondrophore , and the valves are with 
oblique , concentric undulations . This is sometimes considered a subgenus 
of [LOCATION Thracia] , not without justification . There is only one species on the 
[LOCATION Pacific Coast] of [LOCATION America] . 

[PERSON Cyathodonta] undulata [ORGANIZATION Conrad Wavy Pacific Thracia] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 IS 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Tres Marias Islands] , [LOCATION Mexico] . 

1/4 inches in length , subovate , very thin and fragile , white , and with 
obliquely concentric undulation which are largest at the anterior end , but 
disappear toward the posterior end of the shell . Minute , crowded , granu- 
lated , radial lines are also present . Uncommon . [PERSON C.] diibiosa [LOCATION Dall] and [PERSON C.] 
pedroana [LOCATION Dall] appear to be this species . 

Family PERIPLOMATIDAE 
[PERSON Genus Feriploma Schumacher] 18 17 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , oval , right valve fatter than the left , with a slight pearly 
sheen , hinge with a narrow , oblique spoon and a small , free , triangular litho- 
desma; ligament absent; anterior muscle scar long and narrow , the posterior 
one small and ovate . 

[ORGANIZATION Feriplovia] papyratiwn [ORGANIZATION Say Paper Spoon Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate 28W] 

[PERSON Labrador] to [LOCATION Rhode Island] . 

% to I inch in length , oval , moderately compressed , thin-shelled , and 
dull-white with a thin , yellowish-gray periostracum . Beaks slit or broken by 
a short , radial break . [MISC Spoon-like] chondrophore faces downward and is rein- 
forced by a sharp , curved rib which runs to the inner surface of the valve 



[ORGANIZATION PERIPLOA4A TIDAE] 47 3 

in a ventral direction . Sculpture of irregular , fine , concentric growth lines . 
A weak radial groove runs from the beak to the anterior part of the ventral 
edge . Moderately common in dredge hauls from i to 200 fathoms . [PERSON P.] papy- 
raceiim is an incorrect spelling for this species . 

[ORGANIZATION Feriploma] -fragile [PERSON Totten] , the [MISC Fragile Spoon Clam] ( [PERSON Labrador] to New 
[LOCATION Jersey] , 4 to 40 fathoms ) , differs in being more rostrate anteriorly , the beaks 
pointing more forward and placed more anteriorly . Its [LOCATION chondrophore] is 
more horizontal to the hinge line . 



Periplo77ia ineqiiale [PERSON C. B. Adams] Unequal Spoon Clam 

Plate 28X 
[LOCATION South Carolina] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Texas] . 

% to I inch in length , oblong , the left valve more inflated and slightly 
overlapping the right valve . Fragile and pure white . Beaks close together , 
each with a short , radial break or slit in the surface . An oblique , low keel 
runs from the beaks to the anterior ventral margin of the valve . The keel 
is bounded posteriorly by a groove . Sculpture consists of microscopic , con- 
centric scratches . [PERSON Hinge] with a single , large , spoon-shaped tooth or chondro- 
phore , above which is a deep slit where the small , free , triangular lithodesma 
fits . This species is especially abundant along certain [LOCATION Texas] beaches . [PERSON P.] 
[PERSON maeqiiivahis Schumacher] from the [LOCATION West Indies] has not been found in the 
[LOCATION United States] , despite several erroneous records . 



Periplo777a plmihiscuJum Sowerby [ORGANIZATION Common Western Spoon Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 3 IX 

Point Conception , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Peru] . 

I to 1% inches in length , ovate , thin , with weak , concentric hnes of 
growth . Right valve fatter than the left; chondrophore ovate-trigonal , its 
longer diameter directed forward and reinforced posteriorly by an elongate , 
rib-like buttress . Commonly washed ashore on southern [MISC Californian] beaches . 



[ORGANIZATION Periplovta] discus [ORGANIZATION Stearns Round Spoon Clam] 

Figures 97a; 28I 

[LOCATION Monterey] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION La Paz] , [LOCATION Lower California] . 

I to I /4 inches in length , similar to plajmisaihwi , but almost circular in 
outline , except that the posterior end is slightly lengthened into a short , broad , 
blunt rostrum . Uncommonly dredged in mud bottom at several fathoms; 
rarely washed ashore after storms . 



474 



American Se ash ells 



[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Cochlodesma Couthouy] 1839 
[ORGANIZATION Feriploma] leanmn [PERSON Conrad] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to off [LOCATION North Carolina] . 



[PERSON Lea] 's [ORGANIZATION Spoon Clam] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 28V 



I to 1/4 inches in length , ovate , quite compressed , fairly fragile and 
white in color . [PERSON Smoothish] . The beaks located near the center of the dorsal 
edge of the valves have a natural , radial crease at the anterior end . Chondro- 
phore large , points ventrally and is reinforced anteriorly by a low , sturdy 
ridge . The muscle scar above the pallial sinus is commonly quite silvery . 
Periostracum thin and yellowish . Uncommon just offshore . This was put in 
a separate subgenus , [LOCATION Aperiplouia] , by [PERSON Habe] in 1952. 




Figure 97. Spoon and Dipper Clams , a , Periploum discus [PERSON Stearns] , i y^ inches 

( [LOCATION California] ) ; b , [LOCATION Ctispidaria] [PERSON ^lacialis Sars] , i inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) ; c and d , Verti- 

cordia ornata [PERSON Orbigny] , V^ inch ( [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] ) . 



Order [LOCATION SEPTIBRANCHIA] 

Fmnily [ORGANIZATION VERTICORDIIDAE] 

Genus Verticordia Sowerby 1844 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Trigo7iidma Orbigny] 1846 



[LOCATION Verticordia] oniata [PERSON Orbigny] 

[LOCATION Massachusetts] to south half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] 



[PERSON Ornate Verticord] 

Figure 97c , d 



^ inch in length , oval to round , compressed and with about a dozen 
strong , sharp , curved radial ribs on the anterior % of the valve . The ribs 
extend beyond the ventral margin to give a strongly crenulate margin . 
Exterior dull and cream-white; interior very silvery . Commonly dredged 
off our east coast from 5 to 200 fathoms , 

[PERSON Verticordia] ( [PERSON Haliris] ) fischeriana [LOCATION Dall] is similar , but much fatter , % 
inch in length , and with about 28 small , finely beaded , radial ribs over the 



[ORGANIZATION CUSPIDARIIDAE] 475 

entire surface of the valve . [PERSON Uncommon] , lo to loo fathoms , from [LOCATION North] 
[PERSON Carohna] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . Called [PERSON Fischer] 's [LOCATION Verticord] . 



[ORGANIZATION Family POROMYIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Poromya Forbes] 1844 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , fragile; sculpture of fine granules in radial series . [PERSON Hinge] 
of right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of a wide chondrophore; 
hinge of left valve with a small cardinal tooth behind and above the chondro- 
phore . 



[LOCATION Poromya] granulata Nyst [PERSON Granular Poromya] 

Plate 30s 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to east [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION Cuba] . 

y4 to Ys inch in length , ovate , inflated and fragile . Beaks inflated and 
turned forward . Exterior cream-white , with an irregular coating of fine 
granules which resemble sugar-coating . In fresh material , this granular 
deposit is also found on the inner margins of the valves . Slightly gaping 
at the posterior end . Interior of valves silvery white . Commonly dredged 
in a few fathoms of water off eastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

[PERSON Poromya rostrata Rehder] ( [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [LOCATION North Carolina] , to east [MISC Flor-] 
ida and the [LOCATION West Indies] , 60 to 100 fathoms ) is distinctly rostrate posteriorly 
and the granules are larger , more evenly spaced and generally cover the en- 
tire outer shell . It is relatively uncommon . 

[ORGANIZATION Family CUSPIDARIIDAE] 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Cuspidaria Nardo] 1840 

[ORGANIZATION Shell] small , globose in front , rostrate behind . [PERSON Hinge] with a posterior 
lateral tooth in the right valve . External ligament elongated . Resilium in a 
small , spoon-shaped fossette . [PERSON Lithodesma] distinct and semi-circular . 

[LOCATION Cuspidaria] glacialis [ORGANIZATION Sars Glacial Cuspidaria] 

[MISC Figure 97b] 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to [LOCATION Maryland] . Gulf of [LOCATION Mexico] ? [LOCATION Alaska] . 

I to I % inches in length , rostrum moderately long and compressed lat- 
erally . Main part of valves fat and round . Sculpture consists of small , irreg- 
ular growth lines . Periostracum grayish white . [ORGANIZATION Shell] cream to white . A 
common species dredged from 64 to over 1400 fathoms . [PERSON C. Jeffrey] si in the 
south is very similar , but smaller , with a rostrum* which in cross-section is 
much more oval and less compressed , and with hardly any periostracum . 



476 [MISC American Seasbells] 

[LOCATION Cuspidaria] rostrata [PERSON Spengler Rostrate Cuspidaria] 

[ORGANIZATION Plate] 32 j 
[LOCATION Cape Cod] , [LOCATION Massachusetts] , to the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% to I inch in length , with a tube-Hke rostrum which is ^ the length 
of the entire shell . The rostrum points slightly downward . [ORGANIZATION Shell] fairly- 
smooth with moderately coarse , concentric growth lines . [PERSON Whitish] in color 
and sometimes with granular lumps of gray mud attached to the rostrum . 
A^ioderately common in deep water ( 65 to over 1600 fathoms ) . 

[LOCATION Cuspidaria] jeffreysi Dall [PERSON Jeffrey] 's [LOCATION Cuspidaria] 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Ys inch in length , smoothish with only fine lines of growth . [PERSON Rostrum] 
moderately long; main part of shell round and fat . Similar to glacialis in the 
north which , however , is larger , more compressed , and whose rostrum points 
slightly downward instead of directly posteriorly as in this species . Creamy 
white in color . Uncommonly dredged in waters over 100 fathoms off [LOCATION Miami] . 

[PERSON Subgenus Leiovtya A. Adams] 1864 
[LOCATION Cuspidaria] granidata Dall [PERSON Granulated Cuspidaria] 

Off [PERSON A4iami] , [LOCATION Florida] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , similar to [PERSON jeffreysi] , but snow-white and covered 
with numerous , small , opaque-white granules . [PERSON Uncommon] from 30 to 100 
fathoms . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Cardiojnya] [PERSON A. Adams] 1864 

With strong , sharp radial ribs; fossette more vertical and prominent , 
otherwise like [LOCATION Cuspidaria] . 

[LOCATION Cardioviya] costellata [ORGANIZATION Deshayes Costate Cuspidaria] 

[LOCATION North Carolina] to south [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

% inch in length , fragile , with a short rostrum , and with a few promi- 
nent radial ribs just in front of the rostrum which gives the ventral margin 
of the valve in that area a scalloped edge . Anteriorly , the radial ribs are closer 
together , but weaker , and are rarely present at the anterior end of the shell . 
Additional ribs may develop in older specimens and become more even in 
size . ( [PERSON C.] midticostata [PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Smith] may be the old form and [PERSON C. geirnna] 
[PERSON Verrill] and [PERSON Bush] the young form . ) [ORGANIZATION Commonly] dredged off eastern [LOCATION Florida] . 



[ORGANIZATION CUSPIDARIIDAE] 477 

[PERSON Cardio7nya] pectinata [PERSON Carpenter Pectinate Cuspidaria] 

Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] , to [LOCATION Panama] . 

M inch in length; anterior end globular , bearing 8 to 12 strong radial 
ribs ( there may be smaller ribs between the main ones ) . [ORGANIZATION Posterior] end drawn- 
out like a short handle and bearing 2 to 4 weak , longitudinal riblets . Color 
dull-gray with a glossy , grayish white interior . Commonly dredged offshore . 



Consider the case of the oyster 

Which passes its time in the moisture . 

Of sex alternate . 

It chases no mate . 

But lives in a self-contained cloister . 

[PERSON Joel W. Hedgpeth] 

( [ORGANIZATION Maryland Tideivater News] 
September 1950 ) 



CHAPTER XI 

Squid , 
Octopus and [MISC Cuttlefish] 

[ORGANIZATION Class CEPHALOPODA] 

Subclass [LOCATION TETRABRANCHIA] 

This subclass , which includes the Chambered Nautilus and about 5000 
species of fossil and extinct [PERSON Ammonites] , is not represented in [MISC American] 
waters . The living species of Nautilus from the [MISC Indo-Pacific] are character- 
ized by a large , chambered , external shell , by two . pairs of gills , and by their 
numerous suckerless arms . 

[ORGANIZATION Subclass DIBRANCHIA] 

All of the living cephalopods with the exception of [ORGANIZATION Nautilus] belong to 
this subclass which is characterized by animals that have one pair of gills , 8 
or 10 arms which bear rows of suckers , and whose shell is internal or en- 
tirely absent . 

Order [ORGANIZATION DECAPODA] 
( [PERSON Spirula] and Squid ) 

With 10 arms , 2 of which are the long tentacular arms; body long and 
cylinder-shaped . An internal shell is present in most cases , and nmv be cal- 
careous ( the cuttlebone ) or thin and horny ( squid pen ) . The small suckers 
on the arms are usually set on small stalks or peduncles and their apertures 
are armed with horny rings or hooks . 

[ORGANIZATION Fajnily SPIRULIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Spirula] Lamarck 1799 

[LOCATION Spirula] spirula [ORGANIZATION Linne Common Spirula] 

Figure 98 

[LOCATION Cape Cod] to the [LOCATION West Indies] . Worldwide . 

478 



[ORGANIZATION SEPIOLIDAE] 479 

The rather fragile , white shell is a chambered cone coiled in a flat spiral , 
usually less than i inch in diameter and with the coils not in contact . Each 
small chamber in the [ORGANIZATION shell] is divided from its neighbor by a nacreous-white , 




Figure 98. The white , inch-long shells ( a and [ORGANIZATION b] ) of [LOCATION Spin/la] spirilla [PERSON Linne] are 

commonly washed ashore on southern beaches , but the squid-like animal ( c ) lives 

at great depths and is very seldom captured alive . 

concave , fragile septum or wall . There is a small siphonal tube running back 
into the shell and piercing the septa . These shells are cast up on the beaches 
quite commonly . The body is short and cylindrical , and surrounds the shell 
almost completely except for two small areas . The 8 sessile arms and 2 pe- 
dunculated tentacular arms are very short . 

Myopsid Squid — transparent cornea over eyes; pupils crescent-shaped 

[ORGANIZATION Family SEPIOLIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Rossia Owen] 1828 

Short , " tubby " animals whose bodies are rounded at the end . The man- 
tle edge is free all around . 8 arms short with 2 to 4 rows of spherical suckers 
which have smooth , horny rims . The two tentacular arms can be almost 
entirely withdrawn . The internal pen is slender , lanceolate and very thin and 
delicate . The rather large , semi-circular fins are on the middle of the sides of 
the body . Eye with small eyelid on the lower side , none above . No sulcus 
or notch on front of the eye . 

[LOCATION Rossia] pacifica [PERSON Berry Pacific] Bob-tailed Squid 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

Total length , not including the tentacles , 3 to 4 inches . Body smooth , 
mantle flattened above and below , rounded behind . Fins large , semi-circular 
or subcordate , with a free anterior lobe , their attachment more or less obhque 
to the general plane of the body . Color in life unknown; in alcohol , reduced 
to brownish buff , heavily spotted above and in less degree below with pur- 
plish chromatophore dots , which extend even over the fins , although fewer 
on under surfaces and margins . This is the only [LOCATION Rossia] recorded on the 
[LOCATION Pacific Coast] , and it is rather abundant from 9 to 300 fathoms . 



480 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Subgenus Semirossia Steenstrup] 1887 

[LOCATION Rossia] tenera [LOCATION Verrill Atlantic] Bob-tailed Squid 

Figure ggd 
[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to southeastern [LOCATION Florida] . 

3 to 4 inches in length , including mantle and longest arm . A small and 
delicate species , very soft , translucent , and delicately rose-colored when liv- 
ing . Internal pen small , very thin and soft . Length of each side fin is about 
% of the body , and the base of attachment of the fin is about % the body- 
length . Arms unequal , the dorsal ones considerably shorter . This species is 
characterized by the larger size of the suckers located along the middle of 
the lateral arms . Commonly dredged from 18 to 233 fathoms . Formerly 
listed as [PERSON Heteroteuthis] tenera [PERSON Verrill] . [PERSON R.] eqiialis [PERSON Voss] , dredged off southeast 
[LOCATION Florida] , differs in having the suckers on the lateral arms about equal in size . 

Fa77iily [LOCATION SEPIIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Sepia] Linne 1758 

The common cuttlefish squid of [LOCATION Europe] is not represented In our waters , 
although in rare instances the [MISC cuttlefish] bone or internal shell has been found 
in western [LOCATION Atlantic] waters . The [MISC cuttlefish] bone is an oblong , six-inch or so , 
very light slab of chalky material , rounded at one end , pointed at the other . 
It is used in the manufacture of toothpaste , and is tied to the bars of canary 
cages for the birds to peck at as a source of lime . [PERSON Ink] from [LOCATION Sepia] was at one 
time a main source for durable , black writing ink . 

Family [LOCATION LOLIGINIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Loligo Schneider] 1784 

[PERSON Ten-armed] , with elongate , tapering , cylindrical body and large , termi- 
nal , triangular fins . Arms with two rows of suckers provided with horny , 
dentated rings; fourth left arm hectocotylized in the males . Tentacular arms 
with four rows of suckers on their clubs . Internal pen horny , lanceolate with 
its shaft keeled on the under side . The female receives the sperm sacs of the 
male upon a specially developed pad below the mouth . In the genus Lolli- 
guncula , the sperm sacs are received upon a callused patch within the mantle 
near the left gill . 

Subgenus Loligo s. str . 
Loligo pealei [ORGANIZATION Lesueur Atlantic Long-finned Squid] 

Figure 99a 

[LOCATION Nova Scotia] to both sides of [LOCATION Florida] . 



[LOCATION LOLIGINIDAE] 



481 




Figure 99. [LOCATION Atlantic Cephalopods] . a , [PERSON Loligo*pealei Lesueur] ( length : i to 2 feet ) ; 
b , lllex [PERSON illecebrosus Lesueur] ( i to i % feet ) ; c , [PERSON Architeiithis] [ORGANIZATION harveyi Kent] ( 40 to 
55 feet ) ; d , [LOCATION Rossia] tenera [PERSON Verrill] ( 3 to 4 inches ) ; e , [PERSON Argonauta] hians [PERSON Solander] 
( 2 to 3 inches ) ; f , shell of same; g , [PERSON Lolligimcida brevis Blainville] ( 5 to 10 inches ) . 

( From [PERSON A. E. Verrill] 1879. ) 



482 [MISC American Seashells] 

Total length , including tentacular arms , i to 2 feet . Easily recognized 
by the accompanying illustration which shows the rather long , triangular fins . 
The proportion of fin-length to mantle-length varies from i to 1.8 and down 
to a ratio of i to 1.5. Adult males have the left ventral arm conspicuously 
hectocotylized ( see fig . 99a ) . A very abundant species caught commercially 
for fish bait in [LOCATION New England] . Living specimens are very beautifully speckled 
with red , purplish and pink . 

[PERSON Loligo] opalescens [ORGANIZATION Berry Common Pacific Squid] 

Puget Sound , [LOCATION Washington] , to [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . 

Total length , not including tentacles , 6 to 8 inches . This is the common 
squid of the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] and can be readily recognized by the accompany- 
ing illustration . At certain seasons , they occur in great schools by the thou- 
sands . 



[ORGANIZATION Genus Lolliguncula Steenstrup] 



[LOCATION Lolliguncula] brevis [LOCATION Blainville] Brief Squid 

Figure 99g 

[LOCATION Delaware Bay] to [LOCATION Florida] and to [LOCATION Brazil] . 

Total length , including the tentacular arms , 5 to 10 inches . Charac- 
terized by its short , rounded fins , very short upper arms , and large color 
spots . Underside of fins white . Consult the figure . Common in warm wa- 
ters . This is [PERSON L. brevipinna Lesueur] and [PERSON L.] hemiptera [PERSON Howell] . 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Sepioteuthis Blainville] 1824 

Similar to [LOCATION Loligo] , but with large , triangular fins that extend along the 
entire length of the mantle , thus giving the animal an oval outline . [PERSON Siphonal] 
funnel attached to the head by muscular bands . There is a strong wrinkle 
behind the eye . 

Sepioteuthis sepioidea [ORGANIZATION Blainville Atlantic Oval Squid] 

[LOCATION Bermuda] , [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Total length , including tentacular arms , 4 to 5 inches . Characterized by 
the long fins which commence a short distance behind the mantle edge i}A 
to % inch ) . Internal pen thin , lanceolate and without any marginal thick- 
enings . Skin regularly and closely spotted with purple dots . The eggs are 
large , 5 to 8 [ORGANIZATION mm .] in diameter , and laid in long jelly tubes . A rather common , 
warm-water species . 



[ORGANIZATION OMMASTREPHIDAE] 48 3 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Doryteuthis] Naef 191 2 
Doryteuthis plei [PERSON Blainville Plee] 's Striped Squid 

[LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Up to 8 inches in length , including the tentacular arms . Characterized 
by the long , narrow , slightly wavy , dark-colored bands running back along 
the side of the mantle . The rest of the mantle is moderately covered with 
small round dots . The body is long and slender , the triangular fins on the 
last third of the mantle , and the arm suckers do not have pointed teeth on 
the horny circles . A common surface-living species of the [LOCATION Caribbean] region . 

Oigopsid Squid — eyes naked in front , pupils circular; eyelids 

Family ARCHITEUTHIDAE 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Architeuthis Steenstrup] 1857 

Architeuthis harveyi [ORGANIZATION Kent Harvey] 's Giant Squid 

Figure 99c 

[ORGANIZATION Newfoundland Fishing Banks] . 

Total length 40 to ^s ^^^^- Body stout , nearly round , swollen in the 
middle . Arms nearly equal in length , all bearing sharply , serrated suckers . 
Tentacular arms 4 times as long as the 8 sessile arms . The peculiar backward 
pointing tail fins separate this species from [PERSON A.] princeps [PERSON Verrill] , another giant 
squid found in the same area . A large well-preserved specimen of any giant 
squid is worth its weight in gold . No large specimens have been brought 
back from the fishing banks in many years . They may occasionally be 
washed ashore from [LOCATION Nova Scotia] north . If you find one , take photographs if 
possible , and notify one of the leading museums . Giant squid of unknown 
identity have been seen in the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 

Family OMMASTREPHIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus lllex Steenstrup] 1880 

Resembhng Loligo somewhat , but with half-hidden eyes , the lids free 
and with a distinct notch or sinus in front . Internal pen narrow along the 
middle portion , and with three ribs . There are 8 rows of tiny suckers on 
the end section of the 2 long , tentacular arms . Further study may show that 
the genus lllex is the same as [ORGANIZATION Ominastrephes Orbigny] 1835. 

lllex illecebrosus [ORGANIZATION Lesueur Common Short-finned Squid] 

[MISC Figure 99b] 

[LOCATION Greenland] to [LOCATION North Carolina] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 



484 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

Total length , including tentacular arms , 12 to 18 inches . A common 
squid characterized hj the small opening to the eyes and the small , narrow 
sinus or notch in front of the eyes , and by the proportion of fin-length to 
mantle-length which is roughly i to 3. The sides of the head , back of the 
eyes , have a rather prominent , transverse ridge , back of which the head sud- 
denly narrows to the neck . Under surface of head with a deep , smoothish 
excavation to receive the dorsal half of the siphonal tube . In males , either 
the left or right ventral arm is hectocotylized . A very common species used 
for fish bait . It may be seen in large schools near shore , especially in summer 
in [LOCATION New England] . 



[PERSON Genus Sthenoteuthis Verrill] 1880 

Very similar to [ORGANIZATION Illex] in almost every way , but the sucker-bearing area 
includes less than one half the total length of the tentacular arms . The larger 
suckers on the tentacular club are strongly toothed , with an additional large 
tooth in each of the four quadrants . 



[PERSON Sthenoteuthis] bartrami [MISC Lesueur Flying Squid] 

Worldwide . 

2 to 3 feet in total length , resembling the common [ORGANIZATION Illex] , but more slen- 
der , with shorter fins , and with 4, not 8, rows of tiny suckers on the end of 
the 2 long tentacular arms . Preserved specimens show a distinct dark , purple- 
brown dorsal stripe . In hfe , the colors are very brilliant and are continually 
changing . Along the middle dorsal line there is a broad violet stripe with a 
stripe of reddish yellow on each side of it . Body elsewhere bluish; fins rosy . 
Skin covered with small , red-violet chromatophore dots . On the eyes there 
are two elongated spots of brilliant blue , and below a bright spot of red . 
Color of ink reported to be a coffee-and-milk color . A common ocean-going 
species which swims with great speed , and not infrequently jumps out of 
water and lands on the decks of ships . Like most squid , it is attracted by 
artificial light . 

Order [ORGANIZATION OCTOPODA] 

The octopods have only 8 arms and are without the 2 long tentacular 
arms that are characteristic of the squid . The suckers on the arms are with- 
out stalks and are not equipped with horny rings . No internal pen or shell . 
This order includes the many forms of Octopus and the Paper Nautilus , 
[PERSON Argonauta] . The female [LOCATION Argonauta] secretes a shell to hold her eggs . 



[ORGANIZATION OCTOPODIDAE] 485 

[ORGANIZATION Family ARGON AUTIDAE] 
[PERSON Genus Argonaut] a [ORGANIZATION Linne] 1758 

[PERSON Pelagic] octopods in which the dorsal arms of the female are broadly- 
expanded into glandular membranes that secrete and hold a delicate , cal- 
careous shell for containing the eggs . The males are considerably smaller 
than the females , do not have a shell , and the third right arm is modified into 
a detachable copulatory organ which persists separately for a certain length 
of time in the mantle cavity of the female . 

[PERSON Argonaut] a [ORGANIZATION argo Linne Common Paper Nautilus] 

Plates ic; 26y 

Worldwide in warm waters . 

4 to 8 inches in length , quite fragile , laterally compressed with a narrow 
keel , numerous sharp nodules which in the early part of the shell are stained 
with dark purplish brown . Rest of shell opaque , milky-white . Occasionally 
washed ashore . A. americana [LOCATION Dall] is the same . 

[PERSON Argonaut] a hians [ORGANIZATION Solander Brown Paper Nautilus] 

Figure gpe , f 

Worldwide in warm waters . 

Similar to [PERSON A. argo] , but smaller , much " fatter " with a rapidly broadening 
keel that bears larger and fewer nodules . Color brownish white with darker 
stains on the early part of the keel . [PERSON Uncommonly] washed ashore . 

Family TREMOCTOPODIDAE 
[ORGANIZATION Genus Tremoctopus Delle Chiaje] 1829 

[ORGANIZATION Tremoctopus] violaceus [ORGANIZATION Delle Chiaje Common Umbrella Octopus] 

[PERSON Pelagic] in warm waters . Worldwide . 

Total length , including the arms , 3 to 6 feet . Deep purplish red in color . 
[PERSON Characterized] by the long skin webs between the four dorsal arms , and the 
two large holes in the body near the base of the third arm and in front of 
the eyes . The species is gregarious , and is occasionally washed ashore on the 
east coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 

[ORGANIZATION Family OCTOPODIDAE] 

[ORGANIZATION Genus Octopus Lamarck] 1798 

There are only five valid species of littoral Octopus so far recorded 
along the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] . There are a few deep water ones , some of which 



486 [ORGANIZATION Ajnerican Seashelh] 

belong to closely related genera . The characters most relied upon in dis- 
tinguishing species are relative length of the arms , the skin surface , the nature 
and relative length of the small ligula ( the tiny pad-like extension on the 
end of the third right arm in the males , i.e. , the hectocotylized arm ) . The 
number of gill plates and color pattern are used to a less extent . 

The eight arms have each been given a number , in order that com- 
parisons may be made . This is done by setting the octopus down with the 
body up , and the arms spread-eagle out in all directions . Turn the octopus 
so that the two eyes are on the side away from you . By going from the eyes 
out to the mantle edge away from you , and choosing the first arm to the 
right , you have located the first arm . Further clockwise are the second , third 
and fourth right arms . Instead of counting further ( fifth arm , etc . ) , return 
to the center again , and count to the left — hence , the first , second , third and 
fourth left arms . When giving an arm formula , only the right ones are gen- 
erally given , and they are set down in order of large to smaller size . Hence , 
4.3.1.2 means the fourth arm is the largest , the second one the smallest in 
length . It may be pointed out , that on rare occasions an octopus may acci- 
dentally lose an arm . 

There are two simple sets of measurements ( all in millimeters ) which 
are important in distinguishing the species of Octopus . The first is the 
mantle-arm index which simply means the comparison of the length of the 
mantle ( measure from the round , bulbous " head " end to a point just between 
the eyes ) with the length of the longest arm ( turn the octopus over , measure 
from the mouth to the tip of the longest stretched-out arm ) . An index is 
obtained by multiplying the mantle-length by 100 and then dividing the 
result by the arm-length . 

The ligula index is obtained only from males and from the third right 
arm which is a modified sex organ . The [PERSON ligula] is measured from tip to the 
last sucker . The arm length is obtained as explained in the preceding para- 
graph . The index is : length of [LOCATION ligula] , multiplied by 100, the result divided 
by the total arm-length . The number of gill plates and the size of eggs are 
determined by cutting a deep slit in the body . 

Octopus vulgaris [ORGANIZATION Lamarck Common Atlantic Octopus] 

Figure looa 
[LOCATION Connecticut] to [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . [LOCATION Europe] . 

Length , including the longest arm , i to 3 feet ( the latter would give a 
radial spread of about 7 feet ) . [MISC Mantle-arm] index in [LOCATION Florida] and [LOCATION North] 
[LOCATION Carolina] is about 25 ( that is , the arms are 4 times as long as the mantle ) . 
[MISC Ligula-index] below 2.5. [PERSON Cill] plates 7 to 9 ( in [LOCATION Bermuda] , usually 10 or 11 ) . 
In life , skin smoothish; preserved , it is rugose with variously shaped warts . 
Eggs 3 mm . or less in length . A common harmless species found hidden away 



[ORGANIZATION OCTOPODIDAE] 487 

under large rocks and crevices near shore . This is [PERSON O. rugosus] of authors , 
[PERSON O.] americaniis [LOCATION Blainville] and [PERSON O. carolinensis Verrill] . 

Octopus macropus Risso of the [LOCATION West Indies] ( and possibly [LOCATION Key West] ) 
has its first arm the largest and longest , has a hgula-index up to 14, and a 
wart over one side of the eye . The skin in preserved material has small 
reddish warts . The eggs are less than 2 mm . in length ( see fig . looe ) . 




Figure 100. [LOCATION Atlantic] and Pacific Octopus . The tip end or ligiila of the third right 
arm in the male , a , Octopus vulgaris Lamarck; b , [PERSON O.] burryi Voss; c , [PERSON O. briareus] 
Robson; d , [PERSON O.] joubini Robson; e , [PERSON O.] macropus Risso; f , [PERSON O. hongkongensis Hoyle] 

( [LOCATION Pacific] ) . 



[ORGANIZATION Briar Octopus] 

Fissure looc 



[PERSON Octopus briareus Robson] 

[LOCATION Southern Florida] and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

Length , including longest arm , i to i Y2 feet . Arms fairly thick at the 
bases , quite long , especially the third and sometimes the second . Mantle- 
index 13 to 30, but usually about 17. [PERSON Ligula-index] about 4. [PERSON Gill] plates 7, 
rarely 8. [PERSON Skin smoothish] , or finely granular in preserved material; in life , 
pinkish brown to red-mottled . Eggs elongate , translucent-white , 10 to 12 
mm . in length and with equally long attachment stalks . Fairly common be- 
tween tides under large coral blocks on the [LOCATION Lower Florida Keys] . 



Octopus burryi [PERSON Voss] 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] and the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] . 



Hurry 's Octopus 

Figure loob 



Length , including the longest arm , 6 to 10 inches . Characterized by a 
broad band of dark purple on the top surface of the arms , and , in preserved 
specimens , by the skin which is covered with closely set , round papillae or 
warts . [PERSON Gill] plates 8 to 10 in number . [ORGANIZATION Ligula-index] 4 to 5. This is a recently 
described species named after a famous [LOCATION Florida] collector , [PERSON Leo L. Burry] of 



488 [ORGANIZATION Avierican Seashells] 

[LOCATION Pompano Beach] , [LOCATION Florida] . It is a moderately common , fairly shallow-water 
species . 

Octopus joubini [PERSON Robson Joubin] 's Octopus 

Figure lood 

[MISC Southern] half of [LOCATION Florida] , and the [LOCATION West Indies] . 

A small species with a length , including the longest arm , of from 4 to 
6, rarely 7 inches . The arms are short , with a mantle-arm index of about 40 
to 50. [MISC Ligula-index] about 6 to 7. [PERSON Gill] plates 5 or 6 usually . [PERSON Skin smoothish] , 
except for little pimples at scattered intervals . In this species , the longest arm 
is only 2 or 3 times the mantle-length , while in [PERSON O. briareus] the longest arm 
is 5 or 6 times as long as the mantle . Eggs large , amber-colored , and about 
7 to 10 mm . in length . Occasionally cast ashore in fair numbers on the west 
coast of [LOCATION Florida] . [PERSON O.] 77ter cat oris [PERSON Adam] 1937 is the same . Formerly placed in 
the genus Paroctopus which is now considered of no value . 

Octopus hongkongensis [ORGANIZATION Hoyle Common Pacific Octopus] 

Figure loof 

[LOCATION Alaska] to [LOCATION Lower California] . [LOCATION Japan] to south [LOCATION China] . 

Length , including longest arm , [PERSON ^] to 3 feet ( possibly with a radial spread 
of nearly 28 feet in [MISC Alaskan] waters ) . Skin in preserved specimens covered 
everywhere by numerous small , pimple-like tubercles with star-shaped bases , 
and by many heavy , much interrupted , longitudinal wrinkles . Above each 
eye there is a rather small , conical wart and with a very large , pinnacle-like 
protuberance behind it . [PERSON Ligula] index 4 to 7. The web between the second 
and third arms usually extends out to a quarter of the arm 's length . Else- 
where the webs are shorter . The commonest littoral Octopus on the [LOCATION Pacific] 
[ORGANIZATION Coast] found from shore to 100 fathoms . This is [PERSON O.] punctatns [PERSON Gabb] . 

[PERSON O.] calif ornicus [PERSON Berry] , an off-shore species , has a large lingula with an 
index of 14 to 17. The skin in preserved material is covered with numerous , 
large stellate warts . The [MISC Californian] Deep-water Octopus . 

[ORGANIZATION Octopus bi] ? naculatus Verrill Two-spotted Octopus 

[LOCATION Los Angeles] , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Total length ^ to 2 feet . Characterized by a large , distinct , round , dark 
spot in front of each eye near the base of each third arm . Eggs small , 1.8 to 
4.0 mm . in length with long stalks , attached in festoons . [MISC Mantle-arm] index 
usually 22, but ranging from 14 to 29. [PERSON Ligula-index] 2.0, not significant in 
separating this species from bimaculoides . Fairly common . Lives in the lower 
part of the intertidal zone down to several feet where there is rock bottom . 



[ORGANIZATION OCTOPODIDAE] 489 

Aside from egg-size and egg-clusters and mantle-arm index , there is great 
difficulty in separating this species from [PERSON O. bimaciiloides Pickford] which 
lives nearby in shallower water where there is mud present . 

Octopus bimaciiloides [PERSON Pickford Mud-flat Octopus] 

[LOCATION Los] i\ngeles , [LOCATION California] , to [LOCATION Lower California] . 

Almost identical with [PERSON O.] bimacidatus [PERSON Verrill] . Eggs large , 9.5 to 17.5 
mm . in length , with shorter stalks , attached in small clusters . [LOCATION Mantle-arm] 
index 34, but ranging from 29 to 39. Fairly common in shallow water among 
rocks where mud is present . Adults are somewhat smaller than bimacidatus . 



W 



CHAPTER XII 

Guide to the 
[ORGANIZATION Molluscan Literature] 



The literature dealing with mollusks is very extensive and widely scattered 
in many journals and books . Since 1900, approximately 60,000 separate 
articles on mollusks have appeared . Most of these are listed according to 
author and subject matter in the Zoological Record ( printed for the Zoologi- 
cal Society of [LOCATION London] and in its 86th volume ) . This valuable journal may 
be found in any large museum or university library . The bibliography in- 
cluded here is intended only as a guide or lead to the more important books 
and articles dealing primarily with [MISC American] marine mollusks . 

[ORGANIZATION GENERAL TEXTS] 

[PERSON Bronn] , [PERSON H. G.] 1 892-1940 : [ORGANIZATION KlasseJi und Ordnungeti des Tierreichs] . [LOCATION Leipzig] . Sev- 
eral large volumes on biology and anatomy of mollusks . Technical . Monu- 
mental work in [MISC German] by [PERSON H. Simroth] , [PERSON H. Hoffmann] , [PERSON F. Haas] and others . 
Large bibliographies . 

BuLLouGH , W. S. 1950 : Practical Invertebrate Anatomy . 463 pp . [PERSON Macmillan] , 
[LOCATION N.Y.] Large section on anatomy and dissecting techniques ( pp . 317-391, 34 
figs . ) on mollusks . 

[PERSON Cooke] , A. H. 1895 : [ORGANIZATION Mollusca] . Volume 3 of the [ORGANIZATION Cambridge Natural History] 
Series . 459 pp . , 3 1 1 figs . [PERSON Macmillan] , [LOCATION N.Y.] Very good , but out-of-date , gen- 
eral introduction to mollusks . 

[PERSON Johnston] , [PERSON G.] 1850 : An Introduction to Conchology . 614 pp . , 102 figs . [PERSON J. Van] 
[PERSON Voorst] , [LOCATION London] . Interesting reading , history and lore , but very much out- 
of-date . 

[PERSON MacGinitie] , [PERSON G. E.] and N. 1949 : Natural History of Marine Aniinals . 473 pp . 
McGraw-Hill , [ORGANIZATION N.Y. Ecology] and habits of marine mollusks , pp . 327-401. 

490 



Guide to the [ORGANIZATION Molluscmi Literature] 491 

[PERSON Pelseneer] , [PERSON Paul] 1906 : [PERSON Mollusca] . A Treatise on [ORGANIZATION Zoology ( vol .] 5 ) . 355 pp . , 301 
figs . [PERSON Adam] and [PERSON C. Black] , [LOCATION London] . Excellent college-level text . Somewhat 
out-of-date . 

[PERSON Thiele] , J. 1929-35 : [PERSON Handbuch der Systejnatischen Weichtierkiinde] . 4 vols . 11 54 
pp . [LOCATION Jena] , [LOCATION Germany] . [ORGANIZATION Standard] text on classification and arrangement of mol- 
lusks . 

[PERSON Tryon] , [PERSON G. W.] 1882-84 : [PERSON Stnicttiral] and Systeinatic Conchology . [LOCATION Philadelphia] . 3 
vols . Vol . I , 312 pp . , 22 pis . , contains introductory matter , biology , history 
and anatomy . [LOCATION Vol] . 2, 430 pp . , 68 pis . , contains general systematic account 
of marine forms . Vol . 3 deals with land forms . Useful , but considerably out- 
of-date . 

POPULAR BOOKS 

We have listed most of the recently published popular books , but do not 
necessarily recommend all that are included . The prices listed here are only 
approximate , especially for those available only second-hand . 

[PERSON Ge] ? ieral and Foreign 

[PERSON Allan] , [PERSON Joyce] 1950 : Australian Shells . 470 pp . , 12 colored pis . , 28 halftones , no 
figs . [LOCATION Georgian House] , [LOCATION Melbourne] . $7.50. 

[PERSON Bartsch] , p. 193 1 : [PERSON Molhisks] . In [LOCATION Smithsonian Scientific Series , vol] . 10, pt . 3, pp . 
251-357^ 3<^ pls . Series Publishers , [LOCATION N.Y.] $8.25. Good general account of 
mollusks . 

[ORGANIZATION Cotton] , [PERSON B. C.] and [PERSON F. K. Godfrey] 1938-40 : The Molluscs of [LOCATION South Australia] . 
Pt I , The Pelecypoda; pt . 2, The Scaphopoda , [PERSON Cephalopoda] and [PERSON Crepipoda] . 
600 pp . , 589 figs . Government Publ . , [LOCATION Adelaide] . About $3.00. Excellent and 
well illustrated . 

[PERSON Edmondson] , [PERSON C. H.] 1946 : [ORGANIZATION Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii] . 381 pp . , 223 figs . 
[PERSON B. P. Bishop Museum] , [LOCATION Honolulu] . 100 pp . and 75 figs , on mollusks . 

Hirase , S. and [PERSON Isao Taki] 195 1 : A Handbook of Illustrated Shells from the Jap- 
[LOCATION anese Islands] ajtd their [ORGANIZATION Adjacent Terr] . 134 pis . ( 130 in color ) . About $5.00. 
[PERSON Bunkyokaku Publ] . , [LOCATION Tokyo] . Excellent . 

[PERSON Platt] , R. 1949 : Shells Take You Over World Horizons . 50 pp . , 32 color plates . 
[ORGANIZATION National Geographic Magazine] , [LOCATION Wash] . , D.C. July 1949 issue . Separates 
50 cents . Out of print ( 1952 ) . Excellent illustrations . 

[PERSON Powell] , [PERSON A. W. B] , 1946 : The Shellfish of [LOCATION New Zealand] . 2nd ed . 106 pp . , 26 pis . 
( i in color ) . [PERSON Whitcombe] and [ORGANIZATION Tombs Ltd] . , [ORGANIZATION Auckland . Complete] checklist 
and illustrations of common species . Excellent . 

[PERSON Rogers] , [PERSON Julia] 195 i : The [ORGANIZATION Shell Book] . 485 pp . , 87 pis . ( 8 in color ) . [PERSON C. T. Bran-] 
ford , [LOCATION Boston] . A reprint of the 1908 edition with the names brought up-to- 
date in an appendix by [PERSON Harald A. Rehder] . $6.50. Excellent for beginners . 

[PERSON Smith] , [PERSON Maxavell] 1940 : [LOCATION World-wide Sea] Shells . 139 pp . , many drawings . $4.50. 
Obtained from author . Box 6 s , , [LOCATION Winter Park] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

Tinker , S. W. 1952 : [LOCATION Pacific Sea] Shells . 237 pp . , illust . Paper covered : $2.75. 
[LOCATION Honolulu] , T.H. Mainly gastropods of [LOCATION Hawaii] . 

[PERSON Verrill] , a. H. 1936 : Strange Sea Shells and their Stories . 211 pp . , figs . , 5 pis . 
( i in color ) . [PERSON L. C.] Page , [LOCATION Boston] . I2.50. For children . 



492 [MISC American Se] ash ells 

[PERSON Verrill] , a. H. 1950 : The [ORGANIZATION Shell Collector 's Handbook] . 228 pp . , illus . [PERSON Putnam] 's , 

[LOCATION N.Y.] I4.00. 
[PERSON Webb] , W. F. 1948 : Handbook for [ORGANIZATION Shell Collectors] . 8th ed . , 236 pp . , about 1000 

species figured . Interesting notes . $5.00. Obtained from author : 2515 Second 

Ave . [PERSON N.] , [LOCATION St Petersburg] , [LOCATION Florida] . 

[LOCATION East Coast of America] 

[PERSON Aldrich] , [PERSON B. D. E.] and [PERSON E. Snyder] 1936 : [LOCATION Florida Sea] Shells . 126 pp . , 11 pis . 

[PERSON Houghton Mifflin] , [LOCATION Boston] . $1.25. About 150 species included . 
[PERSON Arnold] , [ORGANIZATION Augusta] 1903 : The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide . 470 pp . , 600 figs . Century , 

[LOCATION N.Y] , Second-hand , I3.00 to I5.00. Section on mollusks included , but out- 
of-date . 
[PERSON Morris] , P. A. 1939 : What Shell Is That ? 198 pp . , 175 figs . [PERSON Appleton-Century] , 

[LOCATION N.Y.] $2.25, Small pocket guide for [LOCATION New England] collectors . 
[PERSON Morris] , P. A. 1951 : A Field Guide to the Shells of Our [LOCATION Atlantic] and [LOCATION Gulf Coasts] . 

2nd ed . 236 pp . , 45 pis . ( 8 in color ) . [PERSON Houghton Mifflin] , [LOCATION Boston] . $3.75. 

Names somewhat out-of-date . 
[PERSON Perry] , [PERSON Louise] 1940 : Marine Shells of the Southwest Coast of [LOCATION Florida] . 260 pp . , 

39 pis . [ORGANIZATION Paleontological Research Inst] . , [LOCATION Ithaca] , [LOCATION N.Y.] $3.50. Mostly shells 

of [LOCATION Sanibel Island] . Well illustrated , good descriptions . For amateurs and 

advanced students . 
[PERSON Smith] , [PERSON Maxwell] 1937 : East Coast Marine Shells . 308 pp . , illus . Obtained from 

author , [PERSON Box] 65, [LOCATION Winter Park] , [LOCATION Fla] . $5.00. Names out-of-date . 
[PERSON Vilas] , [PERSON C. N.] and [PERSON N. R. Vilas] 1945 : [ORGANIZATION Florida Marine Shells] . 151 pp . , 12 color 

plates . [PERSON C. N. Vilas] Publ . , Box 108, [LOCATION Sarasota] , [LOCATION Florida] . $2.75. For beginners; 

names somewhat out-of-date . 

[LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION America] 

Keep , [PERSON J.] and [PERSON J. L. Baily] , Jr 1935 : [LOCATION West Coast] Shells . 350 pp . , 334 text figs . 

[ORGANIZATION Stanford University Press] , [LOCATION Calif] . $3.75. 
[PERSON AdoRRis] , P. A. 1952 : A Field Gitide to Shells of the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] and [LOCATION Hawaii] . 

220 pp . , illus . [PERSON Houghton Mifflin] , [LOCATION Boston] . $3.75. Recommended only for 

the part concerning our [LOCATION Pacific Coast] . 
[PERSON Smith] , AIaxwell 1944 : [ORGANIZATION Panama Marine Shells] . 127 pp . , illus . Obtained from 

author , [PERSON Box] 6$ , [LOCATION Winter Park] , [LOCATION Fla] . | 6.oo . 

Directories and [ORGANIZATION U.S. Journals] 

Directory of C on cholo gists . An [MISC American] and international list of over 900 
people interested in mollusks . Gives addresses , interests and exchange activi- 
ties . Mimeographed . Obtained from : Mr John Q. [PERSON Burch] , 1584 [LOCATION West Ver-] 
non Ave . , [LOCATION Los Angeles] 37, [LOCATION Calif] . $1.50. 

Annual Report of the [ORGANIZATION Aiuerican Malacological Union] . Names and addresses of 
over 350 active members . Obtained from : [PERSON Secrejtary] , The [MISC American Mala-] 
[ORGANIZATION cological Union] , [ORGANIZATION Bufi^alo Museum of Science] , [PERSON Bufi^alo] 11, [LOCATION N.Y.] 

The [PERSON Nautihfs] , a quarterly devoted to the interests of conchologists . Technical 
and semi-popular articles , notes and news . $2.50 per year; quarterly . Dr 
[PERSON H. B. Baker] , Bus . Aigr . , Zool . Lab . , [ORGANIZATION University of Pennsylvania] , [LOCATION Philadelphia] 
4, [LOCATION Pa] 



Guide to the Molliiscan Literature 493 

[PERSON Johnsonia] . Monographs of the Aiarine Mollusca of the [ORGANIZATION Western Atlantic] ( quarto 
size ) . [PERSON W. J. Clench] , [PERSON ed . Museum Comparative Zoology] , [ORGANIZATION Harvard Univ] . , 
[LOCATION Cambridge] 38, Mass . $4.00 per year or per 100 pp . Excellent illus . , descrip- 
tions , ranges , collecting localities , book reviews , etc . 

Occasional Papers on [MISC Molhisks] . [ORGANIZATION Depart] , of [ORGANIZATION MoUusks] , [ORGANIZATION Museum Comparative Zo-] 
ology , [ORGANIZATION Harvard Univ] . , [LOCATION Cambridge] 38, [LOCATION Mass] . Revisions , bio-bibliographies , 
medical snails , catalogs and other useful articles . Price list from [PERSON W. J.] 
[PERSON Clench] , ed . 

Leaflets in [LOCATION Malacology] . [PERSON S. Stillman Berry] , ed . , [LOCATION Redlands] , [LOCATION Calif] . Useful and in- 
teresting articles , dealing mainly with the [ORGANIZATION Eastern Pacific fauna] . 

[PERSON Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica] ' ' ' 'Carlos de [PERSON la Torre] ' ' Univ . [PERSON Habana] , [LOCATION Cuba] . 
[PERSON C. G. Aguayo] , ed . Technical articles of importance in [MISC English] and [MISC Spanish] . 

Current foreign journals are : Proceedings of the Malacological Society of [LOCATION London;] 
[ORGANIZATION Journal of Conchology] ( [LOCATION Great Britain] ) ; [PERSON Archiv] fiir [PERSON Molhiskenkimde] ( Frank- 
furt-am-Main ) ; [ORGANIZATION Journal de Conchyliologie] ( [LOCATION Paris] ) ; Proceedings [PERSON Malacological] 
[ORGANIZATION Society of Japajj] ( formerly the [MISC Venus] ) \ Basteria ( [LOCATION Leiden] ) . 

CHAPTER I— MAN AND [LOCATION MOLLUSKS] 

[PERSON Mollusks] and [LOCATION Medicine] in World War II . [PERSON R. Tucker Abbott] . 1948. [LOCATION Smithsonian] 
[PERSON Ann] . Report for ip4J , pp . 325-338, 3 pis . ( no . 3933 ) . 

Snail Invaders . [PERSON R. Tucker Abbott] . Natural History Magazine ( [LOCATION N.Y.] ) , Feb . 
1950, vol . 59, pp . 80-85, '3 %s . 

The Venomous Cone Shells . [PERSON R. Tucker Abbott] . 1950. The Science Counselor 
( [PERSON Duquesne Univ] . ) , Dec . 1950, pp . 125-126; 153, 3 pis . 

[LOCATION Molluscan Species] in [MISC Californian] [ORGANIZATION Shell Middens] . [PERSON R. E. Greengo] . 1951. Report 
75, [LOCATION Univ] . [LOCATION Calif] . [ORGANIZATION Archaeol . Survey] , pp . 1-23. Good bibliography . 

The Geographical Distribution of the Shell-Purple Industry . [PERSON J. W. Jackson] . 
19 1 6. Memoirs and Proc . Manchester Literary and [PERSON Philos] . [LOCATION Soc] , vol . 60, 
pt . 2, no . 7, 29 pp . , map . 

The Use of Cowry-Shells for the [ORGANIZATION Purposes of Currency] , [PERSON Amulets] and Charms . 
[PERSON J. W. Jackson] . 19 16. [PERSON Ibid] . , vol . 60, pt . 3, 72 pp . , maps . 

[ORGANIZATION Shell Trumpets] and [MISC Their Distribution] in the [LOCATION Old] and New World . [PERSON J. W.] 
[PERSON Jackson] . 1916. Ibid . , vol . 60, pt . 2, no . 8, 22 pp . 

The Geographic Distribution of the Use of Pearls and [MISC Pearl-Shell] . [PERSON J. W. Jackson] . 
191 6. [PERSON Ibid] . , vol . 60, pt . 3, no . 12, 53 pp . 

[ORGANIZATION Memoire] sur la Pourpre . [PERSON H. Lacaze-Duthiers] . 1859. [ORGANIZATION Annales des Science Natu-] 
relles ( Zoologiq7 ( e ) , 4th series , vol . 12, pp . 5-84, 2 pis . 

Ethno-Conchology : A Study of Primitive Money . [PERSON R. E. C. Stearns] . 1889. 
Annual Report U.S. [PERSON Nat] . Mus . for 1886-87, 'pp . -97-334 ' 9 P^^- ( ^ " ^ ^^ 
print ) . 

The Use of [ORGANIZATION Marine Mollusca] and Their Value in Reconstructing Prehistoric 
Trade Routes in the [LOCATION American Southwest] . [PERSON D. B. Tower] . 1945. Papers Exca- 
vators-Club ( [LOCATION Cambridge] , [LOCATION Mass] . ) , voJ . 2, no . 3, pp . 1-54. Illus . 

[ORGANIZATION European Ballast] Shells in [LOCATION Staten Island] , [PERSON N.Y. M. P. Weingartner] . 195 i. The 
Nautilus , vol . 65, p. 132. 

Trade Marks . W. [PERSON W. Wigginton] . 1946. The [ORGANIZATION Shell Magazine] ( [ORGANIZATION Asiatic Petroleum] 
Co ) , [LOCATION London] , vol . 26, no . 480, Dec , pp . 322-324. Also see the Jubilee Pam- 
phlet of the " [ORGANIZATION Shell] " [ORGANIZATION Transport and Trading Co] , [ORGANIZATION Ltd .] ( [LOCATION London] ) , 1947, 26 
pp . , illus . 



494 America} ! Se ash ells 

CHAPTER II— LIFE OF [ORGANIZATION THE SNAIL] 

Habits , [ORGANIZATION Life Histories] and Ecology 

A Preliminary Investigation of the [ORGANIZATION Importance of Desiccation] , Temperature and 

Salinity as Factors Controlling the Vertical Distribution of [MISC Certain Intertidal] 

Marine Gastropods in [LOCATION False Bay] , [LOCATION South Africa] . [PERSON G. J. Broekhuysen] . 1940. 

Trans . Royal Soc . [LOCATION South Africa] , vol . 28, pt . 3, pp . 278-292, 2 pis . 
Notes on the [LOCATION Louisiana Conch] , [MISC Thais] haemastoma in its Relation to the [LOCATION Oyster] , 

[LOCATION Ostrea] virginica . [PERSON M. D. Burkenroad] . 193 i. Ecology , vol . 12, no . 4, pp . 656- 

664, 2 figs . 
Observations on the Local Movements of [LOCATION Littorina littorea] ( [PERSON L.] ) and [MISC Thais] lapil- 

lus ( [PERSON L.] ) . [PERSON R. W. Dexter] . The [MISC Nautilus] , vol . 57, pp . 6-8. 
The Mud Snail : [MISC Nassa] obsoleta . [PERSON A. C. Dimon] . 1905, [LOCATION Cold Spring Harbor] 

[PERSON Monogr] . j , pp . 1-48, 2 pis . ( Habits and anatomy ) . 
The [ORGANIZATION Mechanism of Locomotion] in [LOCATION Gastropod Molluscs] . [PERSON H. W. Lissmann] . 1945. 

[PERSON Joimi] . Exper . Biol . , vol . 21, pp . 58-69. [PERSON Illus] . 
The [ORGANIZATION Biology of Purpura] lapillus . [PERSON H. B. Moore] , 1936-39. Pts . I , II , and [PERSON III] . 

[PERSON Joiirn] . Marine Biol . Assoc , vol . 21, pp . 61-89; '^ol . 23, pp . 57-74. 
The Leaping of the [PERSON Stromb] ( [PERSON Strombus] gigas [PERSON Linn] . ) . [PERSON G. H. Parker] . 1922. 

[PERSON Joiirn] . Exper . XooL , vol . 36, no . 2, pp . 205-209, 2 figs . 
[ORGANIZATION Biology of Acmaea] testudinalis [PERSON Muller] . [PERSON M. A. Willcox] . 1905. [PERSON Anier] . [PERSON Nat] . , vol . 

39, no . 461, pp . 325-333. 

[PERSON Groivth] and Feeding 

Influence of Natural and Experimental Conditions in Determining Shape of [ORGANIZATION Shell] 

and Rate of Growth in Gastropods of the [PERSON Genus Crepidula] . W. R , [PERSON Coe] . 

1942. [PERSON Joiirn] . Morph . , vol . 71, no . i , pp . 35-47. 
[MISC A Statistical Test of the Species Concept] in [LOCATION Littorina] . [PERSON J. Colman] . 1932. Biol . 

Bidl . , vol . 62, no . 3, pp . iiyi4f '^ , 11 figs . , 8 tables . 
How [LOCATION Fulgar] and Sycotypus Eat Oysters , [PERSON Mussels] and Clams ( Busycon ) . [PERSON H. S.] 

[ORGANIZATION CoLTON] . 1908. [PERSON Froc] . Acad . [PERSON Nat] . Sci . [LOCATION Phila] . , 1908, pp . 3-10, 5 pis . 
Growth of the Oyster Drill , [PERSON Urosalpinx] cinerea . Feeding on [ORGANIZATION Four Different Food] 

Animals . [PERSON J. B. Engle] . 1942. Anatom . Records , vol . 84, [PERSON p. 505ff] . 
Observations on Some of the Probable Factors Controllino- the Size of Certain 

[ORGANIZATION Tide Pool Snails] . [PERSON R. R. Humphrey] and [PERSON R. W. Macey] . 1930. Fiibl . [MISC Puget] 

Sound Biol . Sta . , vol . 7, pp . 205-208. 
The [ORGANIZATION Mode of Feeding of Crepidula] . . . [PERSON J. H. Orton] . 191 2. [PERSON Joiirn] . [LOCATION Mar] . Biol . 

[PERSON Assoc] , vol . 9, no . 3, pp . 444-478. [PERSON Illus] . 

[PERSON Anatofjiy] 

The Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of Some [MISC Tectibranch] 
A4olluscs with a Note on [ORGANIZATION Excretion] . [PERSON Vera Fretter] . 1939. [PERSON Tra] ? is . [PERSON Roval] 
[LOCATION Soc] . [LOCATION Edinburgh] , vol . 59, pt . 3, no . 22, pp . 599-646. Excellent figs . ; also same 
subject on [LOCATION Chitons vol] . 59, p. ii9ff; on Limpets vol . 57, p. 287fT; on [ORGANIZATION Aeolids] 
vol . 59, p. 267fT . 



Guide to the Molluscan Literature 495 

The Anatomy of the [MISC Gastropod Crepidula] adunca [PERSON Sowerby] . [PERSON C. E. Moritz] . 1938. 

[LOCATION Ujiiv] . [LOCATION Calif] . Piibl . [PERSON ZooL] , vol . 43, no . 5, pp . 83-92, 6 figs . 
The Anatomy of [LOCATION Acmaea] testudinalis [PERSON Aluller] . [PERSON Al A. Willcox] . 1906. [PERSON Amer] . [PERSON Nat] . , 

vol . 40, pp . 1 71-187, 4 figs . ( External anatomy . ) 
The Prosobranchiate Mollusca; A [ORGANIZATION Functional Interpretation of Their Structure] 

and Evolution . [PERSON C. M. Yonge] . 1939. [PERSON Philos] . Trans . Royal Soc . [LOCATION London] , ser . 

B , no . ^66, vol . 230, pp . 79-147. IHus . 



[ORGANIZATION Reproduction and Development] 

Sexual Differentiation in [LOCATION Mollusks] . [PERSON W. R. Coe] . 1943-44. Q^ 'art . Review Biology , 
vol . 18, pp . 154-164; vol . 19, pp . 85-97. Large bibliography . 

[ORGANIZATION Sur le Dimorphism Sexual des Coquilles] . [PERSON Ed Lamy] . 1937. [PERSON Journ] . de Conchy I. , 
vol . 81, pp . 283-301. [PERSON Illus] . 

Reproduction and Larval Development of [MISC Danish Marine] Bottom Inverte- 
brates . . . . [PERSON GuNNAR Thorson] . 1 946. [PERSON Mcdd] . Komm . [PERSON Danmarks Fisk] . -Ha- 
vund . Series on [LOCATION Plankton] , vol . 4, no . i , pp . 1-523. ( 34 pp . of bibliography . ) 

The [ORGANIZATION Embryology of Fulgur] : A Study of the Influence of Yolk on Development . 
[PERSON E. G. CoNKLiN] . 1907. Proc . Acad . [PERSON Nat] . Sci . [PERSON Phila] . 1907, pp . 321-358, 6 pis . 

The Development of a [PERSON Mollusk] . [PERSON B. E. Dahlgren] . 1906. [PERSON Amer] . Mus . Journ . , 
vol . 6, pp . 28-53. ( [PERSON Illus] . of models . ) 

[ORGANIZATION Early Development of Haminea] . [PERSON R. E. Leonard] . 191 8. [PERSON Publ] . Puget Sound Biol . 
[PERSON Sta] . , vol . 2, no . 34, pp . 45-63, 5 pis . 

The [ORGANIZATION Embryology of Patella] . [PERSON W. Patten] . 1885. Arbeit . Zoolog . Inst . , [PERSON Wien] , vol . 
6, pp . 149-174, 5 pis . 



Egg-Cases and [PERSON Larvae] 

The Egg Capsules of Certain Neritidae . [PERSON E. A. Andrews] . 1935. [PERSON Journ] . Morph . , 

vol . 57, no . I , pp . 31-54, 3 pis . 
[PERSON Egg Capsules] and Development of Some Marine Prosobranchs from Tropical 

[LOCATION West Africa] . [PERSON J. Knudsen] . 1950. Atlantide Report ( [LOCATION Copenhagen] ) , no . i , 

pp . 85-130. ( Large bibliography . ) 
The Eggs and [PERSON Larvae] of Some Prosobranchs from [LOCATION Bermuda] . [ORGANIZATION AL V. Lebour] . 1945. 

Proc . Zool . Soc . [LOCATION London] , vol . 114, pp . 462-489, 43 text-figs . 
[ORGANIZATION Biologic et Ponte] de Alollusques Gasteropodes Neo-Caledoniens . [PERSON J. Risbec] . 1935. 

Bidl . [LOCATION Soc] . Zool . de [LOCATION France] , vol . 60, pp . 387-417. [PERSON Illus] . 
Spawning of the [ORGANIZATION Whelk] [ Busycon canaliculata ] . [PERSON L. B. Spencer] . 1910. [PERSON Zool] . 

[LOCATION Soc] . [PERSON Bull] . , [LOCATION N.Y.] , no . 38, pp . 637-638. ( Two photos of process . ) 
Studies on the [ORGANIZATION Egg-Capsules and Development of Arctic Aiarine Prosobranchs] . 

[PERSON GuNNAR Thorson] . 1935. [PERSON Komm] . [PERSON Vidensk] . Undersog . Gronland , vol . 100, 

no . 5, pp . 5-71. 75 figs . 
Studies on the Egg Alasses and [ORGANIZATION Larval Development of Gastropoda] from the 

[LOCATION Iranian Gulf] . [PERSON Gunnar Thorson] . 1940. [PERSON Danish Sci] . Invest . i ? i [LOCATION Iran] , pt . 2, 

pp . 159-238, 32 figs . 
Spawning of [MISC Fulgur] perversus [ [PERSON Busycon] contrarium ] . [PERSON J. Willcox] . 1885. Proc . 

[LOCATION Acad] . [PERSON Nat] . Sci . , [LOCATION Phila] . , 1885, pp . 1 19-120. 



496 A ? 7ierican Seasbells 

CHAPTER III— LIFE OF [ORGANIZATION THE CLAM] 

An Annotated Bibliography of Oysters , with Pertinent Material on [PERSON Mussels] and 
Other Shellfish . [PERSON J. L. Baughman] . 1948. [LOCATION Texas] A. and [PERSON M. Research] Founda- 
tion , pp . 1-794. Over 2000 articles on the biology of mollusks are listed , with 
abstracts and a subject index . Very useful . 

Habits , Life Histories a ? jd Ecology 

The Habits of Life of Some [LOCATION West Coast Bivalves] . [PERSON Fritz Haas] . 1942. The [MISC Nauti-] 
lus , vol . ^^ , pp . 109-113 ( [PERSON Lithophaga] , [PERSON Diplodonta] and [ORGANIZATION Cooperella] ) ; ibid . , vol . 
56, pp . 30-33 ( [PERSON Mytilus] and Brachidontes ) . 

The Life History and Growth of the [ORGANIZATION Razor Clam] . [PERSON H. C. MciMillin] . 1924. [LOCATION Wash] . 
State Dept . Fish . , 52 pp . , 5 pis . , 3 graphs . 

The Pismo Clam : Further [ORGANIZATION Studies of Its Life History] and Depletion . [PERSON W. C.] 
[PERSON Herrington] . 1930. [LOCATION Calif] . State Fish Lab . Contrib . no . 81, Bidl . 18, 67 pp . , 
16 figs . 

Notes on the Ecology of the Butter Clam , [PERSON Saxidomus] giganteus Deshays . C , [PERSON M.] 
[PERSON Eraser] . 1928. Trans . Royal Soc . [LOCATION Canada] , ser . 3, vol . 22, pp . 271-277, 2 pis . , 
7 tables; also see ibid . , vol . 22, pp . 249-270 for [PERSON Paphia] staminea; also vol . 25, 
pp . 59-72 for " Cardium corbis . " 

The Edible Bivalves of [LOCATION California] . [PERSON Paul Bonnot] . 1940. [LOCATION Calif] . Fish and [MISC Game] , 
vol . 26, no . 3, pp . 212-239. Notes , habits , sketches , and laws pertaining to 
catches . 

A Resurgent Population of the [LOCATION California Bay-Mussel] ( [PERSON Mytilus] edulis diegensis ) . 
[PERSON W. R. CoE] . 1946. [PERSON Joiirn] . Morph . , vol . 78, no . i , pp . 85-104. 

The Marine Borers of the [ORGANIZATION San Francisco Bay Region] . [PERSON C. A. Kofoid] . 1921. Re- 
port [ORGANIZATION San Francisco Bay Marine Piling Survey] , pp . 23-61. 

A Brief Study of the Succession of Clams on a Marine Terrace . [PERSON Paul T. Wilson] . 
1926. Publ . Puget Sound Biol . Sta . , vol . 5, pp . 137-148. 

The Habits and A4ovements of the [ORGANIZATION Razor-Shell Clam] , Ensis directus Con . [PERSON G. A.] 
[PERSON Drew] . 1907. [PERSON Biol] . Bull . , vol . 12, no . 3, pp . 127-140, i pi . 

Locomotion in [LOCATION Solenomya] and Its Relatives . [PERSON G. A. Drew] . 1900. [PERSON Anat] . [PERSON Anzeiger] , 
vol . 17, no . 15, pp . 257-266, 12 figs . 

The Structure and [PERSON Behaviour] of " [MISC Hiatella gallicana] " ( [PERSON Lamarck] ) and " [MISC H. arctica] " 
( [PERSON L.] ) , with Special Reference to the Boring Habit . W. [PERSON R. Hunter] . 1949. 
Proc . Royal Soc . [LOCATION Edinburgh] , B , vol . 63, pt . 3, no . 19, pp . 271-289. 12 figs . 

Growth a ? [LOCATION jd Feedijig] 

The Life-History and Growth of the [ORGANIZATION Pismo Clam] ( [PERSON Tivela] stultorum [PERSON Mawe] ) . 
[PERSON F. W. Weymouth] . 1923. Bidl . 7, [LOCATION Calif] . State Fish and Game Comm . , pp . 
5-120. 

[LOCATION The Age] and Growth of the [LOCATION Pacific Cockle] ( Cardium corbis ) . F. [PERSON W. Weymouth] 
and [PERSON S. H. Thompson] . 193 i. [ORGANIZATION Bureau of Fisheries Doc] . no . iioi ( [LOCATION Wash] . , 
[LOCATION D.C.] ) , pp . 633-641. ( also see [PERSON Doc] . nos . ^84, lopg and 1100 ) . 

Food Material as a Factor in Growth Rate of Some [LOCATION Pacific Clams] . [PERSON G. M. Smith] . 
1928. Trans . Royal Soc . [LOCATION Canada] , ser . 3, vol . 22, [ORGANIZATION sec] . 5, pp . 287-292. ( see also 
Further Observations . . , . ibid . , 1933, vol . 27, [ORGANIZATION sec] . 5, pp . 229-245 ) . 



Guide to the [ORGANIZATION Mollusc] an Literature 497 

The iMechanisni of Feeding , [ORGANIZATION Digestion] , and [ORGANIZATION Assimilation] in the [PERSON Lamellibranch] 
[PERSON Mya] . [PERSON C. M. Yonge] . 1923. [ORGANIZATION Brit . Jour] . Exper . Biol . , vol . i , pp . 15-63, 27 figs . 

On the iVlorphology , Feeding [PERSON Mechanisms] , and [ORGANIZATION Digestion of Ensis] siliqua ( [MISC Schu-] 
macher ) . [PERSON A. Graham] . 193 i. Trans . Royal Soc . [LOCATION Edinburgh] , vol . 56, pp . 725- 
751,8 figs . 

The [ORGANIZATION Habitat and Food] of the [LOCATION California Sea Adussel] . [PERSON D. L. Fox] et al . 1936. [PERSON Bull] . 
[ORGANIZATION Scripps Inst] . Oceanogr . [ORGANIZATION Univ] . [LOCATION Calif] . , [PERSON Tech] . ser . , vol . 4, no . i , pp . 1-64. 

The Systematic Value of a [ORGANIZATION Study of Adolluscan Faeces] . [PERSON H. B. Moore] . 193 i. 
Proc . Malacological Soc . [LOCATION London] , vol . 19, pp . 281-291, 4 pis . 

Anatomy ajid [ORGANIZATION Shell Structure] 

The Anatomy of Some Protobranch Mollusks . [PERSON Harold Heath] . 1937. [LOCATION Mem] . 

[PERSON Mus] . Royal d 'Hist . [PERSON Nat] . [PERSON Belgique] , ser . 2, fasc . 10, pp . 3-25, 10 pis . 
The Anatomy of the [ORGANIZATION Pelecypod Family Arcidae] . [PERSON Harold Heath] . 1941. Trans . 

Amer . [PERSON Philos] . [LOCATION Soc] . ( n.s. ) , vol , 31, pt . 5, pp . 287-319, 22 pis . 
Uber die [ORGANIZATION Anatomic von Chama pellucida Broderip] . [PERSON E. Grieser] . 191 3. [PERSON Zool] . 

[PERSON Jahrb] . Suppl . , vol . 13, pp . 207-280, i pL , 1 1 figs . 
Literature on the [ORGANIZATION Shell Structure of Pelecypods] . [PERSON H. G. Schenck] . 1934. [PERSON Bull] . 

[PERSON Mus] . Royal d 'hist . [PERSON Nat] . [PERSON Belgique] , vol , 10, no . 34, pp . 1-20, 
The Structure and Composition of the [ORGANIZATION Shell of Tellina] tenuis . [PERSON E. R. Trueman] . 

1942. [PERSON Journ] . Royal Micro . [LOCATION Soc] , vol . 62, pp . 69-92. 
The Shell Structure of the [LOCATION Mollusks] . [PERSON O. B. Boggild] . 1930. [PERSON D. Kgl] . [ORGANIZATION Danske] 

[PERSON Vidensk] . [PERSON Selsk] . Skrifter , [PERSON Naturv] , [PERSON Og Mathem] . , Afd . 9, [PERSON Raekke] n.2. , pp . 233- 

326, 10 figs . , 15 pis . 
The Pigmentation of [ORGANIZATION Molluscan Shells] . [PERSON Alex Comfort] . 1951. Biol . Reviews 

[LOCATION Cambridge Philos] . [LOCATION Soc] , vol . 26, no . 3, pp . 285-301. 5 figs . 
The Mystery of the [LOCATION Pearl] . [PERSON J. Bolman] . 1941. hitertiat . [PERSON Archiv] . [PERSON Ethnographie] , 

[LOCATION Leiden] , suppl . to vol . 39, pp . 1-170, 37 pis . [ Excellent semi-popular account 

in [MISC English] . ] 

[ORGANIZATION Reprodiictio7i , Development and Larvae] 

Sexual Differentiation in [LOCATION Mollusks] . [PERSON W. R. Coe] . 1943. Quart . [ORGANIZATION Review of Biology] , 
vol . 18, pp . 154-164; also vol . 19, pp . 85-97. Large bibliography . 

Development of the Oyster . [PERSON W. K. Brooks] . 1880. Studies Biol . Lab . , [ORGANIZATION Johns] Hop- 
kins Univ . , vol . 4, pp . 1-93, 10 pis . 

Spawning Habits of the [PERSON Mussel] , [PERSON Mytilus] californianus [PERSON Conrad] , with Notes on 
the Possible Relation to Mussel Poison . [PERSON W. W. Forest] . 1936. [LOCATION Univ] . [LOCATION Calif] . 
PubL Zool . , vol . 41, no . 5, pp . 35-44, pi- 3. 

Reproduction and Larval Ecology of Marine Bottom Invertebrates . [PERSON G. Thorson] . 
1950. Biol . Reviews , [LOCATION London] , vol . 25, pp . 1-45. Large bibliography . 

Relations Between the [PERSON Moon] and Periodicity in the [ORGANIZATION Breeding of Aiarine Animals] . 
[PERSON P. Korringa] . 1947. [PERSON Ecol] . [PERSON Mojjogr] . , [ORGANIZATION Durham] , [LOCATION N.C.] , vol . 17, no . 3, pp . 347- 
381 ( [LOCATION Ostrea] , [PERSON Littorina] , [PERSON Mytilus] and [LOCATION Facten] ) . 

The Identification and Classification of [PERSON Lamellibranch Larvae] , [PERSON C. B. Rees] . 1950. 
Hidl Bidl . [LOCATION Mar] . Ecol . , vol , 3, no . 19, pp . 73-104, figs . 

[PERSON Bivalve Larvae] of [LOCATION A^alpeque Bay] , P , E , [PERSON I. M] , [PERSON C. Sullivan] . 1948. Bidl . 77, [PERSON Fish] . 
[ORGANIZATION Research Board Canada] , pp . 1-36, 22 pis . 



498 [MISC American Seashells] 

CHAPTER IV— LIVES OF [ORGANIZATION THE OTHER MOLLUSKS] 

[PERSON Cephalopoda] 

The [MISC Biology o-f Spirula] spirula [PERSON L. A. F. Brunn] . 1943. [PERSON Dana Report] ( [MISC Copen-] 
[PERSON hagen] ) , vol . 4, pt . 24, pp . 1-44, 13 figs . , 2 pis . 

Sexual Activities of the Squid , [PERSON Loligo pealii] ( Les ) . I Copulation , [PERSON Egglaying] and 
[ORGANIZATION Fertilization] . [PERSON G. A. Drew] . 191 i. [PERSON Joimi] . Morph . , vol . 22, pp . 327-359, pis . 
1-4; also 1919, vol . 32, pp . 379-435, 6 pis . 

The Anatomy of the [ORGANIZATION Common Squid , Loligo] pealii Lesueur . [PERSON L. VV] . [PERSON Williams] . 
1909. [PERSON E. J. Brill] , [LOCATION Leiden] . 92 pp . , 16 figs . , 3 pis . Excellent . 

Report on the Cephalopods of the [ORGANIZATION Northeastern Coast of America] . [PERSON A. E. Verrill] . 
1882. Rep . U.S. Comm . [PERSON Fish] , pt . 7, for 1879, 245 pp . , 47 pis . 

[ORGANIZATION Amphineura] 

On the Presence of Eyes in the Shells of Certain Chitonidae . [PERSON H. N. Moseley] . 

1885. Quart . ] oiirn . Micro . Sci . ( [LOCATION N.S.] ) , vol . 25, pp . 2-26, 6 pis . 
Notes on the Post-larval Development of the [ORGANIZATION Giant Chiton] , [PERSON Cryptochiton] stelleri 

( [PERSON Midd] . ) . [PERSON S. Okuda] . 1947. [PERSON Journ] . Faciil . Sci . , [ORGANIZATION Hokkaido Univ] . , ser . 6, Zool . , 

vol . 9, no . 3, pp . 267-275, 18 figs . 
[PERSON Die Anatomie und Phylogenie der Chitonen] . [PERSON L. H. Plate] , i 899. [PERSON Fauna Chileiisis] 

( [LOCATION Jena] ) , vol . 2, pp . 15-216, 9 pis . Excellent . 

[PERSON Scaphopoda] 

Scaphopoda . [PERSON H. Simroth] , 1892. In [PERSON Bronn^s Thier-Reichs] ( [LOCATION Leipzig] ) , vol . 4, 
pp . 356-467, 10 figs . , 5 pis . ( In German; with long bibliography . ) 

A Alonograph of the East American Scaphopod Mollusks . [PERSON J. B. Henderson] . 
1920. [PERSON Bull] . U.S. Nat . Museum , 11 1, pp . 1-177, [PERSON pis] . 1-20. Out of print . 

[ORGANIZATION Generic] and [MISC Subgeneric Names] in the [ORGANIZATION Molluscan Class Scaphopoda] . [PERSON W. K.] 
[PERSON Emerson] . 1952. [PERSON Jour] . [LOCATION Wash] . Acad . Sci . , vol . 42, no . 9, pp . 296-303. 



CHAPTER V— COLLECTING AMERICAN SEASHELLS 

Night Collecting; The Bar; Digging 'Em Out; and other articles . [PERSON B. R. Bales] . 

1945-46. The [PERSON Nautihis] , vols . 58 and 59. Extremely interesting and informa- 
tive . 
Killing and [ORGANIZATION Preservation of Bivalve Larvae] in Fluids . [PERSON M. R. Carriker] . 1950. The 

Nautilus , vol . 64, pp . 14-17. 
Instructions for Collecting [PERSON Mollusks] , and Other Useful Hints for the Con- 

chologist . [PERSON W. H. Dale] . 1892. Part G , [PERSON Bull] . U.S. Nat . [PERSON Mus] . , no . 39, 55 pp . 

Out of print . 
[ORGANIZATION The Collection] and [ORGANIZATION Preparation of Shells] . [PERSON T. C. Stephens] . 1946-47. [PERSON Turtox] 

[ORGANIZATION News , vol] . 24, no . 9 and vol . 25, no . i , 15 pp . A rather full annotated list 

of references . 



Guide to the [ORGANIZATION Mollusc] an Literature 499 

Symposium on " Methods of Collecting and Preserving [PERSON Mollusks] . " Annual Report , 
[ORGANIZATION American Malacological Union] , 1941. Several authors . Excellent . Write : 
Secretary , [PERSON A. M. U.] , [ORGANIZATION Buffalo Museum of Science] , [ORGANIZATION Buffalo] 1 1, [LOCATION N.Y.] 



CHAPTER VI— HOW TO KNOW [MISC AiMERICAN SEASHELLS] 

[PERSON Malacology] and the Official List of Generic Names . [PERSON C. G. Aguayo] . 1949. The 

Nautilus^ vol . 63, pp . 17-19. 
Illustrated Glossary of Gastropoda , [PERSON Scaphopoda] , [PERSON Amphineura] . [PERSON Beatrice Bnrch] . 

1950. Minutes loj , Conch . [LOCATION Soc] . Southern Calif . Mimeographed . $1.50. 

[PERSON Pelecypoda] glossary also available . 
[PERSON Systematics] and the [ORGANIZATION Origin of Species] . [PERSON E. Mayr] . 1942. [ORGANIZATION Columbia Univ] . Press , 

[LOCATION N.Y.] 334 pp . Good bibliography . 
Procedure in [LOCATION Taxonomy] . [PERSON E. T. Schenk] and [PERSON J. H. McMasters] . 1948. [LOCATION Stanford] 

[ORGANIZATION Univ] . Press , [LOCATION Calif] . Revised ed . by [PERSON A. M. Keen] and S. [PERSON W. Muller] . 



[ORGANIZATION GEOGRAPHICAL] GUIDE 



[LOCATION ATLANTIC COAST] 

[ORGANIZATION General] 

List of Marine Mollusca of the [LOCATION Atlantic Coast] from [LOCATION Labrador] to [LOCATION Texas] . [PERSON C. W.] 
[PERSON Johnson] . 1934. Proc . [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 40, pp . 1-204. 2632 species 
listed with ranges . About 757© complete , some names now obsolete . Bibli- 
ography very good , with over 500 entries . No illustrations or descriptions . 

[PERSON Johnsonia] . Monographs of the Marine Molhisca of the [ORGANIZATION Western Atlantic] . 1942- 
[ORGANIZATION Vols] . I and 2 ( 600 pp . , quarto size now complete ) . [ORGANIZATION Museum Comparative] 
Zoology , [LOCATION Cambridge] 38, Alass . [PERSON Thorough] treatment of various genera with 
excellent plates , descriptions , ranges , records and collecting localities . [PERSON W. J.] 
[PERSON Clench] , ed . 

A Preliminary Catalogue of the Shell-bearing [ORGANIZATION Marine Mollusks] and Brachiopods 
of the [ORGANIZATION Southeastern Coast] of the [LOCATION United States] . W. H. Dall . 1889 ( and a 
1903 reprint ) . [PERSON Bull] . 57, U. S. Nat . Mus . , 232 pp . , 45 pis . Illustrations very 
useful , ranges fairly good , but the names out-of-date . Out of print . 

[PERSON Blake] Reports . Reports on the Results of the Dredging . . . in the [MISC Gulf of] 
[LOCATION Mexico] and the [LOCATION Caribbean Sea] by the . . . Steamer 'Blake '. 1886. Pt I. 
[PERSON Brachiopoda] and [PERSON Pelecypoda] . [PERSON W. H.] Dall . Bnll . Mus . Comp . [PERSON ZooL] , vol . 
12, pp . 171-318, 9 pis . ; 1889, Pt II , [PERSON Gastropoda] and Scaphopoda . Ibid . , vol . 
18, pp . 1-492, 30 pis . Numerous deep-sea species with excellent drawings . 

Contributions to the [ORGANIZATION Tertiary Fauna of Florida] . W. H. Dall . i 890-1903. 6 parts . 
Trails . [PERSON Wagner Inst] . , vol . 3, 1654 pp . , 60 pis . A monumental work containing 
many important revisions . Contains many recent species , but the nomen- 
clature is out-of-date . 



500 [ORGANIZATION Ainerican Seashells] 

[LOCATION Greenlmid] , [PERSON Labrador] and [LOCATION Newfoundland] 

[PERSON Mollusca] of the [ORGANIZATION Crocker Land Expedition] to [LOCATION Northwest Greenland] and [PERSON Grinnel] 
Land . [PERSON F. C. Baker] . 1919. [PERSON Bull] . Amer . Mus . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 41, pp . 479-517. 

Report on the Mollusks Collected by [PERSON L. M. Turner] at [LOCATION Ungava Bay] , [LOCATION North Labra-] 
dor . [PERSON W. H.] Dall . 1886. [PERSON Froc] . U.S. Nat . Mus . , vol . 9, pp . 202-208, 3 iigs . 

Observations . . . Recent Invertebrate [ORGANIZATION Fauna of Labrador] . [PERSON A. S. Packard] . 1867. 
[LOCATION Mem] . [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . i , pp . 210-303, pi . 7-8. 

A List of the Mollusks Collected by [PERSON O. Bryant] along the Coasts of [LOCATION Labrador] , 
[LOCATION Newfoundland] and [LOCATION Nova Scotia] . [PERSON C. W. Johnson] . 1926. The Nautilus , vol . 
39, pp . 128-135, and vol . 40, pp . 21-25. 

[LOCATION Eastern Canada] 

The Mollusca of [LOCATION Nova Scotia] . [PERSON J. M. Jones] . 1877. [PERSON Froc] . Trans . [MISC Nova Scotian] 

Inst . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 4, pp . 321-330. 
[PERSON Catalogue] of the Marine Invertebrates of [LOCATION Eastern Canada] . [PERSON J. F. Whiteaves] . 1901. 

272 pp . [LOCATION Ottawa] : Geol . Survey of [LOCATION Canada] . 
[PERSON Bivalve Larvae] of [LOCATION Malpeque Bay] , [LOCATION Prince Edward Island] . [PERSON Bull] . 77, [MISC Fish . Research] 

[ORGANIZATION Board Canada] , pp . 1-36, 22 pis . [PERSON M. C. Sullivan] . 1948. 

[LOCATION New England] 

Report on the Invertebrata of [LOCATION Massachusetts] . Second ed . 1870. [PERSON A. A. Gould] . 

[PERSON W. G. Binney] , ed . 524 pp . , 755 fig . , 27 pis . [LOCATION Mollusca] . [LOCATION Boston] : [PERSON Wright] and 

[PERSON Potter] , State Printers . 
[LOCATION Fauna of New England] . List of the [ORGANIZATION Mollusca] . [PERSON C. W. Johnson] . 191 5. [PERSON Occas] . 

Fapers , [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 7, no . 13, pp . 1-23 1. 
[PERSON Plankton] of the Offshore Waters of the [LOCATION Gulf] of [LOCATION Maine] . [PERSON H. B. Bigelow] . 1926. 

Bull . [LOCATION U.S. Bur] . Fish . , vol . 40, pp . 1-509, figs . 1-134. 
List of Shell-bearing Mollusca of [MISC Frenchman] 's [LOCATION Bay] , [LOCATION Maine] . [PERSON D. Blaney] . 1906. 

[ORGANIZATION Froc] . [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 32, pp . 23-41, pi . i. 
Preliminary [PERSON Catalogue] of the Marine Invertebrata of [LOCATION Casco Bay] , [LOCATION Maine] . [PERSON J. S.] 

[LOCATION KiNGSLEY] . 1 90 1. [PERSON Froc] . [LOCATION Portland Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 2, pp . 159-183. 
A Bibliography of the Recent Aiollusca of [LOCATION Maine] — 1605- 1930. [PERSON N. W. Lermond] 

and [PERSON A. H. Norton] . 1930. [LOCATION Maine Nat] . , vol . 10, pp . 49-73; 100-121. 
Shells of [LOCATION Maine] , A [PERSON Catalogue] . [PERSON N. W. Lermond] . 1909. State Entomol . of [LOCATION Maine] , 

[PERSON Ann . Report] 4, pp . 25-70. 
Report Upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound . . . [PERSON Mollusca] . [PERSON A. E.] 

[PERSON Verrill] . 1873. [PERSON Moll] . Rep . U.S. Fish Comm . , vol . i , pp . 634-698, pis . 20-32. 

( Also numerous similar reports by same author in Trans . [LOCATION Conn] . [LOCATION Acad] . ) 
Notes on the Marine Mollusks of [LOCATION Cape Ann] , [LOCATION Mass] . [PERSON R. W. Dexter] . 1942. The 

[PERSON Nautilus] , vol . 56, pp . 57-61. Good list . See also ibid . , vol . 58, pp . 18-24; ^5 " 

142. 
The Shell-bearing Mollusca of [LOCATION Rhode Island] . [PERSON H. F. Carpenter] , i 884-1902. Nu- 
merous articles by this title in The [MISC Nautilus] , vols . 1-16. 
Marine Mollusca of the [LOCATION Bridgeport] , [LOCATION Conn] . Region . [PERSON A. P. Jacx^t] . 1924. The [MISC Nauti-] 
lus , vol . 38, pp . 49-51. 
Molluscan Fauna of [LOCATION New Haven] . [PERSON G. W. Perkins] . 1869. [PERSON Froc] . [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . 

Hist . , vol . 13, pp . 109-164. 



Guide to the Molhiscan Literature 501 

[LOCATION New York] 

Check List of the [PERSON Mollusca] of [LOCATION New York] . [PERSON E. J. Letson] . 1905. [PERSON Bull] . N.Y. State 

[ORGANIZATION Museum , vol] . 88, pp . 1-112. 
Some [ORGANIZATION Marine Mollusca] about [LOCATION New York City] , [PERSON A. P. Jacot] . 19 19. The [MISC Nautilus] , 

vol . 32, pp . 90-94; vol . 34, pp . 59-60. 
List of Marine Mollusca of [LOCATION Coldspring Harbor] , [LOCATION Long Island] . [PERSON F. N. Balch] . 1899. 

[ORGANIZATION Froc] . [LOCATION Boston Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . 29, pp . 133-162, pi . i. 
On the Mollusca of [PERSON Peconic] and [PERSON Gardiner] 's [LOCATION Bays] , [LOCATION Long Island] , [PERSON N.Y. S. Smith] . 

i860. [PERSON Ann] . Lyceum Nat . Hist . [LOCATION N.Y.] , vol . 7, pp . 147-168; also vol . 9, pp . 377- 

407, 6 figs . 

[LOCATION Maryland] and [LOCATION Virginia] 

Recent Oyster Researches on [LOCATION Chesapeake Bay] in [LOCATION Maryland] . [PERSON R. V. Truitt] . 193 i. 

[ORGANIZATION Report Chesapeake Biol] . Lab . 193 1, pp . 1-28. 
Littoral Marine Mollusks of [LOCATION Chincoteague Island] , [LOCATION Virginia] . [PERSON J. B. Henderson] and 

[PERSON P. Bartsch] . 1914. Proc . U.S. Nat . Mus . , vol . 47, pp . 411-421, 2 pis . Out 

of print . 
Oyster Bars of the [LOCATION Potomac River] . [PERSON D. G. Frey] . 1946. [ORGANIZATION Fish and Wildlife Service] , 

Special Sci . Report , 32, pp . 1-93, mimeo . List of Mollusks . 

[LOCATION North] and [LOCATION South Carolina] 

Additions to the Shallow-water Mollusca of [LOCATION Cape Hatteras] , [PERSON N. C] , dredged by 

the . . . [PERSON Albatross] in 1883-84. [PERSON K. J. Bush] . 1885. [PERSON Tra] ? is . [LOCATION Conn] . Acad . Arts 

[MISC Sci] . , vol . 6, pp . 453-480, illus . 
List of [LOCATION Mollusca] from around [LOCATION Beaufort] , [LOCATION N. Carolina] , with Notes on [ORGANIZATION Tethys] . 

[PERSON A. G. Hackney] . 1944. The Nautilus , vol . 58, pp . 56-64. 174 marine species 

listed with habitats . 
Notes on the Natural History of [LOCATION Fort Macon] , [LOCATION N.C.] , and [LOCATION Vicinity .] [PERSON E. Coues] . 

1 87 1. [PERSON Proc] . Acad . [PERSON Nat] . Sci . [PERSON Phila] . for 1871, pp . 120-148; and ibid , for 1878, 

pp . 297-315. 
Some [MISC Marine Molluscan] Shells of [LOCATION Beaufort] and [LOCATION Vicinity .] [PERSON A. P. Jacot] . 192 i. 

[PERSON Journ] . [PERSON Elisha Mitchell] Sci . [LOCATION Soc] , vol . 36, pp . 129-145, pis . 11-13. 
Catalog of Mollusca of [LOCATION South Carolina] . [PERSON W. G. Mazyck] . 191 3. [PERSON Contrib] . Chaihs- 

ton Mus . , 2, xvi-39 pp . 

[LOCATION Florida] 

Marine Shells of the [ORGANIZATION Southwest Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] . [PERSON Louise Perry] . 1940. Bidl . 
[ORGANIZATION Paleontol . Research Inst] . , [LOCATION Ithaca] , [LOCATION N.Y.] 260 pp . , 39 excellent plates . 

[PERSON Catalogue] of the iMarine Shells of [LOCATION Florida] , with Notes and Descriptions of Several 
[LOCATION New Species] . W. [PERSON W. Calkins] . 1878. Proc . [PERSON Davenport Acad] . Nat . Sci . , vol . 
2, pp . 232-252, I pi . 

An Annotated List of the Shells of [LOCATION St Augustine] , [LOCATION Fla] . [PERSON C. W. Johnson] . 1890. 
The [MISC Nautilus] , vol . 3, pp . 103-105. 

List of [ORGANIZATION Mollusca Obtained] in [LOCATION South Carolina] and [LOCATION Florida] in 1871-72. [PERSON J. C.] Mel- 
[ORGANIZATION ville .] 1 88 1. [ORGANIZATION Journal of Conchology] ( [LOCATION Great Britain] ) , vol . 3, pp . 155-173- 



502 [MISC American Seashells] 

[ORGANIZATION Mass Mortality of Marine Animals] on the [LOCATION Lower West Coast] of [LOCATION Florida] , Nov . 
1946 to Jan . 1947. [ORGANIZATION Gordon Gunter et al . Science , vol] . 105, pp . 256-257. 
Numerous articles on [LOCATION Florida] mollusks appear in The Naiitihis . 

[LOCATION Gulf States] 

Recent Molluscs of the [LOCATION Gulf of Mexico] , and [LOCATION Pleistocene] and [ORGANIZATION Pliocene Species] 

from the [LOCATION Gulf States] . [PERSON C. J. Maury] . 1920-22. [PERSON Bull] . Amer . [PERSON Paleont] . , vol . 8, 

no . 34, pp . 1-115; vol . 9, no . 38, pp . 34-142. 
Some New and Interesting Mollusks from the Deeper [PERSON Waters] of the [MISC Gulf of] 

[LOCATION Mexico] . [PERSON H. A. Rehder] and [PERSON R. T. Abbott] . 1951. Revista Soc . [LOCATION Malac] . " [PERSON C.] 

de [PERSON la Torre] , " vol . 8, no . 2, pp . 53-66, 2 pis . 
A Contribution to the Fauna of the Coast of [LOCATION Louisiana] . [PERSON L. R. Cary] . 1906. [LOCATION Gulf] 

Biol . Sta . , [PERSON Louislafia Bull] . , vol . 6, pp . 50-59. 
[PERSON Pteropoda] from [LOCATION Louisiana] . [PERSON M. D. Burkenroad] . 1933. The Nautilus , vol . 47, 

PP- 54-57- 

Brackish-Water and Marine Assemblages of the [LOCATION Texas Coast] , with Special Refer- 
ence to [LOCATION Mollusks] . [PERSON H. S. Ladd] . 195 i. [PERSON Fubl] . Inst . Marine Sci . [LOCATION Texas] , vol . 2, 
no . I , pp . 129-163, tables , maps . 

Notes on the Marine Shells of the [LOCATION Texas Coast] . [PERSON J. K. Strecker] . 1935. [ORGANIZATION Baylor] 
[PERSON Bull] . , vol . 38, no . 3, pp . 48-60. 

[PERSON Mollusks] from [LOCATION Point Isabel] in [LOCATION Texas] . [PERSON H. B. Stenzel] . 1940. The Nautilus , vol . 
54, pp . 20-21 ( list only ) . 

An Illustrated Check List of the Marine Mollusks of [LOCATION Texas] . [PERSON T. E. Pulley] . 1952. 
[LOCATION Texas Jour] , Science , vol . 4, no . 2, pp . 167-199, 13 pis . 



[LOCATION PACIFIC COAST] 

[PERSON Ge7ieral] 

An Abridged Check List and Bibliography of [ORGANIZATION West North American Marine] 

[ORGANIZATION A/Iollusca] . A. [PERSON Myra Keen] . 1937. [ORGANIZATION Stanford Univ] . Press , 87 pp . Very valuable 

paper with a useful bibliography . 
[PERSON Catalogue] of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of [LOCATION California] and 

[ORGANIZATION Adjacent Regions] . U. [PERSON S. Grant] , iv and [PERSON H. R. Gale] . 193 i. [LOCATION Mem] . [LOCATION San Diego] 

[LOCATION Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . i , 1036 pp . , 32 pis . 
The Marine Shells of the [LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION North America] . [PERSON Ida S. Oldroyd] . 1924- 

1927. [ORGANIZATION Stanford Univ] . Publ . , [ORGANIZATION Univ] . Ser . , [PERSON Geol] . Sci . , vol . i ( 1924 ) , [PERSON Pelecypoda] 

and [PERSON Brachiopoda] , 248 pp . , 57 pis . ; vol . 2, [PERSON Gastropoda] , [PERSON Scaphopoda] and Am- 

phineura . Pt i , 298 pp . , 29 pis . ; Pt 2, 304 pp . , 42 pis . ; Pt 3, 340 pp . , 35 pis . 

A compilation of original descriptions . Illustrations recommended with the 

corrections given by [PERSON A. Myra] Keen; see above . 
Summary of the [MISC A4arine Shell-bearing] iMollusks of the [ORGANIZATION Northwest Coast] of 

[LOCATION America] , from [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] , to the [LOCATION Polar Sea] . . . . [PERSON W. H. Dale] . 

1921. [PERSON Bull] . 112, U.S. Nat . Mus . , 217 pp . , 22 pis . Good bibliography and 

illustrations . Names out-of-date . Ranges since extended . 
Illustrated Key to [LOCATION West North] American [PERSON Pelecypod Genera] . A. [PERSON M. Keen] 

and [PERSON D. Frizzell] . 1946 ed . [ORGANIZATION Stanford Univ] . Press . 28 pp . , illus . Very helpful . 



Guide to the Molhiscan Literature 503 

Illustrated Key to [MISC West North American] [PERSON Gastropod Genera] . A. [PERSON M. Keen] and 
[PERSON J. C. Pearson] . 1952. [ORGANIZATION Stanford Univ] . Press . 39 pp . , illus . Rather helpful , with 
useful pen drawings . 

[PERSON Mollusks] from the [LOCATION West Coast] of [LOCATION Mexico] and [LOCATION Central America] . [PERSON L. G. Hertlein] 
and [PERSON A. M. Strong] . 1940-50. Pts . i to 10. [PERSON Zoologica] ( [ORGANIZATION N.Y. Zool] . [LOCATION Soc] ) , vols . 
25 to 36. Very useful for more southern species . 

Distributional List of the [MISC West American] [PERSON Marine Mollusks] . By numerous au- 
thors; edited by [PERSON John] Q. [PERSON Burch] . Proc . Conch . Club Southern Calif . 1945- 
46. Mimeographed . Very valuable , with up-to-date names , locality records , 
habits , some identification hints and drawings . 

[LOCATION Alaska] 

Marine Shells of [LOCATION Drier Bay] , [PERSON Knight Island] , [LOCATION Prince William Sound] , [LOCATION Alaska] . [PERSON W. J.] 

[PERSON Eyerdam] . 1924. The [PERSON Naiitihis] , vol . 38, pp . 22-28. 
[ORGANIZATION Shell Collecting] in Puget Sound and [LOCATION Alaska] . [PERSON Fred Baker] . 19 10. The Nautilus , 

vol . 24, pp . 25-31. 
Notes on the [PERSON Mollusca] of [LOCATION Forrester Island] , [LOCATION Alaska] . [PERSON G. Willett] . 191 8. The 

Nautilus , vol . 32, pp . 65-69; ibid . , vol . 33, pp . 21-28. 

[LOCATION British Columbia] 

Notes on the Marine Mollusca of the [LOCATION Pacific Coast] of [LOCATION Canada] . [PERSON G. W. Taylor] . 

1899. Trans . Royal Soc . [LOCATION Canada] , ser . 2, vol . 5, [ORGANIZATION sec] . 4, pp . 233-250; see also 

ibid . , 1895, vol . I , pp . 17-100. 
Report on the Marine Shells of [LOCATION British Columbia] . [PERSON C. F. Newcombe] . 1893. Bidl . 

[PERSON Nat] . Hist . Soc . Brit . Col . , pp . 31-72. 
On Some Marine Invertebrata from the [LOCATION Queen Charlotte Islands] . [PERSON J. F. Whiteaves] . 

1880. [PERSON Geol] . [LOCATION Survey Canada] , [ORGANIZATION Report of Progress] , iSjS-yp , pp . 190B-205B . 

[PERSON Washi7igton] 

Marine Shells of [ORGANIZATION Puget Sound and Vicinity] . [PERSON Ida S. Oldroyd] . 1924. Puget Sound 
Biol . Sta . , [ORGANIZATION Univ] . [LOCATION Wash] . , vol . 4, pp . 1-272, 49 pis . 

[LOCATION Oregon] 

Edible Mollusca of the [LOCATION Oregon Coast] . [PERSON C. H. Edmondson] . 1920. [PERSON Occas] . Papers , 
[PERSON B. P. Bishop Mus] . , [LOCATION Honolulu] , vol . 7, no . 9, pp . 179-201, 6 figs . 

The [PERSON Pelecypoda] of the [ORGANIZATION Coos Bay Region] , [LOCATION Oregon] . [PERSON Yocum] , [PERSON H. B.] and [PERSON E. R. Edge] . 
The [MISC Nautilus] , vol . 43, pp . 49-51. 1929. 

An Index Method for Comparing [PERSON Molluscan Faunules] . [PERSON H. G. Schenck] and [PERSON Myra] 
[PERSON Keen] . 1937. Proc . Amer . [PERSON Philos] . Soc , vol . 77, pp . 161-182. 

[LOCATION Calijornia] 

The Marine Molluscan Fauna from the Vicinity of [LOCATION Bolinas Bay] , [LOCATION California] . [PERSON Bruce] 

[PERSON L. Clark] . 191 4. [PERSON The Nautilus] , vol . 28, pp . 25-28. 
The Gastropod Fauna of the Intertidal Zone at [LOCATION Moss Beach] , [LOCATION San Mateo Co] , 

[LOCATION Calif] . [PERSON H. E. Vokes] . 1936. The [MISC Nautilus] , vol . 50, pp . 46-50. 



504 [MISC American Seashells] 

[LOCATION Molluscan Fauna] from [LOCATION San Francisco Bay] . [PERSON E. L. Packard] . 191 8. [ORGANIZATION Univ] . [LOCATION Calif] . 

[PERSON Fubl] . 2jOoI . , vol . 14, no . 2, pp . 199-452, pis . 14-60. 
Ecological Aspects of a [ORGANIZATION California Marine Estuary] . [PERSON G. E. MacGinitie] . 1935. 

Amer . [PERSON Midlmid Natwalist] , vol . 16, no . 5, pp . 629-765. 
Partial List of the [LOCATION Molluscan Fauna of Catalina Island] . A. [PERSON M. Strong] . 1923. The 

Nautilus , vol . 37, pp . 37-43. 
Mollusks of [LOCATION Anaheim Bay] , [LOCATION California] . [PERSON E. P. Cmace] . 19 16. The [MISC Nautilus] , vol . 29, 

pp . 1 29-1 3 1. 
The Marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of [LOCATION Monterey Bay] , [LOCATION California] , and \^icinity . 

[PERSON A. G. Smith] and [PERSON M. Gordon] . 1948. [PERSON Froc] . [LOCATION Calif] . Acad . Sci . , 4th ser . . vol , 26, 

no . 8, pp . 147-245. Excellent and with a full bibliography of the region . 
[PERSON Mollusks] and [MISC Brachiopods Collected] in [LOCATION San Diego] , [LOCATION California] . [PERSON F. W. Kelsey] . 

1907. Trans . [LOCATION San Diego Soc] . [PERSON Nat] . Hist . , vol . i , no . 2, pp . 31-55. 
Common Marine Bivalves of [LOCATION California] . [PERSON J. E. Fitch] . 1953. [LOCATION Calif] . Fish Bull . , no . 

90, 102 pp . , 63 figs . Excellent and reliable . 



ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 

[PERSON Abbott] , [PERSON R. Tucker] 1955 : Introducing Seashells . vi + 64 pp . , 10 pis . ( 6 in color ) , 

text figs . [PERSON D. Van Nostrand] , [LOCATION N.Y.] $2.50. A guide and introduction for 

beginners . 
[ORGANIZATION American A4alacological Society] 1955 : How to Collect Shells . 50 pp . [ORGANIZATION Buffalo] 

[ORGANIZATION Museum of Science] , [PERSON Bufi^alo] 11, [LOCATION N.Y.] $1.00. A very useful booklet compiled 

by numerous experts . 
[PERSON Barnard] , [PERSON K. H.] 1952 : A Begiimefs Guide to [MISC South African] Shells . 215 pp . , 5 

color pis . , numerous text figs . Maskew Aliller Ltd . , [LOCATION Cape Town] . $3.00. 
GuTSELL , J. S. 193 1 : Natural History of the [ORGANIZATION Bay Scallop] . 63 pp . [ORGANIZATION Bulletin Bureau] 

[ORGANIZATION Fisheries , vol] . 46 ( Document no . iioo ) . [LOCATION Washington] , [ORGANIZATION D.C. Technical] . 
[PERSON HoRNELi] . , [PERSON James] 195 i : Indian Molluscs , iv + 96 pp . , i color pi . , 70 text figs . 

[ORGANIZATION Bombav Natural History Society] , [LOCATION Apollo St] , [LOCATION Bombay] . $1.50. Excellent 

and interesting reading . 
[PERSON Hutchinson] , [PERSON W. M.] 1954 : [PERSON A. Child^s Book of Sea Shells] . 28 pp . , illustrated in 

color . [ORGANIZATION Maxton Publishers Inc] . , [ORGANIZATION N.Y.] 75 cents . Excellent for 7 to 9 year olds . 
[PERSON Johnson] , Myrtle E. 1954 : [LOCATION West Coast] Marine Shells . 36 pp . , 16 text figs . 

Natural History A^useum , [LOCATION San Diego] i , [LOCATION Calif] . 65 cents . A useful beginner 's 

booklet . 
[PERSON Olsson] , a. a. and [PERSON Anne Harbison] 1953 : FUocene Mollusca of [LOCATION Southern Florida] . 

viii -I- 457 pp . , 6^ pis . Academy Natural Sciences , [LOCATION Phila] . 3, [LOCATION Pa] $8.00. Many 

living species included . Excellent plates . 
[PERSON Perry] , [PERSON L. M.] and [PERSON J. S. Schwengel] 1955 : Marine Shells of the [ORGANIZATION Western Coast] of 

[LOCATION Florida] . 198 pp . , 55 pis . [ORGANIZATION Paleontological Research Institution] , [LOCATION Ithaca] , [LOCATION N.Y.] 

$7.00. Very useful .